共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
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Y. Fu J. Chen H. Guo H. Hu A. Chen J. Cui 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2010,21(3):274-284
Production of rice (Oryza sativa) under a shifting cultivation system (swidden rice) and paddy fields (wet rice) is an important livelihood strategy in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China where households are facing conversion from subsistence systems to commercial plantation‐dominated systems represented by smallholder rubber plantations. However, there are few studies of the effects on rice production and varieties diversity, as well as livelihood effects at a household level during this conversion. This paper presents a household level analysis of agrobiodiversity loss and food security, as well as livelihood vulnerability during agroecosystems' conversion in Xishuangbanna. First, a quantitative assessment was made of the statistical data for rice and rubber production during the past 50 years in Xishuangbanna and at a village level from 1985 to 2005 for three villages from the valley floor and upland hills, respectively. Second, at a household level, 60 per cent of households from the three villages were investigated with a questionnaire from 1998 to 2005. The process of transformation has led to significant changes in the household's income and its proportion. Meanwhile, households have suffered livelihood vulnerability from excessive rubber plantations. The centrality of rice in Southeast Asian agricultural and social systems, contrasted with the significant erosion of rice‐based agroecosystem of local households, calls for increased attention to the livelihood vulnerability during this conversion. Correspondingly, practical strategies to resolve livelihood vulnerability are proposed, such as construction of paddy and effective irrigation systems for food security, agroforestry systems in rubber plantation, instead of monoculture, and diversification of sources of household income. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Mitchell RE 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2005,11(2):265-272
This article examines various environmental alternatives within the context of forest resource-dependent communities of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Two main objectives were to describe particular rural development routes among different Mexican communities, and to explain why certain environmental options for rural development are selected over others. While many communities choose either sustainable or illegal logging options in Oaxaca, some may decide against logging of any kind. Four principal forest-based community categories, according to a government forest classification scheme, are discussed in the context of environmental alternatives for this article. Based on this typology, two "integrated forest management" communities in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca are described and compared. One community's decision not to log within a shared land arrangement has caused significant tensions in the region. Key findings illustrate the extent to which rural communities can make appropriate environmental decisions and examines their effects on environmental and social sustainability. Increased rural involvement in environmental decision-making is called for, since rural residents are those most likely to appreciate nearby natural resources as a source of sustainable livelihoods. It is expected that this research may be applicable to rural areas of other countries. 相似文献
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R. P. O. Schulte R. Fealy R. E. Creamer W. Towers T. Harty R. J. A. Jones 《Soil Use and Management》2012,28(4):580-589
The Less Favoured Area (LFA) scheme is a major element of the EU Rural Development Policy, aimed at supporting farming in areas with natural handicaps or low soil productivity. It has been in place since 1975 and accounts for 14% of total Community funding. In 2003, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the socio‐economic criteria on which the current scheme is based be replaced by biophysical criteria. Reviews of the proposals suggest that in Atlantic climates of Northwest Europe, the new criteria do not delineate adequately areas where agricultural productivity is constrained by the biophysical environment and that such areas are instead demarcated by the occurrence of excess soil moisture conditions. In this paper, we review the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on the sustainability of farming systems and their role in constraining strategic and tactical farm management practices. In particular, we review the scientific evidence on the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on herbage growth, herbage utilization, farm operations and environmental sustainability. On the basis of this, we propose an additional biophysical criterion for the new delineation of LFAs, namely the length of time that soil water is in excess of field capacity (‘field capacity days’). While there is no clear threshold for field capacity days above which agricultural sustainability is acutely constrained, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the sustainability of intensive livestock farming and tillage systems is particularly challenging in scenarios where the 80 percentile of field capacity days exceeds 220–230 days. 相似文献
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S. D. Yumkham L. Chakpram S. Salam M. K. Bhattacharya P. K. Singh 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(3):467-477
The North East India houses around 130 ethnic tribal communities which exhibits unique tradition, dialect and culture. These communities collect edible plants from wild forming a common practice for livelihood and subsistence even today. Of the varieties of plant consumed, ferns and fern–allies also constitute an important food supplement. An inventory survey was conducted in order to assess the wild edible ferns and fern–allies which are used as vegetables by various ethnic communities of North East India. Altogether, twenty-three (23) ferns and fern–allies are found to be edible, and used in preparing various cuisines. Four species viz. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm., Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl were cultivated in small scale for consumption and horticultural purposes, while the rest of the species were directly harvested from wild habitat. Role of these ferns in local cuisines, other reported uses and bioactive components were discussed. The study also emphasises on future development of ferns and its allies as potential vegetables in North East India. 相似文献
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[目的]探讨农牧户生计资本与生计策略之间的关系,并对农牧户生计资本的空间分异和生计策略之间的转化进行分析,为降低农牧户的生计脆弱性,最终实现可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]从可持续生计分析理论框架出发,通过入户问卷调查,结合Logistic回归模型和单因素方差分析对甘肃省2017年批准建立的玛曲、民勤、山丹县和凉州区国家级沙化土地封禁保护区农牧户的生计资本和生计策略转变的关键因素进行分析。[结果]沙化土地封禁保护区农牧户生计资本中金融资本最为丰富,自然资本最为缺乏,非农型农牧户拥有的生计资本整体优于纯农型。耕地(草地)面积、耕地(草地)质量以及生产工具显著正向影响纯农型生计策略的选择,家庭劳动力数量、受教育水平以及家庭总收入显著负向影响纯农型生计策略的选择。[结论]应加大封禁保护区的生态环境保护宣传力度,加强农牧户的生态保护意识,加快推进农业机械化发展,鼓励剩余劳动力向非农行业转型,实现生计方式多样化。 相似文献
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《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(7):2234-2244
A growing number of regions in the developing world are targeted by transnational investors who are acquiring large amounts of land and natural resources. Driven by the increasing global demand for agricultural products, such investments are often considered an opportunity for economic development in the target country. However, there are concerns about the social and environmental impacts on local communities. In this brief review, we discuss some key socio‐environmental controversies surrounding large‐scale land acquisitions (LSLAs). LSLAs often target common property systems and lead to privatization and commodification of land through long‐term land concessions. There is a debate between supporters of foreign land investments as a means to attract modern agricultural technology that would decrease the yield gap in underperforming agricultural land and those who question such a development model because it is seldom coupled with policy instruments that would ensure that the benefits improve food security in local populations. Large‐scale land investments displace a variety of systems of production ranging from small‐scale farming to (arguably) “unused” land such as forests and savannas on which local communities often depend. Moreover, LSLAs entail an appropriation of water resources that may negatively impact local farmers or downstream human and natural systems. In most cases, investors keep the land fallow but, when they put it under productive use, they typically change land cover and land use to start intensified commercial farming, often for nonfood crops. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基本农田土壤有机碳密度(soil organic carbon density,SOCD)及其变化理应高于非基本农田,但受"保增长"的强势作用,基本农田SOCD及其变化,常常出现相反的结果。该文以1980s第二次土壤普查、2011年样点实测数据、2011年基本农田保护图等为基础,使用土壤类型法,对垫江近30 a基本与非基本农田SOC进行比对,结果表明:1垫江基本农田SOCD,在1980s和2011年均低于非基本农田,分别为682.89和365.75 kg/hm2。不同截面年份SOCD净增量为:基本农田非基本农田,近30 a基本农田SOCD增幅为11.28%。2基本与非基本农田SOCD和SOC储量,在1980s和2011年均展现出显著的空间差异,近30 a基本农田SOCD年均增加速率为(79.56 kg/(hm2·a))高于非基本农田的(68.99 kg/(hm2·a))。3基本农田与非基本农田在近30 a间的固碳、相对平衡和丢碳面积比,并未展现出显著差异;基本农田固碳和相对平衡的累积比,仅略高于非基本农田,分别为62.73%和61.98%;基本农田与非基本农田固碳、相对平衡和丢碳的空间格局,与相应的SOCD年均变化速率一致。4近30 a基本与非基本农田SOCD年均变化速率的主要影响因素表现为:1980s的SOCD SOCD1980s全N密度C/N比,受地形因子和土壤管理因素的影响相对较小。其中,SOCD1980s拥有负向影响作用,全N密度和C/N比则恰恰相反。该研究可为基本农田划定提供参考。 相似文献
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Conceptual methodologies in agro-environmental systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
When continuous measurement of relevant above- and below-ground environmental factors is made, and the dynamics of crop growth and phenology is followed, it is shown that small-plot agronomic experimentation can provide information vital to the development and testing of simulation models. Such models for crops of maize (Zea mays) and the legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), grown as sole crops and in an intercrop system, were used to simulate yield at two separate sites in the main savanna farming zones in Ghana, West Africa. Simulation was carried out for these three cropping systems using 20 years of historical rainfall data for the two sites, investigating the effect on yield of management options which included time of planting, rate of nitrogen fertilizer application, and crop planting density.
The yield results of this series of simulations were then subject to two different types of analysis in order to assist the evaluation of agricultural options for the nation. The first analysis was an economic evaluation based on gross margins, but using the stochastic-dominance technique to rank the profitability of the alternative cropping and management systems.
The second, more general methodology employed was multi-criteria analysis (MCA). This analysis covered economic returns and their variability, the amount and quality of residue returned to the soil, and the aerial cover provided by the crop. Other factors which could affect the sustainability of production in the long term, but which could only be evaluated qualitatively, were also included in the analysis, as allowed in MCA methodology. The MCA was then carried out for three scenarios in which different weightings were given to economic outcomes and to factors which are believed to encourage ecological sustainability. These scenarios allow recognition of different priorities which might be given by traditional subsistence farmers as compared to commercial producers.
Outcomes of this broad analysis of development alternatives provided scientific support for the traditional Ghanaian practice of grain/legume intercropping which is also widespread in the tropics. The suite of methodologies illustrated by the case study appears to be suitable for the evaluation of alternative farming systems at the scale of a small nation such as Ghana. 相似文献
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为了解湖北省集约化生猪养殖系统的资源消耗及环境影响程度和识别重点生产环节造成的环境问题,基于生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)理论和Sima Pro(Version7.1.8)软件,利用Eco-indicator99生态指数法环境影响评价指标体系对湖北省集约化生猪养殖系统的环境影响进行了评估。结果表明:1)集约化养殖系统的环境单一评分为45.13分;2)主要的影响类型是土地占用(59.84%)、吸入无机物对呼吸系统损害(14.29%)、化石资源消耗(9.97%)、致癌物损害(7.80%)、酸化/富营养化(5.18%)、气候变化(1.90%);3)环境单一评分构成中仔猪生产阶段比例占17.91%,断奶后育肥阶段比例占82.09%,而且仔猪生产和育肥阶段的饲料消耗对土地占用、致癌物损害影响类型贡献较大,日常生产管理和粪污处理对吸入无机物对呼吸系统损害、酸化/富营养化、气候变化影响类型贡献较大;4)损害结果表明对人体健康影响最大环节是日常生产管理,对生态质量、资源消耗影响最大环节是饲料消耗。由此表明研究结果对生猪生产过程中减少资源消耗,采取降低环境影响的方法和措施,推动生猪养殖可持续发展有指导意义。 相似文献
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Sustainable agriculture evaluation model for red soil hill region of southeast China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale. 相似文献
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《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2020,8(2):103-115
Soil is the basis of production in agriculture activities. The combination of intensive farming activities, improper farming practices, rainfall regimes, and topography conditions that taken place in agricultural land lead to the soil erosion problem. Soil erosion is the major constraint to agriculture that affects the yield production and degraded environmental sustainability. Furthermore, soil erosion that occurs in the agricultural area has jeopardized the sustainability of agriculture activities. Asia is one of the major agricultural producers in the world. It is essential to know how to mitigate soil erosion in Asian agricultural land. This systematic review aims to analyze the existing literature on research that has been done on control practices that had been taken in Asia agricultural land towards soil erosion. This article is guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) review method. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to study the control practices that been taken and tested to control soil erosion on the agricultural land in Asia. Accordingly, this systematic review identified 39 related studies about the topic based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This article divided the control practices into three main themes, which are agronomic practices, agrostological practices, and mechanical practices. The three main themes then produced a total of 11 sub-themes. Further specific and sustained research is needed to tackle this severe environmental problem through a better method, such as this systematic review method. The systematic review helps farmers and policymakers to implement the most practical approach to control and reduce soil erosion. 相似文献
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This paper presents an assessment system which on the basis of quantifiable criteria and appropriate orientation values describes the risk potentials of farming as far as environmental protection and sustainability is concerned. The procedure addresses the most significant risks and suggests ranges for their tolerability. By this way farmers can recognize principal shortcomings of their management and look for appropriate countermeasures to cope with them. The guiding principle is a way of farming which uses the available resources and the production potential as efficiently as possible, while keeping the unfavorable impacts on soils, water, air and biota within acceptable limits. Several years of investigations in about 125 different farms have shown that non‐tolerable impacts of farming on the environment are predominantly due to avoidable managerial mistakes. The suggested assessment system provides criteria for the actual magnitude and the tolerability of the different risk potentials and may thus help to substantiate the compliance with such general principles as ”︁good farming practice”. 相似文献
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K. Boahene 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1998,9(3):247-258
Economic development is dependant on factors including capital, labour force and natural resources. Forests are natural resources which, if properly managed, can provide habitats for animal and plant species, pasture for livestock, wood for shelter, timber and fuelwood, land for agriculture and can have a favourable effect on weather and climatic patterns. Nevertheless, deforestation has been a widespread phenomenon in tropical Africa, with an annual forest clearance of between 1·3–3·7 million ha. This paper reviews the pattern of deforestation in tropical Africa by examining its causes and consequences, as well as assessing the prospects for the attempts being made to control it. It identifies forest clearance for subsistence farming as the principal determinant of deforestation, but does not consider the ignorance of small-scale farmers as the underlying cause. Given the deteriorating agricultural production, the paper argues that the principal issue is not how to stop forest depletion, but how to manage forest resources to enable the community meets its objectives on an effective, fair and efficient basis. An approach which releases part of the rural population from the land or provides an alternative form of a secure livelihood is an example of the sustainable strategies for managing forests. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2013,14(4):43-62
ABSTRACT Definitions of sustainable agriculture commonly include twin goals of profitability and environmental soundness. This paper focuses on an examination of the incentive systems moving agricultural producers towards achievement of these goals, and on incentive systems that might increase the efficiency of movements toward agricultural sustainability. The feed-back mechanism of the economic incentive system pushing farmers toward profitability is contrasted with the unclear, and sometimes conflicting, incentives offered farmers wishing to move toward more sustainable production systems. 相似文献
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生猪规模养殖户污染防治行为的心理认知及环境规制影响效应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
从微观层面厘清生猪规模养殖户污染防治的行为逻辑,对宏观层面优化畜禽养殖污染治理具有重要驱动作用。为分析养殖户的无害化处理和资源化利用行为的影响因素,本文以福建省406个生猪规模养殖户为研究对象,运用结构方程模型分析养殖户心理认知对其污染防治行为的影响,并通过层次分析模型检验环境规制对心理认知-防治行为的调节效应。结果表明:1)生猪规模养殖户的污染防治行为是其在心理认知的显著正向影响下,并由环境规制的综合调节而形成的理性选择。2)养殖户的污染防治行为决策源于其对责任意识、生态理性、治污能力自我评估等的认知,是对其他养殖户的参照和对政府、非养殖户环境诉求的积极响应,也是规避风险的理性选择。3)激励性和引导性措施是对约束性环境规制的重要补充,约束性规制措施对无害化处理行为具有更显著的调节效应,激励性规制对资源化利用行为更具调节作用,引导性规制对污染防治行为具有综合调节效应。4)据此,提出加强对市场激励性规制和村规民约等非正式制度手段的应用,充分考虑养殖户对生猪养殖的依赖性及其污染防治的行为控制能力,兼用引导弃养、产业转移扶持和警示惩戒手段等促进生猪规模养殖污染防治的建议。 相似文献
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Hagn Alexandra Pritsch Karin Schloter Michael Munch Jean Charles 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,38(4):236-244
Fungal communities and their dynamics were investigated in relation to season, soil type and farming management practice. The research was done using soils from high- (H) and low-yield areas (L) of a field site cultivated with winter wheat under two different farming management systems (precision farming, P; conventional farming, C) over the vegetation period. Fungal diversity was analysed by cultivation-independent methods [direct extraction of DNA from soil followed by PCR amplification of a subunit of the 18S rDNA and fingerprinting (DGGE)] as well as cultivation-dependent techniques (isolation of pure cultures). The comparisons of the PCR amplicons by DGGE patterns showed no differences between the different sampling sites and no influence of the farming management systems. Only small differences were observed over the vegetation period. For cultivation purposes active hyphae were isolated using a soil-washing technique. The resulting isolates were subcultured and grouped by their morphology and genotype. In contrast to the cultivation independent approaches, clear site-specific and seasonal effects on the fungal community structure could be observed. However, minor effects of the different farming management techniques applied were visible for active populations. These results clearly indicate that the potential fungal community (including spores), investigated by the cultivation-independent approach, is almost entirely uninfluenced by the investigated factors, whereas active populations show a clear response to environmental changes. The most abundant group consisting of Trichoderma species was investigated in more detail using strain-specific genotype based fingerprinting techniques as well as a screening for potential biocontrol activity against the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The genotypic distribution as well as the potential biocontrol activity revealed clear site-specific patterns. 相似文献
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Belén Cotes Mercedes Campos Felipe Pascual Pedro A. García Francisca Ruano 《Applied soil ecology》2010,44(3):228-236
The intensification of olive production methods in southern Spain, has involved a widespread use of chemicals and the progressive loss of many Mediterranean forest patches, natural landscapes and semi-natural vegetation. Species level inventories require an enormous amount of time and financial resources, mainly due to the necessity of employing taxonomists in the early stages of a study. The use of a higher taxonomic level is particularly useful when rapid biodiversity surveys are required. This survey investigates the reliability of a rapid method to detect which high taxonomic level of epigeal insects could best distinguish different farming systems in olive agroecosystems, taking into account three higher taxonomic categories as surrogate measures of insect diversity: orders for all the insects, families of Coleoptera and carabid morphospecies. Insects were collected in pitfall traps in olive orchards under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems in two provinces in Andalusia (Córdoba and Granada) with different surrounding landscapes over three different years. In 1999 and 2000 a study of trends over time was undertaken between March and October of both years in Granada, and in 2003 a geographically extended study was conducted in 18 different orchards during pre-blooming and post-blooming periods in Granada and Córdoba. To rapidly assess biodiversity in olive agroecosystems by examining soil communities, in order to classify farming systems on a regional scale, the taxonomic level of order seems to be a more reliable approach than a lower taxonomic level in insects. This methodology could be used as a possible useful short-cut to assess biodiversity in olive orchards at a local scale, the order surrogacy being useful when results are required rapidly and in a context of limited financial resources. 相似文献