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1.
PEP羧化酶激酶相关激酶(PEP carboxylase kinase-related kinases,PEPRKs)是CDPK-Sn RK超家族的一员,目前对其生理功能尚不清楚。本研究以拟南芥和杨树的PEPRK序列作为探针,对橡胶树和其他5种植物(木薯、水稻、杨树、蓖麻和拟南芥)的基因组和转录组数据进行全面搜索,共鉴定得到25个PEPRK基因家族成员,其中包括5个橡胶树PEPRK基因,命名为Hb PEPRK1-5。序列分析发现橡胶树PEPRK和其他植物类似,在序列中部含有一个相对比较保守的激酶结构域,而两端的同源性相对较低。在基因结构和进化方面,PEPRK主要分为2个大的分支,相同分支的成员在结构域和内含子分布上更为相似,其中橡胶树和木薯PEPRK在进化上具有较近的亲缘关系。在基因的表达方面,Hb PEPRK1主要在稳定期的叶片中表达,Hb PEPRK2和Hb PEPRK5在树叶、树皮和胶乳中均有表达,Hb PEPRK4主要在种子中表达;另外,研究发现橡胶树PEPRK家族成员的表达还与叶片发育、乙烯利刺激、真菌侵染和低温胁迫具有一定的相关性。 相似文献
2.
以已发表的PPCK序列为探针,对橡胶树和其他5种植物(木薯、水稻、杨树、蓖麻和拟南芥)的转录组和基因组进行全面搜索,鉴定得到17个PPCK基因,其中包括3个橡胶树PPCK基因,命名为Hb PPCK1-3。序列分析发现,Hb PPCK1-3和其他植物一样在结构上非常保守,只有一个内含子和一个蛋白激酶结构域,并且相对位置也比较一致。在进化上,橡胶树、木薯和蓖麻3种大戟科植物的PPCK蛋白具有较近的亲缘关系。Hb PPCK3在树皮中表达丰度最高,其次是种子和雄花;Hb PPCK2在胶乳和根中表达丰度相对较高,而Hb PPCK1在各组织中的表达都比较低。另外,大部分家族成员的表达都受到真菌侵染、低温和干旱胁迫处理的诱导,而乙烯利处理却能抑制Hb PPCK2的表达。 相似文献
4.
胁迫相关蛋白(Stress associated proteins,SAPs)在植物免疫应答和胁迫反应中发挥着重要作用。采用电子克隆和RT-PCR相结合的方法,从巴西橡胶树中分离胁迫相关蛋白基因Hb SAP1。结果表明:Hb SAP1基因的开放阅读框为537 bp,编码178个氨基酸。Hb SAP1蛋白预测分子量为18.87 ku,等电点为7.98,具有典型的A20和AN1锌指结构域。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,Hb SAP1基因在巴西橡胶树各组织中均有表达,以茎尖中的表达量最高。同健康橡胶树相比,Hb SAP1基因在死皮橡胶树胶乳和树皮中的表达量显著升高。伤害、H2O2、乙烯利及茉莉酸甲酯处理均能使胶乳中Hb SAP1基因的表达上调。低温及PEG诱导的干旱胁迫下,Hb SAP1基因在叶片中的表达显著增强。上述结果表明,Hb SAP1基因可能在橡胶树死皮发生、非生物胁迫应答、乙烯及茉莉酸信号转导中发挥重要调控作用。 相似文献
5.
YABBY基因家族是一类植物特有的转录因子,在植物叶片和花器官的发育以及非生物胁迫应答中起重要的调控作用。本研究从橡胶树基因组中鉴定得到11个HbYABBY家族成员,并从基因结构、启动子顺式作用元件、染色体定位、系统进化及基因表达等方面进行分析。结果显示11个橡胶树HbYABBY基因分布在9条染色体上,编码蛋白的长度在132~241个氨基酸,分子量在14.75~26.41 kDa,启动子区域含有丰富的光响应元件。该基因家族具有显著的组织表达特异性,叶片和花中高表达,而在胶乳和根中基本不表达。叶片的发育过程中,除HbCRC1上调表达,另外9个HbYABBY基因均显著持续下调表达,表明HbYABBY深度参与橡胶树叶片发育调控。转录组测序和荧光定量检测均发现所有HbYABBY成员受高温诱导持续下调表达,但不受低温胁迫诱导,暗示了HbYABBY在橡胶树的高温胁迫中发挥调控作用。本研究以热带经济林木巴西橡胶树为研究对象,对YABBY转录因子基因家族的理化特征、表达及功能进行了初步分析,为该基因家族功能的深度研究提供了理论依据和参考。 相似文献
6.
植物营养储藏蛋白VSP2是HAD家族蛋白(haloalcanoic acid dehalogenase super family,HAD)的主要成员之一。该蛋白具有酸性磷酸化酶的功能,在橡胶树氮素储存和植物凝集素防御胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。在前期研究中,利用c DNA-AFLP获得了1条与橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病抗病性相关的差异表达片段EST-IAN-24,通过Blast比对分析,发现该基因片段与其他物种的VSP2基因具有较高同源性。采用PCR和RT-PCR技术,克隆获得了一个橡胶树VSP2基因的c DNA和基因组序列,并将该基因命名为Hb VSP2。基因序列分析显示,该基因编码区全长(CDS)975 bp,含有4个内含子和5个外显子,编码324个氨基酸,推测该蛋白的分子质量为30.01 ku,等电点为4.80。该基因蛋白是HAD家族蛋白中的酸性磷酸酶,具有DXDXT基序特征。q RT-PCR定量分析发现,受多主棒孢病菌侵染后,Hb VSP2基因在橡胶树抗、感品种中的表达量存在着明显的差异,抗病品种(IAN873)的表达量显著高于感病品种(PR107),且在接种12 h达到了峰值;此外,该基因在水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、乙烯的处理下均能诱导其表达,对茉莉酸甲酯的敏感性明显高于其他2个激素。本研究初步表明,Hb VSP2基因可能参与橡胶树与多主棒孢病菌的互作并且与抗病性相关。 相似文献
7.
Mlo基因是植物体内具有负向调控功能的一类基因。为揭示Hb Mlo8基因在橡胶树中的功能,分析了该基因在巴西橡胶树不同组织中的表达情况,在机械损伤、干旱、白粉菌侵染、ABA、ETH、JA和H_2O_2处理下的表达模式。结果表明:Hb Mlo8基因在橡胶树的树皮、胶乳、花和叶中均有表达,主要在树皮和花中表达。机械损伤、干旱、白粉菌侵染均会使Hb Mlo8在橡胶树叶片中的表达量显著上调。橡胶树叶片中Hb Mlo8基因在ETH处理早期下调表达,处理10 h后开始显著上调。在ABA、H_2O_2和JA处理下,Hb Mlo8基因均呈现下调表达现象。说明Hb Mlo8可能参与橡胶树对白粉菌和非生物胁迫的响应过程以及激素信号转导路径,为阐明Hb Mlo8基因在橡胶树生长和逆境响应机制中的功能研究打下良好基础。 相似文献
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9.
前期研究表明,在橡胶树中存在着1个CBF信号途径,然而该信号通路的下游COR家族功能基因却一直未能被发掘。本研究通过检索橡胶树低温诱导转录组数据,从中发现了1个COR47基因。通过对该基因的克隆、测序和生物信息学分析,表明Hb COR47可能是橡胶树中唯一的COR家族成员。对该基因的低温诱导表达特性进行研究,发现Hb COR47受到低温诱导表达,但反应时间较拟南芥等温带植物的COR基因晚。针对Hb COR47基因的特性及其表达特征,结合橡胶树CBF信号途径的特征进行了进一步讨论。 相似文献
10.
以拟南芥和杨树的钙调蛋白氨基酸序列为探针,对橡胶树转录组数据库进行搜索,并设计引物进行PCR扩增,得到7个橡胶树钙调蛋白基因的cDNA序列,命名为HbCaM1-7。序列分析结果发现,HbCaM1-7的CDS序列均为450 bp,编码149个氨基酸,分子量为16.8 ku,等电点为3.95。其中,HbCaM1-6间氨基酸同源性为100%,HbCaM7与其他成员之间的氨基酸同源性为98%。在基因结构组织方面,HbCaM1-7均为一个内含子,且内含子的插入位置相同,但内含子的长度明显不同。从氨基酸序列同源性和进化关系分析结果可看出,钙调蛋白基因家族在进化上非常保守。在表达方面,HbCaM1-6在各组织中均有表达,除了HbCaM3在根中表达丰度相对较高,其他成员均在胶乳中表达丰度相对较高,而HbCaM7在各组织中的表达均比较低;乙烯利处理后,HbCaM2-7的表达均有一定的上升趋势,而在叶片发育过程中HbCaM1-5圴呈明显下调表达。由此可见,橡胶树钙调蛋白与橡胶树叶片发育、胶乳乙烯信号通路具有一定的相关性。 相似文献
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12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
15.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
16.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
17.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Aimee J. Guerrero Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Fumiaki Nakamura Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2021,19(2)
The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):55-98
SUMMARY Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia. 相似文献
20.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献