共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 50 毫秒
1.
Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivity measure: a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.) 总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5
In spatial studies of populations, Euclidean distance is commonly used to measure the structural connectivity between habitat
patches. The role of the matrix on patch connectivity is thereby ignored. However, the importance of the matrix for (dispersal)
movement is increasingly being acknowledged. Our study compared the cost-distance measure with the Euclidean distance. The
cost-distance is a simple GIS-calculated connectivity measure that incorporates the resistance of the landscape matrix to
movement behaviour. We used presence-absence data from a field study on the Speckled wood butterfly in two Belgian landscapes.
Logistic regression revealed that the cost-distance measure had a significantly better predictive power than the Euclidean
distance. This result was consistent for all the six sets of different matrix resistance values. In our study the cost-distance
proves to be a better connectivity measure than the Euclidean distance.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Rapid urbanization has induced numerous ecological and environmental issues seriously threatening the ecological security. The ecological security pattern (ESP), an effective way for protecting the ecological security, is becoming increasingly important in reconciling the rapid urbanization and ecology protection in urban planning practices. Based on the cost-distance analysis method, we constructed a three-rank (basic, moderate and strict-rank) composite ESP of Gaoming (Guangdong, China) aiming at protecting the survivals and habitat securities of rare vegetations, wild animals and human beings. The proposed composite ESP is established on five equal-weighted individual ESPs (namely Geology-ESP, Hydrology-ESP, Atmosphere-ESP, Biodiversity-ESP and Farmland-ESP) for geologic disasters prevention, flood prevention and drinking water protection, air pollution prevention, biodiversity conservation and farmland protection, respectively. Our results show that under the basic, moderate, and strict- rank ESPs, the integration and connectivity of the ecological components are constantly improved, but the connectivity between neighboring urban patches decline gradually. The moderate-rank ESP proves to be the optimal spatial pattern for balancing the conflicts between urban development and ecological protection. Notably, the ESP that considers the security of atmosphere and farmland securities, which protects the regional farmlands better and well balance the expansions of industrial and residual lands, proves to be much more reasonable. 相似文献
3.
As an important factor of scenic quality and biodiversity along a greenway, landscape diversity has yet to receive as much attention as it deserves. In the practice of greenway alignment planning, it usually gives way to the primary consideration of land suitability. In this article, we aim to make up this missing link. Upon the new concepts and measurement of linear landscape diversity and cellular landscape diversity, we proposed greenway potential index incorporating land suitability and landscape diversity. The greenway potential index was combined with connectivity analysis to connect path between a future greenway’s origin and destination that meets both land suitability and landscape diversity requirements. Specially, with Wuchang (Wuhan City, China) as a case study area, we proposed three greenway alignment planning scenarios respectively according to the criteria of suitability, diversity and the synthesis of them. Markedly differences were revealed between the results of suitability greenways and diversity greenways. The results indicate that the tripartite model we proposed is capable of planning a connecting path between a future greenway’s origin and destination that not only meets land suitability requirements for greenway construction, but also incorporates as many landscape types of significant difference as possible. 相似文献
4.
Landscape connectivity can have profound consequences for distribution and persistence of populations and metapopulations.
Evaluating functional connectivity of a landscape for a species requires a measure of dispersal rates through landscape elements
at a spatial scale sufficient to encompass movement capabilities of individuals over the entire landscape. We evaluated functional
connectivity for a rock-dwelling mammal, the mountain vizcacha (Lagidium viscacia), in northern Patagonia. Because of the strict association of mountain vizcachas with rocks, we hypothesized that connectivity
for this species would be influenced by geology. We used molecular genetic estimates of gene flow to test spatially explicit
models of connectivity created with GIS cost-distance analysis of landscape resistance to movement. We analyzed the spatial
arrangement of cliffs with join counts and local k-function analyses. We did not capture and genotype individuals, but sampled
at the population level through non-invasive collection of feces of mountain vizcachas. The model of landscape connectivity
for mountain vizcachas based on geology was corroborated by the pattern of genetic structure, supporting the hypothesis that
functional connectivity for mountain vizcachas is influenced by geology, particularly by the distribution of appropriate volcanic
rocks. Analysis of spatial arrangement of cliffs indicated that occupied cliffs are clustered and confirmed that rivers act
as barriers to dispersal for mountain vizcachas. Our methods could be used, within certain constraints, to study functional
landscape connectivity in other organisms, and may be particularly useful for cryptic or endangered species, or those that
are difficult or expensive to capture. 相似文献
5.
Context
Alaskan landscapes are changing due to climate change impacts. Maintaining or restoring landscape connectivity is a widely suggested climate change adaptation strategy because species are shifting their distributions to align with emerging conditions. Natural resource managers in Alaska have an opportunity to proactively design connected landscapes as infrastructure networks and economic development continue to increase in the state.Objectives
We provide an example of strategic, multijurisdictional planning to maintain landscape connectivity at a large spatial scale.Methods
We use geodiversity to model climate-resilient landscape linkages between conservation lands within and adjacent to a 59-million-acre planning area.Results
The resulting landscape linkage design consists of as little as 1% of the planning area, but can connect over 64 million acres of conservation land allowing the Bureau of Land Management to leverage the current land designations to maximize the conservation value of the entire landscape.Conclusions
Maintaining landscape connectivity is above and beyond the mandates and responsibilities of a single organization or land owner. Bridging institutions and partnerships, such as the Northwest Boreal Landscape Conservation Cooperative, can facilitate the coordination needed for this type of multi-jurisdictional planning effort. The opportunity to manage proactively, rather than waiting for system degradation and then responding reactively, should not be undervalued. The implementation of this work will serve as a model for other relatively intact systems and moreover showcases the potential of twenty-first century models of conservation and sustainability.6.
Spatial plans shape land-use changes, which in turn are main drivers of anthropogenic ecosystem alterations, therefore influencing the ecosystem services (ES) delivered by a given territory. However, integration of the ES concept in policies and plans is reported as poor in literature. The main goal of this research is to gain insight on the views and perceptions of Portuguese regional spatial planners regarding the ES concept and its integration in spatial plans. For that we designed and administered a questionnaire survey aimed at practitioners and decision-makers from Portuguese regional spatial planning authorities. The survey focused on issues such as the level of awareness and knowledge of the ES concept among planners, the perceived level of current ES integration in regional spatial plans and corresponding strategic environmental assessments, the main factors that either facilitate or obstruct that integration, or the level of importance given to ES integration in the planning process. Findings show that planners know the ES concept, they consider it as important to be integrated in spatial planning and, interestingly, that it is already rather integrated in existing plans. They believe that planning teams and authorities have skilled human resources for ES integration. However, they revealed a low knowledge on the main initiatives intended to push ecosystem services into the political agenda, like for example the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The questionnaire used can be easily transferred into other spatial planning contexts to draw, e.g. a broader European picture on ES integration in spatial planning. 相似文献
7.
Peter H. Verburg Sanneke van Asselen Emma H. van der Zanden Elke Stehfest 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(6):1067-1080
Landscape ecology has provided valuable insights in the relations between spatial structure and the functioning of landscapes. However, in most global scale environmental assessments the representation of landscapes is reduced to the dominant land cover within a 0.5 degree pixel, disregarding the insights about the role of structure, pattern and composition for the functioning of the landscape. This paper discusses the contributions landscape ecology can make to global scale environmental assessments. It proposes new directions for representing landscape characteristics at broad spatial scales. A contribution of landscape ecologists to the representation of landscape characteristics in global scale assessments will foster improved information and assessments for the design of sustainable earth system governance strategies. 相似文献
8.
Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Landscape connectivity can be viewed from two perspectives that could be considered as extremes of a gradient: functional
connectivity (refers to how the behavior of a dispersing organism is affected by landscape structure and elements) and structural
connectivity (depends on the spatial configuration of habitat patches in the landscape like vicinity or presence of barriers).
Here we argue that dispersal behavior changes with landscape configuration stressing the evolutionary dimension that has often
been ignored in landscape ecology. Our working hypothesis is that the functional grain of resource patches in the landscape
is a crucial factor shaping individual movements, and therefore influencing landscape connectivity. Such changes are likely
to occur on the short-term (some generations). We review empirical studies comparing dispersal behavior in landscapes differing
in their fragmentation level, i.e., with variable resource grain. We show that behavioral variation affecting each of the
three stages of the dispersal process (emigration, displacement or transfer in the matrix, and immigration) is indeed likely
to occur according to selective pressures resulting from changes in the grain of the landscape (mortality or deferred costs).
Accordingly, landscape connectivity results from the interaction between the dispersal behavior of individuals and the grain
of each particular landscape. The existence of this interaction requires that connectivity estimates (being based on individual-based
models, least cost distance algorithms, and structural connectivity metrics or even Euclidian distance) should be carefully
evaluated for their applicability with respect to the required level of precision in species-specific and landscape information. 相似文献
9.
Context
Connectivity has become a top conservation priority in response to landscape fragmentation. Many methods have been developed to identify areas of the landscape with high potential connectivity for wildlife movement. However, each makes different assumptions that may produce different predictions, and few comparative tests against empirical movement data are available.Objectives
We compared predictive performance of the most-used connectivity models, cost-distance and circuit theory models. We hypothesized that cost-distance would better predict elk migration paths, while circuit theory would better predict wolverine dispersal paths, due to alignment of the methods’ assumptions with the movement ecology of each process.Methods
We used each model to predict elk migration paths and wolverine dispersal paths in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, then used telemetry data collected from actual movements to assess predictive performance. Methods for validating connectivity models against empirical data have not been standardized, thus we applied and compared four alternative methods.Results
Our findings generally supported our hypotheses. Circuit theory models consistently predicted wolverine dispersal paths better than cost-distance, though cost-distance models predicted elk migration paths only slightly better than circuit theory. In most cases, our four validation methods supported similar conclusions, but provided complementary perspectives.Conclusions
We reiterate suggestions that alignment of connectivity model assumptions with focal species movement ecology is an important consideration when selecting a modeling approach for conservation practice. Additional comparative tests are needed to better understand how relative model performance may vary across species, movement processes, and landscapes, and what this means for effective connectivity conservation.10.
Amy Pocewicz Max Nielsen-Pincus Caren S. Goldberg Melanie H. Johnson Penelope Morgan Jo Ellen Force Lisette P. Waits Lee Vierling 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(2):195-210
To make informed planning decisions, community leaders, elected officials, scientists, and natural resource managers must
be able to evaluate potential effects of policies on land use change. Many land use change models use remotely-sensed images
to make predictions based on historical trends. One alternative is a survey-based approach in which landowners’ stated intentions
are modeled. The objectives of our research were to: (1) develop a survey-based landowner decision model (SBM) to simulate
future land use changes, (2) compare projections from the SBM with those from a trend-based model (TBM), and (3) demonstrate
how two alternative policy scenarios can be incorporated into the SBM and compared. We modeled relationships between land
management decisions, collected from a mail survey of private landowners, and the landscape, using remotely-sensed imagery
and ownership parcel data. We found that SBM projections were within the range of TBM projections and that the SBM was less
affected by errors in image classification. Our analysis of alternative policies demonstrates the importance of understanding
potential effects of targeted land use policies. While policies oriented toward increasing enrollment in the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) resulted in a large (11–13%) increase in CRP lands, policies targeting increased forest thinning on
private non-industrial lands increased low-density forest projections by only 1%. The SBM approach is particularly appropriate
for landscapes including many landowners, because it reflects the decision-making of the landowners whose individual actions
will result in collective landscape change. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of landscape connectivity at community level using satellite-derived NDVI 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Audrey Muratet Romain Lorrillière Philippe Clergeau Colin Fontaine 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(1):95-105
Landscape connectivity, defined as the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement among resource patches, has been considered to be a key issue for biodiversity conservation. However, the use of landscape connectivity measurements has been strongly criticised due to uncertainties in the methods used and the lack of validation. Moreover, measurements are typically restricted to the population level, whereas management is generally carried out at the community level. Here, we used satellite imagery and network metrics to predict the landscape connectivity at community level for semi-natural herbaceous patches in an urban area near Paris (France). We tested different measurement methods, both taking into account and ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of matrix resistance estimated by the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), and quantifying the link strength between patches with the shortest path and flow metrics. We assessed the fit of these connectivity predictions with empirical data on plant communities embedded in an urban matrix. Our results indicate that the best fit with the empirical data is obtained when the connectivity is estimated with the flow metric and takes into account the matrix heterogeneity. Overall, our study helps to estimate the landscape connectivity of urban areas and makes recommendations for ways in which we might optimise landscape planning with respect to conservation of urban biodiversity. 相似文献
12.
Regional land-cover change affects biodiversity, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles at local, watershed, and landscape scales.
Developing countries are experiencing rapid land cover change, but assessment is often restricted by limited financial resources,
accessibility, and historical data. The assessment of regional land cover patterns is often the first step in developing conservation
and management plans. This study used remotely sensed land cover and topographic data (Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission), supervised classification techniques, and spectral mixture analysis to characterize current landscape patterns and
quantify land cover change from 1985 to 2003 in the Altiplano (2535–4671 m) and Intermediate Valley (Mountain) (1491–4623 m)
physiographic zones in the Southeastern Bolivian Andes. Current land cover was mapped into six classes with an overall accuracy
of 88% using traditional classification techniques and limited field data. The land cover change analysis showed that extensive
deforestation, desertification, and agricultural expansion at a regional scale occurred in the last 20 years (17.3% of the
Mountain Zone and 7.2% of the Altiplano). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) indicated that communal rangeland degradation has
also occurred, with increases in soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions in most cover classes. SMA also identified
local areas with intensive management activities that are changing differently from the overall region (e.g., localized areas
of increased green vegetation). This indicates that actions of local communities, governments, and environmental managers
can moderate the potentially severe future changes implied by the results of this study. 相似文献
13.
Context
Human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP) is employed as a measure of human pressures on biodiversity, though largely at global and national scales rather than landscape to regional scales where many conservation decisions take place. Though gaining in familiarity, HANPP is not widely utilized by conservation professionals.
ObjectivesThis study, encompassing the US side of the Great Lakes basin, examines how regional distributions of HANPP relate to landscape-based biodiversity proxy metrics used by conservation professionals. Our objectives were (1) to quantify the HANPP of managed lands at the county scale; and (2) to assess spatial patterns of HANPP in comparison to landscape diversity and local habitat connectedness to determine if the metric can provide useful information to conservation professionals.
MethodsWe aggregated forest and cropland NPP data between 2005 and 2015 and coupled it with previously published potential vegetation maps to quantify the HANPP of each county in the study region. We mapped the outputs at 500 m resolution to analyze spatial relationships between HANPP and landscape metrics of biodiversity potential.
ResultsArea-weighted HANPP across our study region averaged 45% of NPP, down to 4.9% in forest-dominated counties. Greater HANPP correlated with reduced landscape diversity (p?<?0.001, r2?=?0.28) and reduced local habitat connectedness (p?<?0.001, r2?=?0.36).
ConclusionHANPP could be used as an additional tool for conservation professionals during regional-scale land use planning or conservation decision-making, particularly in mixed-use landscapes that both support important biodiversity and have high levels of primary production harvest.
相似文献14.
本文以庆阳市黄土高原丘陵沟壑地区为研究对象,运用因子分析法,通过经济效益、社会效益和生态效益3个方面来确定指标并建立指标体系,分别对庆阳市8个地区土地利用效益状况进行了横向分析,得出庆阳市各地区土地利用效益水平存在明显的地域差异,从高到低依次为西峰区、华池县、庆城县、正宁县、合水县、环县、宁县、镇原县,其中得分最高的是西峰区为1.042,得分最低的是镇原县为-0.449,并分析得出造成这种差异的主要原因有地理位置因素、地形地貌因素、经济发展水平的影响。在此基础上提出对策建议,为科学合理地制定地区土地利用总体规划提供参考。 相似文献
15.
Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices: towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
The loss of connectivity of natural areas is a major threat for wildlife dispersal and survival and for the conservation of
biodiversity in general. Thus, there is an increasing interest in considering connectivity in landscape planning and habitat
conservation. In this context, graph structures have been shown to be a powerful and effective way of both representing the
landscape pattern as a network and performing complex analysis regarding landscape connectivity. Many indices have been used
for connectivity analyses so far but comparatively very little efforts have been made to understand their behaviour and sensitivity
to spatial changes, which seriously undermines their adequate interpretation and usefulness. We systematically compare a set
of ten graph-based connectivity indices, evaluating their reaction to different types of change that can occur in the landscape
(habitat patches loss, corridors loss, etc.) and their effectiveness for identifying which landscape elements are more critical
for habitat conservation. Many of the available indices were found to present serious limitations that make them inadequate
as a basis for conservation planning. We present a new index (IIC) that achieves all the properties of an ideal index according
to our analysis. We suggest that the connectivity problem should be considered within the wider concept of habitat availability,
which considers a habitat patch itself as a space where connectivity exists, integrating habitat amount and connectivity between
habitat patches in a single measure. 相似文献
16.
Urbanization is a key driver of land use/land cover changes climate change. It produces a reduction in natural capital with alteration to the energy budget of land, air ventilation and land surface temperature. The urban morphology derived from the combination of natural capital and human-derived capital is important in urban ecosystem services (UESs) provisioning to mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Here we report a decision-making framework starting from an applicative case study to assess UESs and promote the best design and planning of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) at local scale. The human thermal comfort has been chosen here as a surrogate to estimate climate regulation as a priority UES in mitigating UHI. The analysis of human thermal comfort in different urban neighbourhood planning scenarios of a city located in Southern Italy has been carried out using the microclimate model ENVI-met. The analysis has been developed to highlight the variation in human thermal comfort in terms of Physiological Equivalent Temperature index (PET) between past agricultural scenarios (no longer more present), current state and several proposed urban scenarios. Such new scenarios have been developed by considering different building arrangements according to municipal planning rules of the city and choosing different types of NbS composition and structure. The analysis has allowed to identify the best scenario characterized by the presence of a community garden with olive groves and estimate the capacity of NbS to reduce the human thermal comfort by about 3.5ºC and improve the PET in selected locations within the current state. In accordance with the aim and topics of the Special Issue, this study shows how such a framework can be useful to support decision-making processes in choosing the best strategy in terms of urban plans and thus making the urban transformation process more sustainable, contributing to assessing the global targets of the 2030 Agenda at local scale. 相似文献
17.
Graph-based analysis is a promising approach for analyzing the functional and structural connectivity of landscapes. In human-shaped
landscapes, species have become vulnerable to land degradation and connectivity loss between habitat patches. Movement across
the landscape is a key process for species survival that needs to be further investigated for heterogeneous human-dominated
landscapes. The common frog (Rana temporaria) was used as a case study to explore and provide a graph connectivity analysis framework that integrates habitat suitability
and dispersal responses to landscape permeability. The main habitat patches influencing habitat availability and connectivity
were highlighted by using the software Conefor Sensinode 2.2. One of the main advantages of the presented graph-theoretical
approach is its ability to provide a large choice of variables to be used based on the study’s assumptions and knowledge about
target species. Based on dispersal simulation modelling in potential suitable habitat corridors, three distinct patterns of
nodes connections of differing importance were revealed. These patterns are locally influenced by anthropogenic barriers,
landscape permeability, and habitat suitability. And they are affected by different suitability and availability gradients
to maximize the best possible settlement by the common frog within a terrestrial habitat continuum. The study determined the
key role of landscape-based approaches for identifying the “availability-suitability-connectivity” patterns from a local to
regional approach to provide an operational tool for landscape planning. 相似文献
18.
Christian Albert Jennifer Hauck Nina Buhr Christina von Haaren 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(8):1301-1313
While political and scientific interests in ecosystem services (ES) information increases, actual implementation in planning still remains limited. We investigated how landscape and regional planners in Germany already use environmental information, and explored their perceptions concerning an integration of additional information on ES in their work. Four themes are addressed: (1) existing decision-making contexts, (2) current use of environmental information, (3) perceived options for integrating ES information, and (4) useful ES information formats. The research method consists of semi-structured interviews and a web-based survey with German landscape and regional planners. Results are disaggregated between landscape and regional planners, as well as planners with and without prior knowledge of the ES concept. Our results illustrate that a broad range of environmental information is already used that could be associated with ES, but the two most frequently consulted data, species and habitats, relate more to biodiversity. Stronger integrating ES information in planning was generally perceived as useful. However, implementation would often require a mandate from higher-ranking policy levels and the provision of appropriate resources. Project-oriented planning, public information and regional development were seen as promising application contexts. Contrary to our expectations, planners with prior knowledge of the ES concept did not evaluate the usefulness of ES information significantly more optimistic. No single optimal ES information format (ordinal, cardinal, economic valuation) emerged, but context-specific combinations were proposed. The results present valuable guidance for studies and assessments that aim at addressing the ES information needs and requirements of decision makers, and planners in particular. 相似文献
19.
How should we measure landscape connectivity? 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The methods for measuring landscape connectivity have never been compared or tested for their responses to habitat fragmentation. We simulated movement, mortality and boundary reactions across a wide range of landscape structures to analyze the response of landscape connectivity measures to habitat fragmentation. Landscape connectivity was measured as either dispersal success or search time, based on immigration into all habitat patches in the landscape. Both measures indicated higher connectivity in more fragmented landscapes, a potential for problematic conclusions for conservation plans. We introduce cell immigration as a new measure for landscape connectivity. Cell immigration is the rate of immigration into equal-sized habitat cells in the landscape. It includes both within- and between-patch movement, and shows a negative response to habitat fragmentation. This complies with intuition and existing theoretical work. This method for measuring connectivity is highly robust to reductions in sample size (i.e., number of habitat cells included in the estimate), and we hypothesize that it therefore should be amenable to use in empirical studies. The connectivity measures were weakly correlated to each other and are therefore generally not comparable. We also tested immigration into a single patch as an index of connectivity by comparing it to cell immigration over the landscape. This is essentially a comparison between patch-scale and landscape-scale measurement, and revealed some potential for patch immigration to predict connectivity at the landscape scale. However, this relationship depends on the size of the single patch, the dispersal characteristics of the species, and the amount of habitat in the landscape. We conclude that the response of connectivity measures to habitat fragmentation should be understood before deriving conclusions for conservation management. 相似文献
20.
Brett G. Dickson Thomas D. Sisk Steven E. Sesnie Richard T. Reynolds Steven S. Rosenstock Christina D. Vojta Michael F. Ingraldi Jill M. Rundall 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(5):803-815
Conservation planners and land managers are often confronted with scale-associated challenges when assessing the relationship between land management objectives and species conservation. Conservation of individual species typically involves site-level analyses of habitat, whereas land management focuses on larger spatial extents. New models are needed to more explicitly integrate species-specific conservation with landscape or regional scales. We address this challenge with an example using the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), a forest raptor with circumpolar distribution that is the focus of intense debate regarding forest management on public lands in the southwestern USA. To address goshawk-specific habitat conservation across a management area of 22,800-km2 in northern Arizona, we focused on the territory scale rather than individual nest sites. We compiled a 17-year database of 895 nest sites to estimate territory locations. We then estimated the likelihood of territory occurrence for the entire management area using multiple logistic regression within an expert-driven, spatially balanced, and information-theoretic framework. Our occurrence model incorporated forest structure variables that were derived from USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis plots and high-resolution satellite imagery. Results indicated that high canopy-bulk density, intermediate canopy-base heights, and low variation in tree density were strong predictors of territory occurrence. We used model-averaged parameter estimates for these variables to map and explore patterns of territory distribution across multiple land jurisdictions and ecological subregions. Our iterative modeling approach complements previous demographic studies in the region. It also provides a robust framework for integrating species conservation and landscape management in ongoing and future regional planning efforts. 相似文献