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1.
采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm2)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m2)、穗损失率 (x5,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x1-402.7469x5;产量损失(Y,kg/hm2)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m2)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422 相似文献
2.
膜下滴灌小麦-西兰花复种水肥利用效率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2017年4月—2018年9月连续2 a进行田间试验,以传统畦灌为对照,开展膜下滴灌不同灌水定额对小麦复种西兰花生长状况、水肥利用效率及效益的影响研究。结果表明：膜下滴灌有利于提高小麦产量和水分利用效率,较传统畦灌处理分别平均提高12.6%和39.10%,但随灌水量增加,作物增产效应下降、耗水量增长率出现回落,膜下滴灌条件下,高水处理(3 225 m3·hm-2)小麦获得最大产量,平均为5 468.57 kg·hm-2,但与中水处理(2 700 m3·hm-2)无显著差异（P＞0.05）;西兰花中水处理(1 920 m3·hm-2)增产效应最大,较传统畦灌产量平均提高15.65%,水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力平均增加40.03%和15.65%;膜下滴灌有利于补充土壤氮库,增加土壤肥力,较传统畦灌土壤中N肥消耗平均减小25.52%;当膜下滴灌定额为4 620 m3·hm-2时,小麦-西兰花净产值较传统畦灌处理平均增收8513.77元·hm-2,产投比较传统畦灌处理平均提高15.30%。 相似文献
3.
紫杉木霉菌株ZJUF0986原生质体的制备及诱变抗性菌株的选育 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过原生质体诱变,以目标代谢产物木霉菌素为抗性筛选标记选育木霉菌素高产菌株。紫杉木霉野生型菌株ZJUF0986在N15培养基中生长20h的菌丝体,用15mg/mL崩溃酶、30mg/mL蜗牛酶和30mg/mL溶壁酶组合成的混合酶为酶裂解液,以菌丝量∶ 酶裂解液=1∶ 2.5(w/v)的比例,在30℃、100r/min条件下酶解90min,原生质体释放量最佳,达到9.42×108个/mL。所制备的原生质体进行氯化锂-紫外复合诱变,紫外照射剂量为60s时的突变率和正突变率最高,筛选到高产突变体菌株UL60-11,其发酵效价比野生型菌株提高67.3%。 相似文献
4.
空心莲子草对水稻生长的影响及其经济阈值 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究不同空心莲子草密度下水稻生长性状的变化规律。结果表明,水稻在空心莲子草的竞争干扰下,穗长、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随其密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型拟合空心莲子草与水稻穗长(y=18.145e-0.003x,P<0.001)的关系较好,二次曲线拟合其与水稻有效穗数(y=0.001x2-0.105x+11.683,P<0.001)的关系较好,而拟合其与水稻千粒重(y=-0.154lnx+20.261,P<0.001)、产量(y=-582.764lnx+6282.120, P<0.001)及产量损失(y=9.435lnx-1.689, P<0.001)间的关系均以对数模型为佳。稻田使用20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油进行化学除草时,空心莲子草的经济危害允许水平为1.40%,经济阈值为1.39株/m2。 相似文献
5.
通过2018—2020年连续两年田间试验,以小麦/玉米套作群体为试验对象,研究N0、N1和N2 3个水平下（施N量分别为小麦0、120 kg·hm-2和240 kg·hm-2,玉米0、180 kg·hm-2和360 kg·hm-2）小麦/玉米套作群体产量、土地当量比与土壤水分利用的差异。结果表明：小麦/玉米套作具有明显的产量与水分利用优势,与单作相比,套作小麦产量提高21.34%~27.80%（P＜0.05）,产量优势主要来源于边1行与边2行的增产,而套作玉米表现受氮肥供应的调控,在N0与N1水平下套作产量减少3.02%~11.43%,仅在N2水平下高于单作玉米;小麦/玉米套作群体的土地当量比（LER）在1.04~1.16,具有土地利用优势;在相同产量下小麦/玉米套作群体比单作群体的耗水量更少,水分利用效率更高,其中在N1水平下耗水量减少最为明显,两年内平均减少消耗47.30 mm的水分,而水分利用效率比单作系统提高2.77%~6.46%,小麦/玉米套作群体在3个施氮水平下均表现出节水与水分利用优势;套作种植还可以提高小麦和玉米的氮肥农学利用率及小麦的氮肥偏生产力,两年内套作小麦的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率最高可达64.17 kg·kg-1和11.17 kg·kg-1。因此在半湿润区雨养条件下具有发展小麦/玉米套作种植模式的可行性。 相似文献
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7.
限量灌水和施磷对冬小麦养分吸收及利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过大田试验研究了冬小麦在整个生育期阶段植株的养分吸收量和肥料利用效率的变化规律。本研究以西农‘979’小麦为试验材料,试验采取3个灌水水平即W1,W2及W3,分别为2 400 m3·hm-2、1 800 m3·hm-2和1 200 m3·hm-2。施磷设4个水平即F1、F2、F3及F4,施磷肥(纯P2O5)量分别是0、60、120及180 kg·hm-2。结果表明：在施氮肥相同的情况
下,灌水和增施磷肥均能够促进植株对氮、磷的吸收量。随着施磷量的增加,灌溉水利用效率及产量也随着显著增加。在F4处理条件下,W2处理的子粒产量高于W1、W3处理,在W2处理基础上再增加灌水量,子粒产量无显著提高,且显著降低了水分利用效率。这说明灌水和施磷显著提高子粒的产量,但过量灌水会导致子粒产量下降,适量灌水、增施磷肥可以显著提高子粒产量。在本试验条件下,灌水量在1 800 m3·hm-2和施磷肥(纯P2O5)量在120 kg·hm-2时,促进小麦的生长发育进程,施磷对土壤水分不足的补偿效应主要是增加单位面积穗数,施肥增加了穗粒数,从而增加了产量,提高水分和磷素利用效率。 相似文献
8.
土壤施硅对小麦和麦蚜的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确土壤施硅对小麦蚜虫的防控效果,本研究在小麦种植前分别配施0（CK）、40、80和120 kg/hm2四个浓度的硅肥,测量施硅后小麦生育期、生物量、叶面积、株高、产量指标以及荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi发生量。结果表明,施硅对小麦株高和穗数无显著影响,但80 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2浓度施硅处理后小麦叶面积分别为1 786.03 mm2和2 033.54 mm2,生物量分别为133.68 g和134.50 g,小麦穗粒数分别为35.61粒和35.92粒,小麦千粒重分别为45.34 g和45.59 g,小麦产量分别为9 684.45 kg/hm2和9 835.05 kg/hm2,均显著高于对照,且小麦成熟期较对照提前3 d;80 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2浓度施硅处理后禾谷缢管蚜发生量分别为90头和86头,均显著低于对照;40、80和120 kg/hm2浓度施硅处理后荻草谷网蚜发生量分别为128、117和105头,均显著低于对照。因此,田间土壤施硅80 kg/hm2和120 kg/hm2可以明显改善小麦农艺性状,提高小麦产量,并能减少麦蚜发生量。 相似文献
9.
通过二代粘虫对春小麦自然危害和模拟危害的研究,得出了=1.7484x1+13.383x2-29.1736±7.0784产量损失预测摸型;式中x1为危害期距腊熟期天数,x2为危害级值;明确了当地二代粘虫3龄前最佳防治时期为6月下旬;确定了防治指标:一级被害株率15％或虫口密度60-70头/m2。证明了当小麦旗叶全部被害时将使籽粒产量损失提高一倍以上。 相似文献
10.
密肥互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同密度和施肥水平对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：6.75×104株·hm-2种植密度下玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于4.50×104株·hm-2密度处理。不同施肥处理条件下,玉米穗
行数和产量均以施纯氮180 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙144 kg·hm-2处理最高;玉米百粒重和
水分利用效率均以施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm-2最高;6.75×104株·hm-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm-2处理互作效应显著,玉米百粒重、产量和水分利用效率均高于其他处理。说明6.75×104株·hm-2密度下施纯氮210 kg·hm-2,施过磷酸钙168 kg·hm-2是当地全膜双垄沟播玉米生产中比较理想的种植密度和施肥水平。 相似文献
11.
枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用. 相似文献
12.
T. Santi-Gadelha B.A.M. RochaC.A.A. Gadelha H.C. SilvaR.E.R. Castellon F.J.T. GonçalvesD.O. Toyama M.H. ToyamaA.J.F. de Souza L.O.S. BeriamJ.L. Martins P.P. JoazeiroB.S. Cavada 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,103(1):15-22
Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria. 相似文献
13.
为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。 相似文献
14.
溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC50值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC50值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。 相似文献
15.
Atsushi Seino An Jang Tan Yoshiaki Kono Takahiro Shiotsuki 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2007,88(1):92-101
Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species. 相似文献
16.
María Elena Sáenz Walter Darío Di Marzio Jose Luis Alberdi 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2012,104(1):50-57
Aquatic environments of the pampasic region of Argentina are severely affected by agricultural contamination due to an increase in a glyphosate tolerant transgenic variety of soybean crops. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of a commonly used Cyfluthrin commercial formulation (CCF) on growth, some physiological and biochemical parameter of four species of green algae. Significant inhibition of algal growth was observed from 0.1 mg Cyf/l. 96 h IC50 were between 0.92 and 4.85 mg Cyf/l. CCF caused algicidal effects. Photosynthesis was stimulated by 50% in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures exposed to the lowest concentration (hormesis). Algal photosynthesis inhibition was observed at higher concentrations with IC50 values between 1.7 and 8.9 mg Cyf/l. Similar toxicity endpoints were found as a consequence of applying the traditional methodology of short-term chronic toxicity test of 96 h of exposition and the methodology developed using the Clark type photosynthetic oxygen evolution method. CAT activity was significantly increased between 23% and 33% considering the four species, at a lower concentration than those affecting algal growth and photosynthesis, indicating a potential biomarker. Taking into account that the extent of the soybean crops in the region is about fourteen million hectares, the improvement and extension of environmental tools for early detection of the action of pesticides on this essential group of organisms are discussed. 相似文献
17.
为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×108孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT50分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT50分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC50分别为0.47×105孢子/mL和1.01×105孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC50分别为2.20×105孢子/mL和1.34×105孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用. 相似文献
18.
We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China. 相似文献
19.
采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。 相似文献
20.
Fayez A. Bakry Ragaa T. MohamedKarem El-Hommossany 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,99(2):174-180
The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (Mx), reproduction rate (R0) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC25 of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology. 相似文献