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1.
印楝素A无细胞合成体系构建及其合成前体 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】印楝素是一种植物源杀虫剂,印楝素A是印楝素的主要活性成分。本研究通过对印楝素A无细胞合成体系制备条件和反应条件的优化,以及印楝素A合成前体的筛选,探讨印楝素A的离体生物合成途径,以为指导构建印楝素异源生物合成平台,实现印楝素的异源生物合成奠定基础。【方法】通过对缓冲液类型、浓度、起始pH、提取时间及料液比进行单因素试验及正交试验优化,构建印楝素A无细胞合成体系;从反应终止试剂及稳定剂、反应温度、反应时间、底物浓度以及辅助因子5个方面优化无细胞合成体系的反应条件。利用印楝素A无细胞合成体系分别以2,3-环氧鲨烯、羊毛甾醇、大戟二烯醇、丁酰鲸鱼醇、nimbin、茄碱苷和脱乙酰茄碱苷为底物,以印楝素A相对产量为评价标准,探讨印楝素A合成前体。【结果】印楝素A无细胞合成体系的构建:以pH7.0的200 mmol·L~(-1) Tris-HCl缓冲液,按1∶20(g·mL~(-1))料液比加入印楝叶片,提取1 h。优化的印楝素A无细胞合成条件为:反应总体积800μL,其中含印楝无细胞提取物300μL(相当于印楝叶0.015 g),100μL 250μmol·L~(-1)的底物(鲨烯)和400μL含有1 mmol·L~(-1) Mg~(2+)、1 mmol·L~(-1) Mn~(2+)、0.1 mmol·L~(-1) ATP、0.1 mmol·L~(-1) NADPH~+和5 mmol·L~(-1)抗坏血酸的缓冲液,在30℃下反应60 min,迅速加入200μL乙酸终止反应。分别以2,3-环氧鲨烯、丁酰鲸鱼醇、大戟二烯醇、nimbin、茄碱苷和脱乙酰茄碱苷为底物,反应完成后,印楝素A含量均有不同程度的增加;羊毛甾醇抑制体系中印楝素A的合成。【结论】羊毛甾醇不是印楝素A的合成前体,2,3-环氧鲨烯和丁酰鲸鱼醇是印楝素A的前体,nimbin、大戟二烯醇、脱乙酰茄碱苷和茄碱苷极可能是印楝素A的合成前体,且茄碱苷位于合成途径较下游的位置。 相似文献
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在室温下用间歇式快速搅拌法从印楝种仁中浸提印楝油和印楝素。讨论了料液比以及浸提时间对得率的影响。结果表明:印楝种仁300g,以750mL石油醚做溶剂,在快速搅拌条件下浸提21min时印楝油得率最高;将300g去油后的印楝种仁以900mL甲醇做溶剂,在快速搅拌下浸提21min时印楝素得率最高。由此得出,快速搅拌法浸提印楝油的最佳条件是:溶剂石油醚、料液比1∶2.5(g∶mL,下同)、时间每次7min、浸提3次,出油率30.4%;快速搅拌法浸提印楝素的最佳条件是:溶剂为甲醇、料液比1∶3、时间每次7min、浸提3次,印楝素A的得率为0.438%,印楝素B的得率为0.142%。 相似文献
3.
印楝提取物对桑天牛产卵量及卵孵化率的影响 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
使用一定浓度的印楝提取物 (NeemEC)处理的构树枝条作为天牛的食物 ,研究了其对桑天牛产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。在室温下 ,将成对的天牛放在盖有铁砂网的直径 2 5cm高的塑料桶中进行实验。用含印楝素 50× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,处理组天牛 ( 7对 )在 1 5d试验中 ,其每天对平均产卵量为2 0 0± 1 56个 ,而对照组每天平均产卵量为 1 0 33± 3 33个。经T—检验处理组与对照组之间差异显著。用含印楝素 1 0 0× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,在 1 5d试验中 ,处理组 7对天牛从第 5d开始死亡 ,至第 8d全部死亡 ,按实际成活天数计算 ,其每天每对平均产卵量为 1 0 0± 1 4 1个 ,而对照每天每对平均产卵量为 1 3 73± 2 90个。经T—检验两者之间差异显著。取食含印楝素 50× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条后天牛产的卵需经 1 9d达到其最终孵化率 ,33 33% ;而对照组 9d达到最终孵化率 98 96%。在进行了 2 4d的选择取食试验中含印楝素 1 0 0× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,1 0对对照组天牛每天每对平均取食量为 3 53± 0 38g,而处理组天牛每天每对平均取食量 3 4 2± 0 60 g。经T—检验两者差异不显著。这说明桑天牛不能分辩含印楝提取物的食物 ,即印楝提取物对桑天牛不具拒食性。 相似文献
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采用正交实验设计,以多糖含量为指标,对蟑螂水溶性多糖进行碱液和酶解提取研究;通过离子交换层析、凝胶层析对提取的多糖进行分级纯化,并对所得组分进行纯度鉴定和单糖分析;同时考察蟑螂粗多糖对正常小鼠的免疫活性.结果表明:酶解法提取的多糖含量较高,最佳实验条件是提取温度50℃、酶量200 μg·g-1,提取时间2 h.在此最佳实验条件下所得蟑螂多糖粗品中总糖含量为80 g·kg-1,蛋白含量为423 g·kg-1,氨基酸总量为333.4 g·kg-1;纯化后初步获得一个组分PWSPSC-2,多糖含量458 g·kg-1,蛋白含量392 g·kg-1,单糖组成Xyl:Ara:Glu:Man:Gal:GIcUA:GalUA=1.0:1.7:38.1:14.6:15.6:2.9:1.3;免疫活性实验显示,蟑螂粗多糖可以显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数、吞噬百分率及血清溶血素,表明蟑螂粗多糖可以明显增强小鼠的非特异性免疫和体液免疫功能. 相似文献
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试验设计4～11 g·kg-1 8个NaCl浓度梯度,对转PLD/AtNHXI基因抗盐碱三倍体毛白杨进行组培苗抗盐分化试验,设计2～10 g·kg-19个NaCl浓度梯度进行组培苗抗盐生根试验,设计3～12 g·kg-1 10个NaCl浓度梯度对1年生盆栽苗进行抗盐试验,结果表明:在NaCl浓度达8 g·kg-1时,转基因三倍体毛白杨分化培养37 d后,组培苗的叶色、分化芽数及新稍长度开始受到影响,随着NaCl浓度的增大将抑制组培苗分化生长,甚至枯萎死亡;在含NaCl 7 g·kg-1的生根培养基中,培养20 d后,虽然叶色没有受到盐太大的影响,但生根和新稍的生长都开始受到抑制,根系明显的减少;在含NaCl 7 g·kg-1的土壤条件下,盆栽苗培养32 d后,开始表现出盐害症状. 相似文献
8.
对元谋干热河谷印楝人工林经3 a施肥试验表明,配方施肥对印楝林分的生长和结实产量均产生显著影响:(1)施肥当年对林分生长未显明显肥效,施肥效应主要表现在施肥后第1年,到施肥后第2年肥效总体呈下降趋势;各生长性状对施肥配方反应的敏感性排序为:冠幅＞株高＞地径＞胸径;以株高和冠幅生长为评价依据,第14处理(300 g氨肥+300 g磷肥+200 g钾肥)为最优施肥组合方案.(2)不同施肥配方处理间以及不同年份之间,印楝的结实产量均存在显著差异;有机肥与P、K肥的组合配方对印楝结实量产生明显增益,其中第1处理(8 kg有机肥+200 g磷肥+200 g钾肥)为增加印楝结实产量的最佳施肥方案;各年份施肥处理间结实产量的排序为:施肥后第1年＞施肥后第2年＞施肥当年.此外,施肥前的林分本底值对林木生长产生极显著影响,在一定程度上干扰了施肥效应. 相似文献
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苦竹笋、叶营养成分分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对苦竹笋、叶的营养成分进行测定,结果表明:苦竹鲜笋、竹叶粗蛋白分别为24.8 g·kg-1、170.6 g·kg-1,粗纤维分别为6.1 g·kg-1、287.4 g·kg-1,磷380.0mg·kg-1、1 350.6 mg·kg-1,铁11.0 mg·kg-1、199.85mg·kg-1,钙16.2 mg·kg-1、3 635mg·kg-1;游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸鲜笋为2.014 g·kg-1、22.28g·kg-1;苦竹叶(干重)为3.599 g·kg-1、169.26g·kg-1;苦竹笋、叶的氨基酸等营养成分含量高于毛竹的笋和叶,是开发竹子保健食品的理想原料. 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
15.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
16.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
19.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献