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1.
平衡施肥对马铃薯产量及品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过平衡施肥对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究,结果表明:在当地条件下,马铃薯最佳经济施肥量为N141 15kg/hm2,P2O5104 55kg/hm2,K2O198 90kg/hm2,施用比例1 0 74 1 41,最佳产量31845 30kg/hm2,施肥利润3306 90元/hm2,投产比1 3 63。采用平衡施肥能增加马铃薯产量,降低薯块硝酸盐和还原糖含量,并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质,增加效益。马铃薯硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,施用磷钾肥能明显降低硝酸盐含量。我区马铃薯生产重金属污染均未超标,符合国家食品卫生标准。 相似文献
2.
过量施用氮磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和氮磷吸收的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
采用田间肥料试验研究过量施用氮、磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和吸收氮、磷养分的影响.结果表明,与不施氮肥比较,N用量225 kg/hm2,大白菜增产102.4%;与不施磷肥比较,P2O5用量180 kg/hm2,大白菜增产21.5%;施用有机肥大白菜产量显著增加.N用量225、450、675 kg/hm2,P2O5用量180、360、540、720 kg/hm2各处理间,大白菜产量均无显著差异.过量施用氮、磷和有机肥,大白菜奢侈吸收氮、磷养分.依据土壤氮、磷收支平衡,N、P2O5、有机肥用量分别为225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、150 t/hm2,基本上可满足大白菜对养分的需求,在此基础上过量施用氮、磷和有机肥均导致氮和磷养分的浪费. 相似文献
3.
应用二次通用回归旋转组合设计,以N、P、K、有机肥料为试验因素,建立菠菜产量和NO3--N含量的回归方程.N肥和有机肥对菠菜产量和NO3--N含量均有极显著影响,所有互作效应都不显著.为了兼顾菠菜高产和较低NO3--N含量的生产目的,施肥量为:纯N 60～90 kg/hm2,P2Os 15～30kg/hm2,K2O45～67.5 kg/hm2,有机肥1125～2250 kg/hm2,预计产量和NO3--N量分别为:29104.9 kg/hm2≤Y≤33607.9 kg/hm2,2523 mg/kg≤YNO3-≤3461 mg/kg. 相似文献
4.
采用四因素五水平二次正交旋转组合设计进行田间试验,建立N、P2O5、K2O、有机肥与川麦冬农艺性状和生物量的函数模型,研究N、P2O5、K2O与有机肥的施用量对川麦冬农艺性状、生物量和质量的影响,探索适合川麦冬的最佳施肥方案。通过模型解析,N、P2O5、K2O和有机肥对川麦冬农艺性状、生物量和质量具有显著影响。N对叶片数、叶长、分蘖数、块根数和水溶性浸出物含量贡献率最大;P2O5对叶宽贡献率最大;K2O对根长、须根数、须根鲜重、须根干重、茎叶干重、鲜产量和总皂苷含量贡献率最大;有机肥对茎叶鲜重和干产量贡献率最大。N-有机肥对茎叶干重达到显著影响;N-有机肥互作对鲜产量达到显著影响;K2O-有机肥互作对鲜产量和干产量达到极显著影响;N-K2O互作对川麦冬中总皂苷含量达到显著影响;N-K2O互作和N-有机肥互作对水溶性浸出物含量达到显著影响;P2O5-有机肥互作对水溶性浸出物含量达到极显著影响。通过频数分析法并进行交集优化之后得到了川麦冬高产优质的最佳施肥方案为N 676.75～819.16 kg/hm2,P2O5 183.07～206.30 kg/hm2,K2O331.07～437.53 kg/hm2或467.31～568.76 kg/hm2,商品有机肥2 191.20～2 732.40 kg/hm2。 相似文献
5.
宁南山区施肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究.结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%～73.31%.马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质.在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案. 相似文献
6.
克新4号马铃薯高产施肥技术的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在浙江省马铃薯主产区丽水市,通过2年试验研究了克新4号马铃薯施肥措施对产量及相关性状的影响。试验表明,在当地习惯施肥基础上增施钾肥,提高了马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量、干物质含量和商品率,提高了叶面积系数、叶绿素含量和净同化率。同时试验表明,增施钾肥的不同处理效果不同。根据增产提质效果及实际效益,推荐施肥量为:N 120 kg/hm2、P2O580 kg/hm2、K2O 180 kg/hm2、农家肥104kg/hm2。 相似文献
7.
优化施肥对小麦品质和产量的效应研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
采用正交旋转组合设计,针对N、P、K、Zn 4种肥料对小麦产量和品质的效应进行探讨,结果表明:N、P对产量都达显著正效应,N对湿面筋含量达极显著正效应,P与湿面筋含量呈显著负效应,K、Zn对产量和品质效应微弱。4种肥料对产量的影响顺序为:N>P>Zn>K,对湿面筋含量的影响顺序为:N>P>K>Zn。小麦产量和品质都较理想的施肥区间为N 252.8～294.2 kg/hm2,P 111.0～139.1kg/hm2, K145.8～153.0kg/hm2, Zn 9.8～12.1kg/hm2, 合理的配比为N:P2O5:K2O:ZnSO4=1:0.46:0.55:0.04 相似文献
8.
氮、磷、钾肥对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
运用3414试验设计,在大田试验条件下研究氮、 磷、 钾肥不同配比对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响,提出适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）卡因菠萝分别增产15.5、 4.8和12.6 t/hm2,增产率为16.8%、 4.5%和13.1%,增加纯收入34800、 11000和27600 Yuan/hm2,农学效率分别为39.3、 42.3和29.6 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及对产量的贡献率均表现为N＞K2O＞P2O5, 肥料农学效率则表现为P2O5＞N＞K2O。在 P2（100 kg/hm2）K2（500 kg/hm2）基础上,施氮降低果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量,增加了可溶性糖含量,而在N2（400 kg/hm2）P2（100 kg/hm2）基础上,施钾增加果实中维生素C、 可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量,施用磷肥对果实品质影响不大。对卡因菠萝产量效应函数进行频率分析法寻优得出,卡因菠萝目标产量超过105 t/hm2, 95%置信区间的优化施肥量为氮（N）281.27~436.48 kg/hm2、 磷（P2O5）64.03~121.69 kg/hm2、 钾（K2O）428.59~628.55 kg/hm2,N、 P2O5、 K2O的最优施肥量配比为1∶0.15~0.43∶0.982.23。研究结论可为果农从事卡因菠萝栽培提供施肥参考。 相似文献
9.
施肥量对奶花芸豆产量效应和养分吸收的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
用正交回归旋转组合设计,研究了密度及N、P(P2O5)、K(K2O)施用量对奶花芸豆产量的影响;通过田间试验测定参数,利用计算机技术对试验数据进行处理,建立了产量函数模型;经计算机模拟寻优,筛选出了产量的最佳田问施肥方案.在试验条件下,当奶花芸豆栽培密度为167000株/hm2,施N量300 kg/hm2,施P(P2O5)量200 kg/hm2,施K(K2O)量47 kg/hm2组合时,产量可达到3825kg/hm2.施肥能够提高奶花芸豆对N、P、K养分的吸收. 相似文献
10.
高产夏玉米的种植密度和肥料效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用电子计算机和二次通用旋转组合设计法,以玉米种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为供试因子,玉米籽粒产量和经济效益为目标,得出了夏玉米产量分别为≥10500kg/hm2,11250kg/hm2和12000kg/hm2的高产高效益的种植密度和N、P、K施肥方案.种植密度为97200株/hm2,施纯N 332.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 111.8kg/hm2和K2O 150.0kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥10500 kg;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 367.2kg/hm2,施P2O5 110.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm22,籽粒产量≥11250kg/hm2;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 439.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 120.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥12000kg/hm2.籽粒产量从10500 kg/hm2增加到12000kg/hm2,扣除成本每hm2纯收益增加603.5元. 相似文献
11.
Friedman M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(4):1295-1319
Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health. 相似文献
12.
The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread. 相似文献
13.
Barbosa J Freitas A Moura S Mourão JL Noronha da Silveira MI Ramos F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(22):11927-11934
Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period. 相似文献
14.
Sefton MA Skouroumounis GK Elsey GM Taylor DK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(18):9717-9746
Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide. 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):751-756
Abstract The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements. 相似文献
16.
Christopher W Rogers Gongshe Hu Robert Mikkelsen 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(22):2678-2686
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use. 相似文献
17.
Llobet JM Falcó G Casas C Teixidó A Domingo JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(3):838-842
This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs. 相似文献
18.
N Beaulieu C Gagné E G Lovering 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1986,69(1):178-179
A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards. 相似文献
19.
Rababah TM Hettiarachchy NS Horax R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(16):5183-5186
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products. 相似文献
20.
Distribution of lutein,zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit,vegetables, wheat,and pasta products 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Quantitative data with regard to dietary (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-geometrical isomers are scarce, and in most cases, only the combined concentrations of these two carotenoids in foods are reported. Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the human macula and have been implicated in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The qualitative and quantitative distributions of lutein, zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-isomers in the extracts from some of the most commonly consumed fruits, vegetables, and pasta products were determined by HPLC employing a silica-based nitrile-bonded column. Green vegetables had the highest concentration of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and the ratios of these carotenoids (L/Z) were in the range 12-63. The yellow-orange fruits and vegetables, with the exception of squash (butternut variety), had much lower levels of lutein in comparison to greens but contained a higher concentration of zeaxanthin. The ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin (L/Z) in two North American bread varieties of wheat (Pioneer, Catoctin) was 11 and 7.6, respectively, while in a green-harvested wheat (Freekeh) imported from Australia, the ratio was 2.5. Between the two pasta products examined, lasagne and egg noodles, the latter had a much higher concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin. The levels of the (E/Z)-geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in these foods were also determined. 相似文献