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1.
The effect of undesalted dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from composts on the degradation, adsorption, and mobility of cyhalofop herbicide in soils was studied. A paddy-field sediment poor in organic matter (OM), an OM-rich forest soil, and DOM from agroindustrial or municipal waste compost were used. DOM increased the cyhalofop-acid but not the cyhalofop-butyl solubility in water. The degradation of cyhalofop-butyl in the sediment was slow, giving cyhalofop-acid as the only metabolite, whereas in forest soil, the process was faster, and three byproducts were detected. Soil pretreatment with DOM did not modify the degradation pattern but only reduced the adsorption of cyhalofop-butyl by soil, whereas it increased the adsorption of cyhalofop-acid. Among the cationic components of DOM solutions, the potassium ion seems to be related to the increased adsorption of the cyhalofop-acid in both OM-poor and OM-rich soils, yielding reversible complexes with the former and favoring hydrophobic interactions with the latter.  相似文献   

2.
为探讨机械直播稻田稗最佳防控时间,采用小区试验的方法,以人工除草处理为对照,研究稗不同出苗时间(水稻机械直播后0、7、14、21、28、35 d)和不同密度(1、3、5、7株·m-2)对机械直播水稻根系特性以及产量的影响。结果表明,稗出苗时间和密度对水稻产量有不同的影响,稗草出苗时间越早或密度越大,水稻减产越多。当稗密度为1株·m-2时,水稻机械直播后0~35 d出苗的稗均对水稻产量无影响;当稗密度为3、5、7株·m-2时,在水稻机械直播后21 d内出苗的稗均随其密度增加而显著降低水稻产量,之后出苗的稗对水稻产量无明显影响。同时发现,产量显著降低后水稻的根系总根长、平均根系直径、根干重、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系氧化力和玉米素+玉米素核苷含量也均显著降低。上述水稻根系指标的降低可能是机械直播水稻与稗伴生后产量降低的重要原因。本研究为机械直播稻田稗草防控提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana) is a widespread noxious annual weed associated with crops such as corn (Zea mays L.), and this weed is persistent because it produces a seed bank. This invasive weed species must be controlled even in the dry season because Mexican poppy has a deep-reaching root system, which taps water from deep soil layers. Cases of a human death caused by Mexican poppy seeds in South Africa, India, and other Eastern countries were reported from the early years of the twentieth century. However, when weeds are controlled uniformly instead of site-specific or precision farming method across the spatially variable fields, there are environmental pollution challenges. Site-specific weed control techniques have gained interest in the precision farming community over the last years mainly because of Global Positioning System (GPS) applications, and a controlled measure of herbicides are applied where there are weeds in the field, and areas with more clusters of weeds receive the correct amount of herbicide application. Mexican poppy has prickles and is a nuisance to farmers, and herbicides represent a severe health hazard to humans due to chemical concentrations in water. For that reason, we propose the design of a site-specific weed control plan to use a row-guided robot to detect and identify weeds with accuracy, control speed timeously, and spray herbicides with a high level of precision and automation. These robotics methods are reported to be environmentally conscious, and economically efficient with less labour and management. The proposed method of deep learning neural networks, which use row-guided robots, a machine is trained on multiple images to identify weeds automatically from the main crop, and release a controlled measure of herbicides based on weed location and density, and spray weeds on-the-go upon emergence.  相似文献   

4.
营养匮乏和伴生杂草是水稻种植过程中的常见影响因素。本研究应用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术,分别研究低氮、稗草条件下,非化感水稻品种"Lemont"的上调表达基因。结果显示,低氮条件下,"Lemont"水稻中参与生长调控的生长素响应蛋白,参与抗逆防御的类NBS-LRR蛋白、过氧化氢酶、金属硫因蛋白,以及参与蛋白质代谢相关蛋白的编码基因上调表达。稗草共培下,编码NADH脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、ATP依赖性RNA解旋酶等与植物生长相关的基因,与抗逆防御相关的几丁质酶和糖基水解酶基因,以及与信号转导相关的锌指蛋白及组氨酸激酶基因增强表达。研究结果表明,非化感水稻"Lemont"能够通过调节抗逆以及生长调节相关基因的表达,从而响应不同的胁迫。  相似文献   

5.
谷秆两用水稻202对氮肥的吸收利用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
应用~(15)N-尿素研究了谷秆两用水稻202对肥料氮素的吸收利用。结果表明,在施等量尿素的条件下,对照稻308与两用稻202的稻谷性状相似,但202稻草含N量比308(CK)提高37.57％。不同时期施肥,肥料氮在谷、草中的分配率不同,308遵循常规稻的分配规律,而202水稻则有自己的特性,即早期追肥大部分分布于稻穗中,较迟施肥大部分分布于茎、叶中。应用~(15)N标记稻草研究其利用价值,202草粉饲料被草鱼和白鼠的消化率比308草粉(CK)提高13.6％和16.5％,机体的~(15)N回收率比CK提高9.6％和6.0％;202稻草栽培平菇,~(15)N回收率比CK提高19.1％,202稻草有较好的综合利用价值。  相似文献   

6.
The results of an experiment to study the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during rice cropping and processing are reported. Four herbicides, nine fungicides, and two insecticides (azoxystrobin, byspiribac-sodium, carbendazim, clomazone, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, isoprothiolane, kresoxim-methyl, propanil, quinclorac, tebuconazole, thiamethoxam, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, λ-cyhalotrin) were applied to an isolated rice-crop plot under controlled conditions, during the 2009-2010 cropping season in Uruguay. Paddy rice was harvested and industrially processed to brown rice, white rice, and rice bran, which were analyzed for pesticide residues using the original QuEChERS methodology and its citrate variation by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. The distribution of pesticide residues was uneven among the different matrices. Ten different pesticide residues were found in paddy rice, seven in brown rice, and eight in rice bran. The highest concentrations were detected in paddy rice. These results provide information regarding the fate of pesticides in the rice food chain and its safety for consumers.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds are the biggest concern for all cotton stakeholders worldwide. Currently, 43 weeds species are resistant to glyphosate and the number is increasing at an alarming rate. Soil residual/pre-emergence (PRE) herbicides like Pendimethalin and S-metolachlor can be effectively used for the control of GR weeds; however, their use is very limited at farmer’s side due to the adoption of herbicide-tolerant technology with complete reliance on glyphosate. The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of PRE and post-emergence (POST) herbicides in glyphosate-tolerant (GT) cotton. The herbicide treatments were pendimethalin and S-metolachlor as PRE-residual, and glyphosate was applied as POST at 20 days after sowing (DAS) either alone or in combination with other herbicides like S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, and haloxyfop. A second application of glyphosate was made at 35 DAS. Results revealed that pendimethalin and S-metolachlor treatments gave 100% suppression of all dominant weeds and increased lint yield by 310–350% as compared to weedy control. In contrast, glyphosate applied once and twice, gave weed biomass reduction of only 10–86%, and increased lint yield by 136–185% over weedy control. This research established that PRE application of pendimethalin and S-metolachlor can be included in the weed management program of GT cotton.  相似文献   

8.
不同抗性稗草对水稻产量及其生理特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探讨对除草剂敏感的稗草和产生多抗性的稗草对水稻生长发育的影响,以南粳9108为试验材料,自水稻移栽至成熟分别与对二氯喹啉酸、稻杰和双草醚均敏感的稗草(敏感稗草,T1)和对二氯喹啉酸、稻杰和双草醚均产生抗性的稗草(多抗性稗草,T2)共生,以无稗草水稻处理为对照(CK)。结果表明,与T1相比,T2的分蘖数、干物质积累量和每穗粒数显著降低、生育期缩短,但千粒重显著增加。与稗草共生后,与CK相比,T1和T2的水稻产量分别显著减产32.5%~33.4%和24.8%~26.7%,T2的减产率略低于T1,但二者差异不显著。与CK相比,T1和T2还显著降低了水稻抽穗期水稻叶面积指数、灌浆期叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根干重、籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-乙酸含量、蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性和成熟期干物质积累量,T1与T2间差异不显著。水稻叶面积指数、灌浆期叶片光合速率、根系氧化力、根干重、籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-乙酸含量、蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性和成熟期干物质积累量的显著降低是T1和T2致使水稻产量降低的重要原因。本研究结果为杂草综合治理和水稻高产栽培提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
Drechslera gigantea, a potential mycoherbicide of grass weeds, was isolated in Florida from naturally infected large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis); it produces phytotoxic metabolites in liquid culture. The main metabolite was identified by spectroscopic methods and optical properties as ophiobolin A (1), a well-known phytotoxic sesterterpene produced by several phytopathogenic fungi of important crops and already extensively studied for its interesting biological activities. The other three minor metabolites proved to be related to ophiobolin A and were identified using the same techniques as 6-epi-ophiobolin A and 3-anhydro-6-epi-ophiobolin A (2 and 3) and ophiobolin I (4). Assayed on punctured detached leaves of several grass and dicotyledon weeds, ophiobolin A proved to be on average more phytotoxic as compared to the other related compounds. Some structural features appear to be important for the phytoxicity, such as the hydroxy group at C-3, the stereochemistry at C-6, and the aldehyde group at C-7. Furthermore, grass weeds usually proved to be more sensitive to the phytotoxins than dicotyledons, on which ophiobolin A caused the appearance of large necrosis even at the lowest concentration assayed. This is the first report about the production of ophiobolins from D. gigantea and of the proposed use as potential natural herbicides against grass weeds.  相似文献   

10.
“稻鸭共生”生态系统重金属镉的转化、迁移及循环特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
重金属镉(Cd)通过污染的饲料和化肥而影响农产品进而危害人体健康已经成为食品安全和生态环境关注的焦点。为完善"稻鸭共生"系统的肥料和饲料管理,建立合理的物质产投结构及降低重金属Cd的生态毒理风险,在湖南省长沙市望城区桐林坳社区开展了2年田间试验,以常规稻作为对照,采用投入产出法,研究分析"稻鸭共生"生态系统重金属Cd的转化、迁移及循环特征。结果表明,"稻鸭共生"生态系统Cd输入量为:肥料饲料秧苗雏鸭,其中肥料Cd输入主要是磷肥输入。"稻鸭共生"生态系统Cd输出主要是水稻籽粒Cd和成鸭Cd。"稻鸭共生"生态系统内循环的Cd主要是鸭粪Cd、杂草Cd、害虫Cd及归还给系统的水稻秸秆Cd和根系Cd。鸭所摄食的Cd主要来自鸭饲料,大鸭饲料Cd输入大于小鸭饲料Cd输入。在"稻鸭共生"生态系统中重金属Cd沿食物链的转化、迁移过程以鸭粪Cd形式放大,且鸭粪Cd高于鸭饲料Cd输入。稻田土壤Cd输出来看,"稻鸭共生"和常规稻作相比无显著差异(P0.05)。无论是常规稻作还是"稻鸭共生",水稻植株Cd含量次序为根秸秆籽粒。与常规稻作相比,"稻鸭共生"没有增加水稻植株Cd含量和Cd积累。糙米和鸭肉镉含量分别为0.033 mg·kg-1和0.008 mg·kg-1,短期来看,"稻鸭共生"能够提供安全无Cd污染的农产品(鸭和稻米)。  相似文献   

11.
千金子和异型莎草均是直播稻田的恶性杂草,危害水稻的生长发育,对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确千金子和异型莎草对直播稻产量的影响及其生态经济阈值,采用添加系列试验法和模型拟合法研究不同密度千金子和异型莎草组合和与水稻不同共生时间下水稻产量性状的变化规律。结果表明,随着千金子和异型莎草组合密度增加以及与水稻共生时间延长,水稻的有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量均逐渐下降。当千金子+异型莎草密度增加至8株·m~(-2)+8株·m~(-2),水稻产量仅2 236.37kg·hm~(-2),与空白对照相比产量损失率为71.14%;在千金子4.67株·m~(-2)+异型莎草3.50株·m~(-2)的平均密度下,二者与水稻在整个生育期共生时,水稻产量为5 138.33 kg·hm~(-2),与空白对照相比产量损失率为33.37%。低密度、短时间共生的两杂草组合对水稻产量无显著影响。但从密度梯度看,在两种杂草与水稻整个生育期共生条件下,杂草复合密度达到4.14株·m~(-2)时,则必须对其进行防除;从共生时间的尺度看,在试验设置密度条件下,必须在水稻种植后的16.7 d进行杂草防除,否则将对水稻产量和经济效益造成显著影响。在对复合杂草生态经济阈值分析的基础上进行杂草防除,可避免除草剂盲目使用,对减少除草剂使用次数,降低除草剂用量、节约除草成本和保护农田生态环境具有指导作用。  相似文献   

12.
Halosulfuron methyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide used worldwide for weed control in sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice production. Considering its environmental impact, this study evaluated the effects of soil type, application rate, and temperature on the dynamics of halosulfuron methyl degradation.Additionally, as soil microbes and enzymes are reliable indicators of the impacts of anthropogenic activities on soil health, the effects of halosulfuron methyl on soil enzymatic and microbial activiti...  相似文献   

13.
The phosphosulfonates are a new class of soil-active herbicides which control a variety of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. Chirality at the phosphorus atom afforded the opportunity to explore stereospecific requirements for herbicidal activity. Chiral (hydroxymethyl)phosphinate intermediates were enzymatically resolved (Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase) from the racemic mixtures and then used to prepare two pairs of enantiomeric phosphosulfonates. Biological testing of the enantiomeric phosphosulfonate herbicides demonstrated that, in each case, the herbicidal activity was attributed to the (+) enantiomer and that the (+) enantiomer is more active than the racemate.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Weeds are a major constraint to canola (Brassica napus L.) production, reducing grain yield and quality. The repeated use of pre- and post- emergent herbicides to control several grasses and broadleaf weeds has escalated the problem of herbicide resistance in weeds. The development of herbicide-tolerant canola cultivars has increased the flexibility of weed management but has also increased the risks of outcrossing with wild relatives and weed shifts to resistance. Herbicide-resistant weed species, and the related biological repercussions, pose a major threat to sustainable weed management. These developing risks have led researchers to examine integrated weed management (IWM) techniques for sustainable weed control. Weed control strategies using non-chemical tactics have valid roles for managing weeds. However, in broad-acre commercial fields, the effectiveness of several non-chemical selections are less proven than commercial chemical herbicides. Canola competition and allelopathy for weed suppression are potential components for integrated weed management in canola. This review examines current chemical and non-chemical options available for developing IWM strategies for profitable canola production, as well as future research directions.  相似文献   

15.
淹灌和间歇灌溉对晚稻田杂草群落多样性的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
为探明节水灌溉对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响,运用群落生态学方法,开展了淹灌与间歇灌溉2种灌溉模式下水稻不同生育阶段稻田杂草群落动态变化研究。结果表明:间歇灌溉和淹灌稻田杂草种类分别有10科13属14种、10科11属11种;间歇灌溉稻田各生育期杂草密度平均降低27.8%;优势杂草种类虽与淹灌基本一致,但阔叶类杂草矮慈姑重要值降低9.76%,单子叶杂草浮萍重要值降低65.38%;间歇灌溉稻田以旱生杂草生长为主,总体各生育期旱生杂草群落密度增加277.51%,水生杂草群落密度降低81.44%,而淹灌稻田以水生杂草为主;间歇灌溉稻田Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wienner多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数,平均提高27.01%、14.31%、9.09%和3.48%,乳熟期差异尤为显著。间歇灌溉提高了稻田杂草多样性,有效地抑制了优势种杂草生长,有利于改善稻田生态保护。该研究可为节水灌溉稻田杂草控制及多样性保护提供科学依据。  相似文献   

16.
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (PE) and halosulfuron methyl (HM) are two new highly active sulfonylurea herbicides that have been widely used for weed control in a variety of vegetables and other crops. These two herbicides have similar molecular structures, differing only in the substitutions on the pyrazole ring. Chemical hydrolysis is a primary process affecting the environmental fate of sulfonylurea pesticides. The hydrolytic transformation kinetics of PE and HM were investigated as a function of pH and temperature. For both herbicides, the hydrolysis rate was pH-dependent and increased with increasing temperature. The hydrolysis of both sulfonylureas was much faster in acidic or basic media than under neutral conditions. Identification of hydrolytic products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) suggested that both PE and HM were subject to cleavage and contraction of the sulfonylurea bridge. The hydrolysis rate of HM was significantly higher than that of PE in alkaline solutions, despite their structural similarity. A chlorine substitution on HM's pyrazole ring makes HM more susceptible to bridge contraction than PE under basic conditions. The hydrolysis of HM and PE was relatively unaffected by the presence of cyclic oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins), indicating that natural OH-containing organic compounds occurring in aquatic environments may have little impact on the transformation of these sulfonylurea herbicides.  相似文献   

17.
Cyhalofop-butyl (CyB) is a widely used aryloxyphenoxy propanoate (AOPP) herbicide for control of grasses in rice fields. Five CyB-degrading strains were isolated from rice field soil and identified as Agromyces sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Aquamicrobium sp., Microbacterium sp., and Pseudomonas azotoformans; the results revealed high biodiversity of CyB-degrading bacteria in rice soil. One strain, P. azotoformans QDZ-1, degraded 84.5% of 100 mg L(-1) CyB in 5 days of incubation in a flask and utilized CyB as carbon source for growth. Strain QDZ-1 could also degrade a wide range of other AOPP herbicides. An esterase gene, chbH, which hydrolyzes CyB to cyhalofop acid (CyA), was cloned from strain QDZ-1 and functionally expressed. A chbH-disrupted mutant dchbH was constructed by insertion mutation. Mutant dchbH could not degrade and utilize CyB, suggesting that chbH was the only esterase gene responsible for CyB degradation in strain QDZ-1. ChbH hydrolyzed all AOPP herbicides tested as well as permethrin. The catalytic efficiency of ChbH toward different AOPP herbicides followed the order quizalofop-P-ethyl ≈ fenoxaprop-P-ethyl > CyB ≈ fluazifop-P-butyl > diclofop-methyl ≈ haloxyfop-P-methyl; the results indicated that the chain length of the alcohol moiety strongly affected the biodegradability of the AOPP herbicides, whereas the substitutions in the aromatic ring had only a slight influence.  相似文献   

18.
水稻化感种质筛选的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法对300份水稻品种进行了化感作用初筛，初步发现12份品种分别对稗草或莴苣的幼根、幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用，约占总数的4％，主要来源于外国粳稻、籼稻及广西地方晚籼品种；一般情况下，化感物质对稗草幼苗的抑制作用明显强于其对幼根的抑制作用，而对莴苣幼苗的抑制作用则明显弱于其对幼根的抑制作用；对莴苣的化感作用强于对稗草的化感作用，所以初筛时以莴苣为检测植物可提高效率；砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法具有能快速大量测定化感种质的优点，可作为初筛的主要方法，但均需改进，以提高准确性。  相似文献   

19.
Echinochloa crus-galli (E. crus-galli; barnyardgrass) is a weed widely distributed. It constitutes a serious weed problem in 42 countries and has been found in at least 27 more. It is the world's main weed of rice affecting up to 36 crops worldwide. Several biotypes of this plant, with resistance to herbicides with different modes of action have evolved. In our ongoing studies regarding the potential application of benzoxazinones and their soil degradation products for weed control, a complete structure-activity relationships (SARs) study was made by using barnyardgrass as the target plant. Compounds used in this study were previously tested on a wide variety of standard target species (STS), and they include natural allelochemicals 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA-Glc), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), and 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA), together with some degradation derivatives found in wheat crop soil and some synthetic analogues. Their phytotoxicity on E. crus-galli is discussed and compared with the results obtained from previous screening. This work constitutes the next step in the search for natural herbicide models based on benzoxazinones and their degradation products. The most active compounds were the degradation product 2-aminophenol (APH) and the synthetic analogue 4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIBOA). Their activities confirm the direction proposed in our previous SAR study, which establishes D-DIBOA to be the best lead for natural herbicide model development with benzoxazinone structure.  相似文献   

20.
5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-1,2-isoxazoline derivative was synthesized, and its herbicidal activity was assessed under glasshouse and flooded paddy conditions. 5-(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-1,2-isoxazoline demonstrated good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity against annual weeds at 125 g of a.i. ha(-1) under greenhouse conditions. Soil application of this compound showed complete control of barnyard-grass to the fourth leaf stage at 250 g of a.i. ha(-1). Field trials indicated that this compound controlled annual weeds rapidly with a good tolerance on transplanted rice seedlings by post-emergence and soil application. This compound showed a low mammalian and environmental toxicity in various toxicological tests.  相似文献   

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