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我国对虾养殖业快速发展,对发展我国农业生产,提高农民收入起着重大作用,但我国对虾养殖形势也很严峻,其最主要问题是发病严重,给对虾养殖产业带来了严重的影响。环境的恶化和底质污染是对虾发病最主要原因之一,为此,特谈谈改良底质在对虾养殖中的意义和方法,供参考。 相似文献
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<正> 渤海中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)由于资源量变动剧烈,1982年的捕捞量曾降到历史的最低水平。与此同时,养殖对虾的产量迅速增长,出现了对虾捕捞与养殖生产并驾齐驱的局面,使对虾养殖生产在我国对虾渔业中开始起到举足轻重的作用。为了进一步 相似文献
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随着我国对虾养殖规模的不断扩大和精养程度的逐年提升,对虾养殖的自我污染和病害的传播蔓延也日益加剧,严重危及对虾养殖业的健康发展。因此,探索和开发可操作性强、效果显著的养殖水质综合调控技术,通过优化和改善池塘养殖环境,减少对虾养殖废水的排放,提高对虾养殖生产的经济效益和生态效益,对推动我国对虾养殖业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。臭氧是一种强氧化剂,具有极强的氧化能力,能快速分解水中有机物,杀菌力较强。臭氧在水产养殖中的应用,可通过其氧化反应起到灭菌、分解有机物和提高水体溶解氧浓度的作用, 相似文献
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<正> 近两年,由于各级政府主管部门、科研推广单位和广大虾农的共同努力,我国的对虾生产得到了进一步发展,为总结交流对虾养殖经验,推动我国对虾养殖生产的全面健康发展,中国水产杂志社和河北省水产技术推广站于2000年11月3～5日在唐山联合主办了“第三届全国对虾养殖与病害防治经验交流研讨会”。 参加会议的代表来自17个省市的科研推广、管理部门及苗种场、渔药、饲料等厂家,共122人。 会议邀请中国科学院海洋研究所王雷博士介绍了目前全国各地成功的对虾健康养殖模式,中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所李 相似文献
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Social control of growth in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man): a review and prospects for future research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ilan Karplus 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(3):238-254
The wide range of sizes of sexually mature prawn populations and particularly of the males is very typical of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and a major obstacle to increased profitability of prawn culture. Prawn size variation reflects a complex population structure composed of three major male morphotypes – the small males, the orange‐claw males and the blue‐claw males – which differ in their morphology, physiology and behaviour. Social interactions among juveniles and among sexually mature males affect their growth. Four different social mechanisms have been suggested to control growth in crustaceans: direct competition for food, appetite suppression, altered food‐conversion efficiency and increased energy expenditure on motor activity. Since all growth‐controlling mechanisms involve an aggressive behavioural component, our knowledge of prawn agonistic behaviour and prawn social organization has been reviewed. Present knowledge of the social mechanisms regulating growth among juveniles and among sexually mature male morphotypes as well as the sensory modalities involved was evaluated. The possible evolution of social growth‐controlling mechanisms is discussed. Various ways for implementing our knowledge on social control of growth into prawn culture to increase profitability are suggested. 相似文献
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Md Abdul Wahab Sk Ahmad‐Al‐Nahid Nesar Ahmed Mohammad M Haque Mahmudul Karim 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(7):970-983
Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh. 相似文献
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I-Chiu Liao 《Aquacultural Engineering》1986,5(2-4):219-233
The remarkable achievements of prawn culture in recent years in Taiwan have been widely recognized. In 1984, the annual production of the grass prawn Penaeus monodon alone reached 18 000 tonnes, making it one of the most important and fastest growing aquaculture items. Its production is still increasing and its importance will continue to grow in the coming years.
When considering the progress of prawn culture, aquaculture engineering problems such as pond construction, water inlet and outlet systems, and aeration systems are of great concern. An introduction to prawn pond construction and accessory equipment in Taiwan is given, and a comparison with the representative prawn pond systems in Japan and Hawaii is made. The present problems faced in these areas and possible solutions are also discussed. 相似文献
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长期以来,国内进行罗氏沼虾人工繁殖一直以池塘饲养的成虾作亲本,由此造成该虾种质退化,养殖经济效益下降.为提高其种质和养殖经济效益,于1996年和1997年从马来西亚引进野生原种繁育虾苗,进行复壮技术的研究.研究结果表明,野生种子代和杂交种子代的体长、体重明显高出本地的驯养种.种群间具有标准差、变异系数、第二步足与体长的比值相对较小、额齿数相对较多的特点.通常野生原种体形细长、体色淡黄透明、摄食旺盛、抗病力强、性成熟个体较大.野生种子代和杂交种子代幼体活力强,摄食旺盛,变态期延长,但人工育苗的难度大.研究结果显示,采用繁育难度相对较低的雌(本地驯养种)×雄(野生种)配组方式繁育杂交苗,难度较小,效果好. 相似文献
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颤藻对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫相关酶活力的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)是对虾养殖水体中的一种常见蓝藻。通过在凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中投加不同浓度的颤藻,测定凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体长、体重,以及不同颤藻浓度下凡纳滨对虾的免疫相关酶活力,研究颤藻对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫酶活力的影响。结果表明:颤藻对对虾的成活率、体长和体重有显著影响(P<0.05),随藻浓度增加对虾的成活率、体长和体重呈下降的趋势。颤藻对对虾超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、抗菌活力影响显著(P<0.05),低浓度的颤藻诱导酶活力增大,当浓度大于12.5 mg/L时,其酶活力呈下降的趋势。当颤藻浓度为2.5 m g/L和12.5 mg/L时,GST、ALP活力分别达到最大值(39.05 U/mg、73.62 U/g)。以上研究结果说明,颤藻具有一定的毒性,低浓度的颤藻可诱导酶活性增加,高浓度的颤藻能抑制酶的活性和对虾生长。为了保证凡纳滨对虾的健康养殖,养殖水体中的颤藻浓度应该控制在12.5 mg/L以下。 相似文献
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Thailand was second only to P.R.China in annual production of giant river prawn. This article briefly describes the seed production of giant river prawn technology in Thailand and notes that broodstock management has paid scant attention to genetic issues. There are, however, ongoing selective breeding programmes on giant river prawn aimed to improve growth and disease resistance. In the conventional culture technology, postlarvae are stocked at a high density and prawns are harvested partially. The cropping period is long and the practice has led to disease outbreaks and deteriorated pond bottoms that result in frequent detection of antibiotic residue. The improved culture technology involves manual sexing of the prawns at 3 months and restocking only the male prawns into new ponds at low density. The technique gives higher yield and reduces incidence of disease and thus the need for prophylactics. The constraints to giant river prawn culture business in Thailand include low yield and a limited export market. The article describes three ways to expand and sustain the business of giant river prawn farming in the country: development of more genetically improved strains; culture of all‐male stock, and new culture techniques. 相似文献
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对虾幼体停食病是近年来对虾苗种生产中的一种严重疾病，本文就其表现症状、防治实践和防治效果等进行了详细描述，并就与此相关的外源亲体和幼体的引入以及苗种生长中的幼体消毒和水处理工艺等问题进行了探讨，提出了防治途径与技术措施。 相似文献
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Current status of freshwater prawn culture in Vietnam and the development and transfer of seed production technology 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Nguyen Thanh Phuong Tran Ngoc Hai Tran Thi Thanh Hien Tran Van Bui Do Thi Thanh Huong Vu Nam Son Yoshinori Morooka Yutaka Fukuda Marcy N. Wilder 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(1):1-12
ABSTRACT: In Vietnam, the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is becoming an increasingly important targeted species, as its culture, especially in rice fields, is considered to have the potential to raise income among impoverished farmers. The production of M. rosenbergii based on aquaculture reached over 10 000 tons per year in 2002, having increased from about 2500 tons since the 1990s. Until recently, lack of a stable supply of seed had been an important obstacle to the further expansion and development of M. rosenbergii culture, but cumulative research on larval rearing, especially in the 1990s, has led to the development of new seed production technology based on the 'modified stagnant green water system'. Following its dissemination by the efforts of provincial authorities, hatchery operators, and farmers, the freshwater prawn seed production industry developed rapidly in the Mekong Delta with over 90 hatcheries producing 76.5 million postlarvae in 2003. This is considered to have affected the expansion of rice–prawn farming in the Mekong Delta, leading to increased aquacultural production in the region. This paper reviews the current status of freshwater prawn culture in Vietnam and background history, and presents a socioeconomic evaluation of seed production technology implementation. 相似文献
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A technical and socio‐economic survey conducted in the Dong Thap province of Vietnam to assess the current status of river pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) showed that pen culture, which has been developed and operated by farmers' indigenous knowledge, requires more study in order to optimize stocking density and to assess its environmental impacts. In this study, the prawn pens were of rectangular shape, with an average size of 209 m2. Prawns were stocked in June at an average density of 62 pieces m?2 and fed on farm‐made feed and were harvested 2–4 times starting from 4 months after stocking until late December or the following January. The average prawn yield was 0.52 kg m?2 year?1, ranging from 0.14 to 1.6 kg m?2 year?1. The average net return was US$0.71 m?2 year?1, ranging from US$1.24 to 4.37 m?2 year?1. About 73% of the farmers achieved positive net returns. The top five constraints for prawn pen culture were lack of knowledge of culture technologies, poor water quality, disease problems, poor quality of wild seed and lack of capital. Almost all farmers have no environmental awareness, and environmental regulations for prawn pen culture have not been established. Field measurements showed that all measured water quality parameters were within the range for good growth of giant freshwater prawns, and indicated that there was no significant accumulation of nutrients and organic matter at the bottoms of rivers or canals. 相似文献
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Guoliang Yang Mike Frinsko Xuefeng Chen Junyi Wang Guo Hu Qiang Gao 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(7):1049-1055
The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was first introduced into mainland China by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from Japan in 1976. It was cultured at the Guangdong Province Fishery Institute (now as Pearl River Fishery Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences). Following these early efforts, giant freshwater prawn culture has gradually spread to northern and inland areas. At this time (2011), China has become the largest producer of giant freshwater prawn in the world. Due to a preference of cooking with fresh aquatic products, Chinese retail markets have developed which have special live‐holding counters. From small rural shops to urban supermarkets and specialty restaurants, live seafoods are commonly available whereby customers pick out the products they wish to purchase and consume. Giant freshwater prawns are produced in over 35 countries throughout the world. They are usually sold either fresh, on‐ice, or frozen. What makes the Chinese prawn industry unique is its focus on a live transportation and marketing model. As a result, numerous innovative live‐transport technologies have been developed which have been key to the success of this expanding domestic industry. In this article, we would like to give a general overview of the giant freshwater prawn industry, its status in China, and the special role live‐transportation has for expanding production of giant freshwater prawns. 相似文献