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1.
周丛生物对稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤学报》2021,(5)
周丛生物是一种普遍生长在稻田水-土界面中的微生物聚集体,在调节稻田氮循环中起重要作用。通过野外田间微区试验研究稻田周丛生物对氨挥发的影响,分别设置了周丛生物正常生长以及添加特丁净(C10H19N5S)调控周丛生物生长2个处理,每个处理3个重复,分别于基肥(BF)、分蘖肥(TF)、穗肥(PF)施加后测定周丛生物影响下的氨挥发速率,计算整个水稻生长期内的氨挥发通量,分析不同稻田周丛生物的微生物群落结构、田间理化性质与土壤氨挥发的关系,构建基于周丛生物的稻田氨挥发预测模型。结果表明:周丛生物正常生长状态下基肥和分蘖肥时期氨挥发累计损失量分别达到24.8±1.1kg·hm~(-2)、10.9±0.1kg·hm~(-2),添加C10H19N5S后氨挥发累积量分别降低71.3%、39.3%,穗肥期氨挥发差异不显著。淡色藻门Ochrophyta(8.1%～67.6%)、隐真菌门Cryptomycota(3.9%～54.8%)、线虫动物门Nematoda(0.6%～42.6%)为周丛生物中真核微生物优势门,变形菌门Proteobacteria(52.1%～23.7%)、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(58.1%～16.8%)、绿湾菌门Chloroflexi(14.6%～0.8%)、酸杆菌门Acidobacteria(11.0%～3.3%)为原核微生物优势门。相关性分析表明,周丛生物生物量、田面水氮素含量、风速是影响日氨挥发通量的关键因素。综上,使用C10H19N5S调控周丛生物生长能够有效的降低基肥以及分蘖肥期间稻田土壤氨挥发,减缓因氨挥发造成的氮肥损失问题。 相似文献
2.
添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
氨挥发是稻田氮素损失的重要途径,为探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT对小麦秸秆还田稻田中氨挥发的影响,采用密闭室通气法,在太湖地区乌珊土上,研究了脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对小麦秸秆还田稻田中施肥后尿素水解和氨挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:稻田氨挥发损失主要集中在基肥和分蘖肥时期。添加NBPT可明显延缓尿素水解,推迟田面水NH4+-N峰值出现的时间,并降低NH4+-N峰值,降低了田面水氨挥发速率和挥发量。NBPT的效果在基肥和分蘖肥施用后尤为明显,不加NBPT时施入的尿素在2~3 d内基本水解彻底,NH4+-N和氨挥发速率在第2 d即达到峰值,两次施肥后NH4+-N峰值分别为132.3 mg·L-1和66.3mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值为15.6 kg·hm-2·d-1和10.4 kg·hm-2·d-1;而添加NBPT后,NH4+-N峰值推迟至施肥后第4 d出现,NH4+-N峰值降至70.7 mg·L-1和51.6 mg·L-1,氨挥发峰值降至4.7 kg·hm-2·d-1和2.6 kg·hm-2·d-1。添加NBPT使稻田氨挥发损失总量从73.3 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的24.4%)降低至34.5 kg(N)·hm-2(占施氮量的11.5%),降低53%。在添加小麦秸秆稻田中添加NBPT通过延缓尿素水解而显著降低了氨挥发损失。 相似文献
3.
周丛生物广泛分布于稻田生态系统淹水环境中,直接影响稻田养分的迁移转化过程及其生物有效性,但其是否影响水稻的生长、发育却鲜有报道。通过室内控制试验,利用延边（YB）、鹰潭（YT）和镇江（ZJ）的水稻土培养周丛生物,并研究了三种周丛生物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,不同类型土壤培养的周丛生物主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）组成;三种周丛生物的多样性存在显著差异,其中延边周丛生物（YBP）的物种数和Chao1指数显著高于其他两组处理（P <0.05）。皮尔森（Pearson）相关性分析结果表明,周丛生物群落物种组成和多样性与土壤pH、全磷、总有机碳和全锰含量呈显著正相关（P <0.01）。此外,三种周丛生物的碳代谢活性存在显著差异（P <0.05）。其中,延边周丛生物（YBP）在整个检测期内的碳代谢活性最高,鹰潭周丛生物（YTP）的碳代谢活性最低。种子萌发试验结果显示周丛生物的存在显著提高了水稻种子的萌发率（最高18%）和α-淀粉酶活性（P <0.05）,同时提高... 相似文献
4.
广泛分布在水-土界面之间的周丛生物是稻田生态系统物质迁移和能量交换的关键热区和必经之地，但至今鲜有研究关注稻田周丛生物的群落特征及其调控功能。为进一步了解周丛生物磷捕获功能，本研究选取我国主要稻区周丛生物，覆盖华南地区、长江中下游地区、东北地区三个水稻种植区，利用高通量测序技术分析周丛生物群落组成结构，结合PLS-PM和回归分析揭示影响稻田周丛生物捕获磷的因素。结果表明：不同地区稻田土壤理化性质存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。我国主要稻区周丛生物磷捕获能力由北到南、由西向东呈现递增的趋势。不同地区稻田周丛生物群落组成差异显著（P < 0.05）。在属水平上，华南地区周丛生物以Acinetobacter、Proteiniclasticum等原核微生物及Gregarina、Adriamonas等真核微生物为优势物种；长江中下游地区周丛生物以Bacillus、Cloacibacterium等原核微生物及Gregarina、Vermamoeba等真核微生物为主组成；在东北地区，周丛生物由Flavisolibacter、Anaerolinea为优势的原核微生物和以Adriamonas、Vermamoeba为优势的真核微生物组成。发现土壤理化性质（特别是土壤有机碳含量和田面水pH）与周丛生物群落多样性存在相关性。华南地区周丛生物中的微藻对于磷的捕获起到一定的促进作用，而东北地区周丛生物中的聚磷菌对磷的捕获有正效应。本研究通过对全国不同地区稻田周丛生物磷捕获能力的分析，丰富了对稻田周丛生物群落组成、结构及其调控磷循环的认识，也为将来开发生物技术回收利用稻田盈余磷提供了理论依据。 相似文献
5.
应用微气象学方法研究太湖地区水稻三个不同施肥期施用尿素后的氨挥发损失 ,并对其影响因素 (气候、田面水中NH 4 N浓度和作物覆盖等 )的作用进行了分析研究。结果表明 ,水稻施用尿素后的氨挥发损失为各时期施氮量的 18 6 %～ 38 7% ,其中以分蘖肥时期损失最大 ,其次为基肥 ,穗肥氨挥发损失最小。氨挥发损失主要时期是在施肥后 7d内。在水稻不同生长期 ,各因素对氨挥发的影响能力大小并不一样 ,三个施肥期的氨挥发损失通量与施肥后田面水中铵态氮浓度呈显著正相关。 相似文献
6.
太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土稻季上氮肥的氨挥发 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
系统地研究了太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土（黄泥土）稻田上施入的尿素通过氨挥发损失的过程和数量，以及土壤等条件对其影响，可为减少该地区稻季氮肥氨挥发损失，提高氮素利用率提供理论依据。试验应用连续气流密闭室法测定了太湖地区典型稻麦轮作制度中稻季不同施氮量下的水稻基肥、分蘖和孕穗期施用尿素的氨挥发损失，并对其影响因素（田面水中NH4^＋-N浓度、pH值等）的作用进行了分析研究。结果表明，水稻施用尿素后的氨挥发损失量占施肥量的3．7％～11．7％，其中以分蘖肥时期损失最大，其次为穗肥，基肥氨挥发损失最小，氨挥发损失主要时期是在施肥后7d内，田面水中的NH4^＋-N浓度和pH值与氨挥发量有极显著的相关关系（相关系数分别为0．791^＊＊、0．443^＊＊）。 相似文献
7.
太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：22
在太湖地区乌栅土上,采用田间小区试验连续两年研究了施氮(N)量为0、180、255、330kg hm-2,施磷(P2O5)量为0、309、0、180 kg hm-2的6个组合(对照N0P0、低氮N180P90、优化N255P90、低磷N255P30、高磷N255P180、高氮N330P90)以及三个施肥时期对稻田氨挥发损失的影响,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇通气法测定。结果表明,稻田氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后6d内,基肥和第一次追肥后各处理氨挥发量占施氮量的0.4%~11.5%,而第二次追肥后氨挥发损失比例较大,对照、低氮、优化、低磷、高磷和高氮处理的氨挥发在2002年稻季分别占施氮量的5.8%、9.7%、25.6%、15.6%和11.6%,在2003年稻季则分别为27.4%、26.2%、30.0%、35.1%和27.6%。若施肥后遇阴雨天气或正值水稻拔节孕穗期,氨挥发量便降低。田面水中的NH4 -N浓度是氨挥发的决定因素之一,与氨挥发通量呈正相关。施磷量相同时,氨挥发随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同时,高磷和低磷处理氨挥发均高于优化处理,表明在氮磷不平衡施用时,氮肥氨挥发损失会加剧,从氨挥发损失方面考虑,稻田推荐施磷量不宜超过P2O590 kg hm-2。 相似文献
8.
洱海北部地区不同施氮强度对水稻季稻田氨挥发的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确洱海北部地区农田氨挥发损失规律及其影响因素,采用密闭室通气法研究了洱海北部地区水稻季不同施氮量对田面水氨挥发损失的影响,同时测定了田面水NH4+-N浓度、NO3--N浓度、pH值等氨挥发影响因素的变化。结果表明:在施入基肥后,氨挥发通量在第3 d达到峰值后呈波动下降趋势,9 d后氨挥发停止,在施入孕穗肥后,氨挥发通量在第1~2 d内到达顶点而后迅速下降,5 d后氨挥发停止;不同施氮水平与各生育期的氨挥发累积量呈极显著正相关(相关系数在0.839以上),不同生育期的氨挥发累积量表现为:基肥孕穗肥,施氮处理的氨挥发累积量为15.23~55.45 kg hm-2,而氨挥发损失率在11.28%~15.40%之间;田面水NH4+-N浓度到峰值时比氨挥发通量达最大值时早1 d,当NH4+-N浓度小于10 mg L-1后时不利于田面水氨挥发损失;不同施氮量的氨挥发通量和田面水NH4+-N浓度呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.624),与田面水pH值、NO3--N浓度则无显著相关。因此,施肥后5~9 d内是控制氨挥发损失的关键时期,而施氮量和田面水NH4+-N浓度的变化是决定氨挥发损失量的关键因素之一。 相似文献
9.
江淮丘陵区不同氮肥管理模式下稻田氨挥发损失特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了探索减少江淮丘陵区稻田氨挥发损失和提高其氮肥利用率的途径,采用密闭室连续抽取法,研究了不同氮肥管理模式对稻田氨挥发损失特征和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,整个稻季,氨挥发损失率以分蘖肥期最高,基肥期次之,穗肥期最低。较常规施肥(CN),缓释尿素与普通尿素配施(CRU)处理稻季氨挥发损失总量和损失率分别降低了26.23%和4.52%,氮肥利用率提高了6.07%;各施肥处理的氨挥发量与同期田面水中的铵态氮浓度呈线性正相关。综合分析,缓释尿素与普通尿素配施既能减少氨挥发损失,又能获得较高的经济效益,在江淮丘陵区具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
10.
氨挥发是稻田氮损失的重要途径之一,掌握氨挥发规律及主要影响因素对于氮损失的评估及调控具有重要意义。为揭示嘉兴地区稻田氨挥发主要发生规律,采用间歇密闭式抽气法,研究了不同施肥期、化学施氮量及有机肥施用、田面水NH+4-N浓度等因素对该地区2013年稻田氨挥发速率的影响。结果表明,基肥期各施肥处理下的氨挥发速率逐日降低,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后前5 d,温度骤降和降雨是造成穗肥期氨挥发速率出现波动性的主要原因,氨挥发速率均小于N 5 kg·hm-2·d-1,较基肥期有明显下降;施氮量与氨挥发总量具有显著的线性正相关性,不同施肥处理下的氨挥发比例为17%~28%,N225+M处理对应的氨挥发总量发生跃增,且氨挥发比例最高,增施干鸡粪对氨挥发的促进作用不大。从氮肥高效利用及低损耗的角度出发,本试验中尿素氮肥施用量应低于N 225 kg·hm-2,加强水氮协调也是降低稻田氮素损失的重要手段之一。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献