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1.
江苏省粳稻品种近60年演进过程中产量与形态生理特征的变化 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的12个粳稻品种(含超级稻)为材料,依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和2000年以后6个类型,研究了品种演进过程中产量和形态生理的变化特征。结果表明,随着品种演进产量逐步提高,其原因主要是总颖花量的增加,而这又主要由于每穗粒数的显著增多。自早期的50年代品种,结实率逐步提高,但90年代品种和2000年以后的超级稻品种,结实率有下降的趋势,穗数和千粒重无明显变化。随着品种演进,生物产量和收获指数同步提高,以抽穗后增加的量尤为明显,主要生育期根干重、根冠比、根系氧化力和叶片光合速率显著增加,但现代超级稻品种的根系活力和叶片光合速率在结实期下降较快。品种改良提高了抽穗期总叶面积、有效叶面积、高效叶面积和粒叶比,还增加了穗长、着粒密度、一次和二次枝梗数目。由20世纪50年代到90年代品种,植株高度降低,而2000年以后的超级稻品种显著上升,升至120cm左右。抽穗期顶三叶叶片角度则随品种更替显著降低。上述结果说明随品种演进,粳稻的农艺、生理性状和产量均有明显改良,但超级稻较低的结实率限制了其产量潜力的发挥。 相似文献
2.
A collection of 189 bread wheat landraces and cultivars, primarily of European origin, released between 1886 and 2009, was analyzed using two DNA marker systems. A set of 76 SSR markers and ~7,000 DArT markers distributed across the wheat genome were employed in these analyses. All of the SSR markers were found to be polymorphic, whereas only 2,532 of the ~7,000 DArT markers were polymorphic. A Mantel test between the genetic distances calculated based on the SSR and DArT data showed a strong positive correlation between the two marker types, with a Pearson’s value (r) of 0.66. We assessed the genetic diversity and allelic frequencies among the accessions based on spring- versus winter-wheat type as well as between landraces and cultivars. We also analyzed the changes in genetic diversity and allelic frequencies in these samples over time. We observed separation based on both vernalization type and release date. Interestingly, we detected a decrease in genetic diversity in wheat accessions released over the period from 1960 to 1980. However, our results also showed that modern plant breeding have succeeded in maintaining genetic diversity in modern wheat cultivars. Studying allelic frequencies using SSR and DArT markers over time revealed changes in allelic frequencies for a number of markers that are known to be linked to important traits, which should be useful for genomic screening efforts. Monitoring changes in the frequency of molecular DNA markers over time in wheat cultivars may yield insight into alleles linked to important traits that have been the subject of positive or negative selection in the past and that may be useful for marker-assisted breeding programs in the future. 相似文献
3.
黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种的农艺性状及遗传多样性分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
小麦品种的遗传多样性在育种工作中发挥着重要的作用。为了明确黄淮海麦区四省份小麦品种遗传多样性的基础,本研究以所收集的黄淮海麦区的河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的近十几年来(1992-2008年)审定的部分(42份)小麦品种为研究材料,以9个农艺性状为基础进行遗传性状的分析。结果表明,不孕小穗数的变异系数最大为61.39%,其次为有效分蘖和穗粒数,千粒重的变异系数最小为6.06%。河南、河北、山东和陕西四省的多样性指数分别为1.83,1.82,1.73和1.62,平均值为1.75。在此基础上,用最长距离法可将42份材料聚为三大类,但是第Ⅱ大类和第Ⅲ大类相差不大,这说明上述四省小麦品种遗传多样性在逐步提高的同时,其遗传基础仍需进一步拓宽。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的;在品种选择上,应注意选择产量、单株粒重和单株粒数均高的品种。 相似文献
4.
João Carlos da Silva Dias 《Euphytica》2010,176(1):125-136
Breeding is probably as old as agriculture itself. Early vegetable breeders developed landrace cultivars by selection of favorable
variations in horticultural traits, yield and resistance to diseases and other problems. Later new breeding methods were developed,
including hybridization techniques, culminating with the use of recently developed molecular tools, all leading to our modern
improved vegetable cultivars. Great emphasis on protection of cultivars by seed companies, including development of F1 hybrids, plant cultivar protection and patenting have been done. There were 392 vegetable crops cultivated worldwide but
only slightly over one half of the total number of them have attracted commercial breeding attention. In recent times, there
have been challenges and new trends in the breeding domain. These include an unrelenting movement away from well supported
public breeding institutions to a breeding world dominated by private entities, and an increase in size of the companies in
the private sector, with emphasis on the major vegetable crops. Almost half of the world vegetable farmers are poor and cannot
afford to buy hybrid seed every growing season. Their economics and logistics make them difficult to buy expensive improved
or hybrid cultivars since the lack of capital by subsistence farmers denies them the opportunity to invest in vegetable production
inputs. If credit facilities and other input facilities are offered, improved or hybrid cultivars can have also a great impact
on subsistence vegetable farmers overcoming their poverty and food insecurity. In last 50 years vegetable genetic resources
are being lost, on a global scale at the rate of 1–2% per year. The multinational seed companies concentration in huge corporations
have merged or canceled some vegetable breeding programs to reduce costs. Then there will be fewer vegetable breeders in the
future and the growers will be dependent on a narrower genetic background, that could contribute in a near future, for food
insecurity. Smaller seed companies, which are usually specialize in few vegetable crops, must be supported, possibly through
autonomous affiliation with the larger companies. There is a need of investment in research breeding and cultivar development
in traditionally open-pollinated cultivars and in the minor and so-called “forgotten” vegetables. More investments in this
area will mean cheaper cultivars for growers to choose from and more preservation of vegetable biodiversity. In recent years,
private plant breeding programs have increased in size and number. Financial investment also increased, as well as interest
in intellectual property protection. Protective measures, especially patenting, must be moderated to eliminate coverage so
broad that it stifles innovation. The intellectual property protection laws for plants must be made less restrictive to encourage
research and free flow of materials and information. Public sector breeding must remains vigorous, especially in areas where
the private sector does not function. This will often require benevolent public/private partnerships as well as government
support. Intellectual property rights laws for plants must be made less restrictive to encourage freer flow of materials.
Active and positive connections between the private and public breeding sectors and large-scale gene banks are required to
avoid a possible conflict involving breeders’ rights, gene preservation and erosion. Improved and hybrid vegetable cultivars
are, and will continue to be, the most effective, environmentally safe, and sustainable way to ensure global food security
in the future. 相似文献
5.
南疆自育陆地棉品种遗传多样性研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以30年来南疆自育的33个新陆中品种为研究对象,通过聚类研究发现:33个自育品种通过聚类被明显地划分为两大类,第2类群自育品种遗传基础较第1类群品种有所拓展和丰富,基础遗传组分呈现逐渐拓宽的趋势。同一个育种单位选育的品种均聚为同一类,说明不同育种单位在常年选育过程中积累形成了本单位的优势和各自育种方向特点。通过遗传多样性研究发现:随着新疆栽培模式的变化,自育品种株型由紧凑型向松散型转变,果枝由短果枝向Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型中长果枝类型转变,蕾铃分布由内围铃向外围扩展,蕾铃空间结构更加合理。自育品种在产量性状上仍有很大的提升空间,单株铃数呈现递增趋势,铃重从大铃逐步向适中的铃重范围靠近,衣分提高的潜力巨大。早熟性状选择进一步加强,这为产量的持续提高奠定了基础。自育品种的纤维品质性状在育种演变进程中继续得到保持和加强,品质优势较为明显。 相似文献
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7.
Mary J. Guttieri Katherine Frels Teshome Regassa Brian M. Waters P. Stephen Baenziger 《Euphytica》2017,213(4):87
Wheat genotypes that efficiently capture and convert available soil nitrogen into harvested grain protein are key to sustainably meeting the rising global demand for grain protein. The purposes of this study were: to characterize the genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits within hard winter wheat adapted to the Great Plains of the United States and evaluate trends in the germplasm with year of release; to explore relationships among traits that may be used for selection within breeding programs; and to identify quantitative trait loci associated with NUE traits in this germplasm. NUE traits were measured in a panel of 299 hard winter wheat genotypes, representing historically important and contemporary germplasm, from across the growing region. Trials were grown in two years at two levels of nitrogen fertility. Genotype and genotype × year interaction effects were highly significant for NUE traits, while genotype × nitrogen rate interactions were non-significant. Strong genetic correlations of plant height and flowering date with NUE traits were observed. Wheat breeders have improved NUE: the subset of 183 genotypes that were released as cultivars after 1960 demonstrated significant trends with year of release for improved grain N yield, grain yield, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and post-anthesis nitrogen uptake. In genome-wide association analyses, plant height and flowering date were important covariates in the mixed models, and plant height and flowering date substantially explained the variation in NUE traits in this germplasm. Marker-trait associations were identified that may prove useful in breeding. 相似文献
8.
H. De Haan 《Euphytica》1962,11(2):115-125
The author gives a survey of the 71 Netherlands plant breeding establishments mentioned in the List of Varieties of Field Crops while also the research workers engaged in breeding agricultural crops have been included.The Plant Breeder's Decree 1941 stimulated plant breeding in the Netherlands so that the number of plant breeders increased considerably. The work of the existing plant breeding establishments was intensified accordingly.On a map of the Netherlands the location of these breeding establishments has been indicated.The article concludes with reflections on the plant breeding establishments in the Netherlands. 相似文献
9.
玉米产量-密度关系年代演化趋势的Meta分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为明确中国玉米产量-密度试验结果的年代演化趋势,进一步探索提高玉米产量的突破方向和理论依据,汇集从1950s到2000s中国玉米产量-密度的文献结果,拟合产量-密度抛物线模型,剔除异常后进行直方图、相关、通径等Meta分析。结果表明,1950s和1960s玉米产量明显低于1970s和1980s,1990s以来产量持续增加,2000s最大,为10.5 t hm-2,1960s以来年均增益150 kg hm-2。最佳密度年代均值在4.5~6.8株 m-2之间,呈现1950s 和1960s<1970s 和1980s<1990s,但是, 2000s却小于1990s。单株产量年代均值在0.08~0.17 kg之间,呈现1950s>1960s和1970s<1980s,且1990s以来持续上升,2000s上升幅度更为明显。1990s以来密度偏离最佳值引起的减产幅度呈现上升趋势。在持续增加密度的同时,通过育种和栽培途径提高单株产量,是玉米更高产的努力方向。 相似文献
10.
中国棉花抗枯、黄萎病品种抗性和产量性状改良进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对20世纪50年代以来中国自育的110个棉花抗枯、黄萎病品种的抗病性、产量性状、早熟性状的遗传改良进行了分析。结果显示,抗枯萎病育种成效显著,品种对枯萎病抗性呈稳步上升趋势;品种对黄萎病抗性亦呈上升趋势,但进展缓慢。除20世纪70年代品种略有下降外,品种的单株生产力呈上升趋势。单株结铃平均数在年代间变化不大,衣分变化趋势呈“V”字型,90年代品种最高。20世纪50~90年代,品种生育期缩短,早熟性增强。株高、第一果枝距子叶距离、第一果枝节位变化趋势一致,呈下降趋势。 相似文献
11.
对不同年份育成的21个小麦品种（系）进行全基因组扫描,通过分析遗传距离和染色体区段/位点,明确其亲缘关系远近和遗传差异。分析可知,获得的2029个SNP基因位点在B基因组拥有较高的遗传多样性,其次是A和D基因组;在7个同源群中,第3和第6同源群呈现出较高的遗传多样性,而第1和第4同源群的遗传多样性较低;21条染色体中,3A、1B、6B染色体的遗传多样性较高,而1A、6A的遗传多样性偏低。对21份供试材料依据审定（育成）年份分析其群体的平均遗传距离,不同年份品种间的平均遗传距离先增大后减小,遗传多样性逐渐降低;21份供试材料间的遗传相似系数在0.69~0.99之间,大致可聚为4个类群,同一年份的品种一般聚在一起,与其系谱关系吻合。构建并分析供试材料的基因型图谱发现,00s、10s和现在育成的小麦品种（系）共有SNP和共有染色体区段分别主要在A、D和B基因组,对应已发表性状同不同年份育种目标吻合。同时发现21份供试材料均含有25个共同SNP位点,分布在1A、5A、6A、7A、2B、3B、6B、1D、2D、3D和7D染色体上,且每条染色体上分布的SNP位点数目均不相同,通过对应已发表性状进一步证实在品种（系）组配与选育过程中注重产量、株高、分蘖数、抽穗期、灌浆速率和抗病等性状的选择。以上研究结果可为今后小麦新品种组配和选育提供参考依据。 相似文献
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13.
Björn B. D’hoop Maria João Paulo Rolf A. Mank Herman J. van Eck Fred A. van Eeuwijk 《Euphytica》2008,161(1-2):47-60
In this paper, we describe the assessment of linkage disequilibrium and its decay in a collection of potato cultivars. In addition, we report on a simple regression based association mapping approach and its results to quality traits in potato. We selected 221 tetraploid potato cultivars and progenitor lines, representing the global diversity in potato, with emphasis on genetic variation for agro-morphological and quality traits. Phenotypic data for these agro-morphological and quality traits were obtained from recent trials performed by five breeding companies. The collection was genotyped with 250 AFLP® markers from five primer combinations. The genetic position of a subset of the markers could be inferred from an ultra dense potato map. Decay of linkage disequilibrium was estimated by calculating the squared correlation between pairs of markers using marker band intensities. Marker-trait associations were investigated by fitting single marker regression models for phenotypic traits on marker band intensities with and without correction for population structure. The paper illustrates the potential of association mapping in tetraploid potato, because existing phenotypic data, a modest number of AFLP markers, and a relatively simple statistical analysis, allowed identifying interesting associations. 相似文献
14.
I. Karsai Gy. Vida S. Petrovics E. Petcu B. Kobiljski S. Ivanovska Z. Bedő O. Veisz 《Euphytica》2012,186(1):139-151
The genetic diversity present in the breeding programs of southeast Europe was assessed in a set of 114 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars using AFLP and SSR markers. The average genetic diversity characterised with the Jaccard’s distance coefficient was 0.605 with an interval of 0.053 and 0.889. The wheat cultivars originating from the four countries differed from each other in their clustering patterns, including the numbers of clusters and the most prevalent cluster, which was breeding program-specific. Hungarian and Romanian cultivars showed closer relationships, and Serbian and Macedonian cultivars grouped together more frequently. The phenotypic variability of the same cultivars was assessed under diverse ecological conditions of the four growing sites, measuring the disease resistance against two foliar diseases, and several agronomic traits. Of the phenotypic traits, powdery mildew and leaf rust responses showed significant associations with genetic diversity, whereas heading date, plant height and yield components did not. Through parallel assessment of genotypic and phenotypic diversity it was possible to separate winter wheat cultivars with similar genotype but diverse phenotype from those with similar phenotype but diverse genotype. This information will allow breeders to make informed decisions in selecting parents for new crosses. 相似文献
15.
Summary Spring barley is an important feed crop in eastern Canada, and the development of high-yielding, high grain protein cultivars is desirable. This study was conducted to assess the impact of breeding on the yield and protein aspects of cultivar development, and to identify related changes in plant characteristics which may have been altered over time. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate twenty six-rowed spring barley genotypes representing the majority of cultivars developed from 1910 to 1988 for eastern Canada. The yields of barley cultivars released from 1935 to 1988 increased at a rate of about 0.03 t ha-1 yr-1, and showed no evidence of having reached a plateau. Increases in yield were associated with higher total dry matter production and harvest index, reduced plant height and increased lodging resistance. No consistent change in main stem or tiller yield components was observed. Grain protein concentration decreased progressively with time, especially with the newer cultivars. Reduction in grain protein concentration was not associated with lower protein content on a per grain basis, but rather with an increase in the amount of non-structural carbohydrate per grain. Total plant and grain N accumulation showed positive trends with time. No trends were observed for N harvest index, apparent post-heading N uptake, N retranslocation, and retranslocation efficiency. Thus, while the newer cultivars accumulated more total and grain N, proportional N partitioning to the grain was not altered. 相似文献
16.
H. Grausgruber H. Bointner R. Tumpold P. Ruckenbauer G. Fischbeck 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(5):411-416
Five experiments, involving 24 genotypes, were carried out over three seasons to estimate the increase both in grain yield and other selected agronomic traits, and in potential malt extract of spring barley achieved by plant breeders during a period of over 160 years. In all experiments there was neither a chemical control of fungal diseases nor physical support of the tall, older genotypes to prevent yield losses from attack by fungi and lodging, respectively. In all experiments the most modern cultivars yielded more than the older ones. Significant breeding progress was also observed for plant height, resistance score, protein content and potential malt extract. The trend over time was generally of a curvilinear nature, showing no or only a slight increase till the 1950s and/or 1960s, and a greater rate of increase during the last 40 years of barley breeding. Using data from the official trials of cultivars and advanced breeding lines a linear increase in yield per year of 60 kg/ha since the 1950s was calculated for the low‐rainfall conditions of eastern Austria. 相似文献
17.
产量提高过程中玉米品种特征研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
自20 世纪60 年代以来,世界玉米平均单产大幅度提高;而消费需求也是逐年增加。所以,作为世界重要的粮食作物之一,玉米高产潜力的挖掘势在必行。品种选育对玉米产量增益的贡献突出。为了给今后品种选育提供理论依据,归纳前人的研究试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种的结构与功能指标,结果如下：（1）在玉米品种更替过程中,穗位高或穗位系数明显降低,茎叶夹角变小、叶面积增大,叶片持绿期延长。（2）新品种与老品种相比,透光率增加,消光系数降低,倒伏率下降,干物质积累速率与收获指数增加。（3）国内外品种选育指标有差异,但品种的特征都向着优化的方向发展。基于以上结果提出,未来的玉米育种在考虑高耐密植的同时,应注重以种抗病、以种抗虫、以种抗草。 相似文献
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19.
Trends of grain yield and plant traits in Chinese maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xiaoke Ci Mingshun Li Jiashun Xu Zhenyu Lu Pengfei Bai Gaolin Ru Xiaoling Liang Degui Zhang Xinhai Li Li Bai Chuanxiao Xie Zhuanfang Hao Shihuang Zhang Shuting Dong 《Euphytica》2012,185(3):395-406
Retrospective analyses may provide an understanding of unexploited genetic potential and indicate possible pathways for future yield improvement. The objectives of this study were to present maize(Zea mays L.)yield trends and plant traits changes for maize cultivars from the 1950s to the 2000s in China. Trials were conducted at three locations in 2007 and 2008, and at four locations in 2009. Twenty-seven single hybrids, four double-cross hybrids, and four open-pollinated varieties, were grown at three densities at each location each year. 56% of total yield gain was contributed to breeding from 1950 to 2000. New hybrids had more resistance to compound stress. Levels of response of all hybrids to higher-yielding environments were similar, and greater than that of OPVs. All maize cultivars showed morphological changes for all characteristics tested in a volatile manner from 1950 to 2000, except for relatively stable leaf number. ASI decreased and tolerance to root lodging improved, which were enhanced at higher plant densities. There were no trends for other characteristics at higher densities. Shorter maturity, smaller plant size and more tolerance to root and stalk lodging will be required for further yield improvement. Chinese maize yield improvement can benefit from agronomic strategies at higher plant densities. 相似文献
20.
The contribution of improvements in morphophysiological traits to increased gram yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the achievements of breeding for high bread-making quality in Finland since the 1930s were assessed. Ten wheat cultivars released in Finland between 1939 and 1990 were evaluated in Held experiments at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N) in 1991 and 1992. Twenty-two traits representing maturity, plant architecture, plant stand structure and N accumulation, and nine quality traits, including protein concentration and protein quality, were assessed. A 20 % increase in grain yield arising from cultivar improvement was associated with a 7 % reduction in height, an 80 % improvement in lodging resistance, and a 15 % higher harvest index (HI). Ear weight was 30 % higher in the modern cultivars. The higher ear weight of the modern cultivars was a result of more grains per ear and a higher spikelet weight. No decrease in vegetative phytomass in modern cultivars was recorded in this study. Grain yield and total N accumulation increased simultaneously and a positive correlation between year of cultivar release and nitrogen index was established. Although use of high N fertilizer application rates resulted in significantly improved baking quality of the flour, no trend between baking quality and year of cultivar release was recorded. The relatively low HI recorded in this study suggests that further yield increases art-likely to be achieved by selecting for higher HI. 相似文献