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1.
A sensitive, specific gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was established for the quantitative determination of eight coumarins of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae including coumarin, isopsoralen, psoralen, xanthotoxin, bergapten, osthole, imperatorin and oxypeucedanin in rat plasma. Nitrendipine was used as the internal standard (IS). The plasma samples were extracted by acetonitrile. GC separation was accomplished on a DB-5MS column with temperature programmed from 160 °C (17 min) to 190 °C (10 min) at the rate of 20 °C/min, then to 240 °C (5 min) at 20 °C/min, and finally to 280 °C (14 min) at 20 °C/min. The detection was performed on a quadrupole mass spectrometer detector operated by full-scan mode (m/z 50–500). The lower limit of quantitation was 5–10 ng/mL for eight coumarins, and the linear range was 5–1000 ng/mL for the coumarins (R2 > 0.9990). All the validation data were within the required limits. After oral administration, the plasma concentration–time curves showed that the time for maximum concentration (Tmax) was 1.29 for coumarin, 1.83 for isopsoralen, 1.93 for psoralen, 1.30 for xanthotoxin, 2.04 for bergapten, 0.64 for osthole, 1.41 for imperatorin and 0.51 h for oxypeucedanin. The plasma concentration of the eight coumarins was low, with a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) < 6.41 μg/mL. Pharmacokinetic data analysis showed that the eight coumarins had different pharmacokinetic characteristics after oral administration. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of eight coumarins after oral administration in rats.  相似文献   

2.
Necromass is an important stock of carbon in tropical forests. We estimated volume, density, and mass of fallen and standing necromass in undisturbed and selectively logged forests at Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil (10.48°S, 58.47°W). We also measured standing dead trees at the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil (3.08°S, 54.94°W) complementing our earlier study there on fallen necromass. We compared forest that was selectively logged using reduced-impact logging methods and undisturbed forest. We estimated necromass density accounting for void volume for necromass greater than 10 cm diameter at Juruena for five decay classes that ranged from freshly fallen (class 1) to highly decayed material (class 5). Average necromass density adjusted for void space (±S.E.) was 0.71 (0.02), 0.69 (0.04), 0.60 (0.04), 0.59 (0.06), and 0.33 (0.05) Mg m−3 for classes 1 through 5, respectively. Small (2–5 cm) and medium (5–10 cm) size classes had densities of 0.52 (0.02) and 0.50 (0.04) Mg m−3, respectively. The average dry mass (±S.E.) of fallen necromass at Juruena was 44.9 (0.2) and 67.0 (10.1) Mg ha−1 for duplicate undisturbed and reduced impact logging sites, respectively. Small and medium sized material together accounted for 12–21% of the total fallen necromass at Juruena. At Juruena, the average mass of standing dead was 5.3 (1.0) Mg ha−1 for undisturbed forest and 8.8 (2.3) Mg ha−1 for forest logged with reduced impact methods. At Tapajos, standing dead average mass was 7.7 (2.0) Mg ha−1 for undisturbed forest and 12.9 (4.6) Mg ha−1 for logged forest. The proportion of standing dead to total fallen necromass was 12–17%. Even with reduced impact harvest management, logged forests had approximately 50% more total necromass than undisturbed forests.  相似文献   

3.
This paper examines carbon (C) pools, fluxes, and net ecosystem balance for a high-elevation red spruce–Fraser fir forest [Picea rubens Sarg./Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.] in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), based on measurements in fifty-four 20 m × 20 m permanent plots located between 1525 and 1970 m elevation. Forest floor and mineral soil C was determined from destructive sampling of the O horizon and incremental soil cores (to a depth of 50 cm) in each plot. Overstory C pools and net C sequestration in live trees was estimated from periodic inventories between 1993 and 2003. The CO2 release from standing and downed wood was based on biomass and C concentration estimates and published decomposition constants by decay class and species. Soil respiration was measured in situ between 2002 and 2004 in a subset of eight plots along an elevation gradient. Litterfall was collected from a total of 16 plots over a 2–5-year period.The forest contained on average 403 Mg C ha−1, almost half of which stored belowground. Live trees, predominantly spruce, represented a large but highly variable C pool (mean: 126 Mg C ha−1, CV = 39%); while dead wood (61 Mg C ha−1), mostly fir, accounted for as much as 15% of total ecosystem C. The 10-year mean C sequestration in living trees was 2700 kg C ha−1 year−1, but increased from 2180 kg C ha−1 year−1 in 1993–1998 to 3110 kg C ha−1 year−1 in 1998–2003, especially at higher elevations. Dead wood also increased during that period, releasing on average 1600 kg C ha−1 year−1. Estimated net soil C efflux ranged between 1000 and 1450 kg C ha−1 year−1, depending on the calculation of total belowground C allocation. Based on current flux estimates, this old-growth system was close to C neutral.  相似文献   

4.
The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of stand development and soil nutrient supply on processes affecting the productivity of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) over a period approximately equal to a pulpwood rotation (18 years). The experiment consisted of a 2×2 factorial combination of complete and sustained weed control and annual fertilization treatments (C: control treatment, F: fertilization, W: weed control, FW: combined fertilization and weed control), located on a Spodosol in north-central Florida, USA. The reduction of soil nutrient limitations through fertilization or control of competing vegetation resulted in dramatic increases in almost every measure of productivity investigated, including height (19.7 m in the FW treatment versus 12.5 m in the C treatment at age 18 years), basal area (FW=44.2 m2 ha−1, F=39.6 m2 ha−1, W=36.6 m2 ha−1, C=19.9 m2 ha−1 at age 16 years), stemwood biomass accumulation (114 Mg ha−1 in FW versus 42.8 Mg ha−1 in C at age 18 years), foliar nitrogen concentration (1.53% in plots receiving fertilization versus 1.06% in unfertilized plots at age 17 years) and leaf area index (age 16-year peak projected of approximately 3.3 at age 9–10 years in F and FW plots, 2.5 in the W treatment and 1.5 in the C plots). Cultural treatments also decreased the growth ring earlywood/latewood ratio, and accelerated the juvenile wood to mature wood transition. While soil nutrient supply was a major determinant of productivity, production changes that occurred within treatments over the course of stand development were equally dramatic. For example, between age 8 and 15 years, stemwood PAI in the FW treatment declined by 275%; similarly large reductions occurred in the F and W treatments over the same time period. The reductions in PAI in the treated plots were linearly related to stand BA, suggesting the decline in productivity was associated with the onset of inter-tree competition. Responses of stemwood PAI to re-fertilization treatments at age 15 years suggests that the declines in growth and growth efficiency with time were partially attributable to nutrient limitations.  相似文献   

5.
A sensitive, selective, and rapid high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed for the quantification of rohitukine in rat plasma. HPLC was performed using a Symmetry-Shield C18 (5 μ, 4.6 × 150 mm) column, and isocratic elution with ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4; 10 mM):methanol (08:92, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Sample clean-up involved solid phase extraction (SPE) of analyte and internal standard (phenacetin) from 100 μL plasma. The parent → product ion transitions (MRM) for analyte and IS were 306.1 → 245.1 m/z and 180.1 → 138.1 m/z respectively, and were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in positive ion mode. The method was validated across the dynamic concentration range of 5–500 ng/mL for rohitukine, with a fast run time of 4.5 min. The analytical method measured concentrations of rohitukine with accuracy (% bias) of <± 10% and precision (% RSD) of <± 12%. Rohitukine was stable during the battery of stability studies viz., bench-top, auto-sampler, freeze/thaw cycles and 30 days of storage in a freezer at − 70 ± 10 °C. Finally, the applicability of this assay has been successfully demonstrated in vivo pharmacokinetic and in vitro metabolism studies in Sprague–Dawley rat. This method will therefore be highly useful for future preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies of rohitukine.  相似文献   

6.
Four new terpenoids, nemoralisins D–G (1–4), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Aphanamixis grandifolia, along with two known diterpenoids, nemoralisin C and nemoralisin. Among them, compound 1 is the first example of norsesquiterpenoid with δ-lactone moiety, and nemoralisins E–G (2–4), are a class of acyclic diterpenoids, which are structurally related nemoralisin C and nemoralisin. These structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of quantum chemical TDDFT calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Nemoralisins D–G (1–4) were tested for their cytotoxicities on HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW480 human tumor cell lines (IC50 > 40 μM), as well as the antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA92# and MRSA98# (MIC > 50 μg/mL).  相似文献   

7.
In 1984, a liming experiment with a surface application of 4 t ha−1 of dolomitic limestone was started at the acidic N-saturated Norway spruce forest “Höglwald” in southern Germany and monitored until 2004. The decay of surface humus due to the accelerated mineralisation accounted for 18.5 ± 2.7 t ha−1 C or 50% of the initial pool and 721.6 ± 115.0 kg ha−1 N or 46% for N. Due to some translocation of organic material to the mineral soil the values to 40 cm depth are slightly lower (13.5 ± 4.4 t ha−1 C or 15% of the initial pool and 631.6 ± 192.8 kg ha−1 N or 13% for N). In the control plot NO3− concentrations at 40 cm depth were above the European level of drinking water (0.8 mmolc l−1 or 50 mg NO3− l−1) for nearly the whole investigation period. Liming increased NO3− concentrations in seepage water for approximately 15 years, and accelerated leaching losses by 396.2 NO3−–N kg ha−1 from 1984 to 2003. The increase in pH of the soil matrix was more or less restricted to the humus layer and the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil during the whole time span, while the base cations Ca and Mg reached deeper horizons with seepage water. From 1984 to 2003, an amount that nearly equalled the applied Mg, was leached out of the main rooting zone, while most of the applied Ca was retained. The time series of the elemental concentrations in needles showed minor changes. Ca concentrations in needles increased with liming, while Mg remained nearly unchanged, and P decreased in older needles.  相似文献   

8.
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is a highly plastic species with respect to growth responses to forest management. Loblolly pine is the most planted species across the southern United States, a region with the most expansive and intensively managed forest plantations in the world. Management intensity, using tools such as site preparation and fertilization, is increasing greatly in scope over time. To better define to the productive potential of loblolly pine under intensive management, the influence of 6 years of management with weed control (W), weed control plus irrigation (WI), weed control plus irrigation and fertigation (irrigation with a fertilizer solution) (WIF), or weed control plus irrigation, fertigation, and pest control (WIFP) since plantation establishment on stand productivity in loblolly pine was examined. The site is located near Bainbridge, GA (30°48′N latitude and 84°39′W longitude) and is of medium quality (site index=18 m, base age 25). Increasing management intensity greatly accelerated stand development and biomass accumulation. At age 6 total production (above plus belowground) was nearly doubled from 50 to 93 Mg ha−1 in WIFP stands compared to W stands, and standing stem biomass increased from 24 Mg ha−1 in W stands to 48 Mg ha−1 in response to WIFP treatment. Stem current annual increment (CAI) peaked at age 5 in the WIF and WIFP stands at 17–18 Mg ha−1 per year at a basal area between 18 and 21 m2 ha−1. Year to year variation in CAI was better explained by previous-year leaf area index (LAI) than current-year LAI. Maximum stemwood production in loblolly pine was achieved through large increases in LAI and small decreases in allocation to woody roots (tap+coarse roots) versus woody shoots (stem+branches) associated with intensive treatments.  相似文献   

9.
Wood ash is recommended as a compensatory fertiliser to counteract the effects of acidic deposition on forest ecosystems. Spatial distribution of biomass, necromass and morphology parameters of the fine roots (diameter classes <1, 1–2, <2 mm) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were analysed in response to fertilisation with granulated wood ash (GWA) in a long-term field experiment in SW Sweden. GWA was applied as a single dose of 3200 kg ha−1 and the fine roots were sampled 9 years later by soil coring. Soil cores were divided into 1-cm strata within the top 0–2.5 cm humus limits, the lower humus below 2.5 cm (with varying thickness) and the mineral soil to 50 cm depth (from ground surface). Total fine-root biomass in the control (C) and GWA treatment, 256 ± 20 and 258 ± 25 g m−2, respectively, and length 2072 ± 182 and 1800 ± 198 m m−2, respectively, did not differ statistically from each other. Total fine-root necromass in the 1–2 mm fraction was significantly higher in C than in the GWA treatment, 130 ± 12 and 80 ± 10 g m−2, respectively. Fine-root biomass in the <1 mm fraction was significantly greater in the lower humus in the GWA treatment, but this did not affect the total biomass in the <1 mm fraction in the whole soil profile. The biomass-to-necromass ratio (1–2 mm) was significantly higher in the GWA treatment in the 0–30 cm soil layer than in the corresponding layer of the control. Specific root length (SRL) was lower in the GWA treatment than in the control in the 0–5 cm soil layer. The lower necromass and SRL were more clearly related to the GWA treatment, whereas the difference in the vertical distribution of biomass may have been related to the thicker humus layer in the GWA plots.  相似文献   

10.
We simulated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) net canopy assimilation, using BIOMASS version 13.0, for the southeastern United States (1° latitude by 1° longitude grid cells) using a 44-year historical climate record, estimates of available water-holding capacity from a natural resource conservation soils database, and two contrasting leaf area indices (LAI) (low; peak LAI of 1.5 m2 m−2 projected, and high; 3.5 m2 m−2). Median (50th percentile) available water-holding capacity varied from 100 to 250 mm across the forest type for a normalized 1.25 m soil profile. Climate also varied considerably (growing season precipitation ranged from 200 to 1600 mm while mean growing season temperature ranged from 13° to 26°C). Net canopy assimilation ranged from 9.3 to 19.2 Mg C ha−1 a−1 for high LAI and the 95th percentile of available water-holding capacity simulations.We examined the influence of soil available water-holding capacity, and annual variation in temperature and precipitation, on net canopy assimilation for three cells of similar latitude. An asymptotic, hyperbolic relationship was found between the 44-year average net canopy assimilation and soil available water-holding capacity. Shallow soils had, naturally, low water-holding capacity (<100 mm) and, subsequently, low productivity. However, median available water-holding capacity (125–150 mm) was sufficient to maintain near maximum production potential in these cells.Simulations were also conduced to examine the direct affects of soil available water on photosynthesis (PN) and stomatal conductance (gS) on net canopy assimilation. In the absence of water limitations on PN and gS, net canopy assimilation increased by only 10% or less over most of the loblolly pine region (when compared to simulations for median available water-holding capacity with water influences in place). However, the production differences between high and low LAI, at the median soil available water-holding capacity, ranged from 30% to 60% across the loblolly pine range. Vapor pressure deficit was found to dramatically reduce productivity for stands of similar LAI, incident radiation, rainfall, and available water-holding capacity. Thus, these simulations suggest that, regionally, loblolly pine productivity may be more limited by low LAI than by soil available water-holding capacity (for soils of median available water-holding capacity or greater). In addition, high atmospheric forcing for water vapor will reduce net assimilation for regions of otherwise favorable available water and LAI.  相似文献   

11.
Tree encroachment into rough fescue (Festuca campestris) grassland has been identified as an ecological concern on the Cypress Hills plateau in southeastern Alberta, Canada. A combination of field sampling (109 transects), a dendrochronological assessment (1361 trees), and a time series analysis of remotely sensed images from five different time periods (1950–2002) were used to determine the extent and rate of tree encroachment and forest development. Tree cover increased by 768 ha (～51%) between 1950 and 2007, representing 10% of the study area, from 1502 ha of pre-1950 forest. Post-1950 tree invasion also created an ingress zone of 750 ha (～10% of study area) based on field transects. Forest cover increased at a consistent rate of 14.3 ha/year. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) was the most common tree species associated with encroachment. Invasion based on the number of established trees occurred at an exponential rate of 3.1%/year after 1890, with density increased by filling spaces adjacent to and between trees within the grassland vegetation. The rate of tree establishment increased to 4.4%/year after 1980, suggesting a change occurred in environmental conditions. Annual atmospheric temperatures increased 0.55 °C from 1929 to 2005 (P < 0.001), with winter (December–February) and spring (March–May) temperatures accounting for most of the increase (P < 0.001), whereas summer (June–August) temperatures slightly decreased (P < 0.050, 0.34 °C) and precipitation increased (P < 0.005, 30 mm). Cattle and elk (Cervus elaphus) grazing was not considered a primary factor for explaining tree encroachment. Based on multidimensional scaling, lodgepole pine establishment was associated with warmer spring temperatures and greater fall (October–November) precipitation. A landscape devoid of wildfires, combined with greater moisture availability, and a longer frost-free season is likely conducive to the sustained establishment of coniferous trees and forest development within the Cypress Hills fescue grassland ecosystem. Long-term conservation of the fescue grasslands could be possible by reintroducing fire.  相似文献   

12.
Studies on basic density of woody species in Amazonian savannas are needed to convert data on woody volume to biomass. These ecosystems, which have large carbon stocks, emit greenhouse gases annually due to frequent burnings. Basic density (g cm−3: oven-dry weight/wet volume), measured from complete sample disks (bark, sapwood and heartwood), was calculated for the most abundant woody species in three types of open savannas (Sg: grassy-woody savanna; Sp: savanna parkland; Tp: steppe-like parkland) in Roraima, a state in the northern part of Brazil’s Amazon region. The species selected represent 90–95% of the woody biomass estimated in these ecosystem types. Seven additional species were lumped in an “others” group. In total, we sampled 107 trees: 40 in Sg, 37 in Sp and 30 in Tp. Bowdichia virgilioides (0.516 ± 0.021 (S.E.) g cm−3) was the species with the highest basic density, followed by the “others” group (0.485 ± 0.057 g cm−3), Curatella americana (0.413 ± 0.028 g cm−3), Byrsonima crassifolia + B. coccolobifolia (0.394 ± 0.019 g cm−3), Himatanthus articulatus (0.375 ± 0.020 g cm−3) and B. verbascifolia (0.332 ± 0.020 g cm−3). Basic density of the species with the greatest woody biomass in Roraima’s open savannas (C. americana and B. crassifolia + B. coccolobifolia) did not differ significantly at the 5% level (ANOVA) among the three ecosystem types studied. Wood basic density in these savannas (weighted mean = 0.404 ± 0.025 g cm−3) is lower than that in Amazonian forests (weighted mean = 0.680 g cm−3). These results reduce uncertainty in calculations of carbon stocks and of greenhouse gas emissions from clearing and burning tropical savanna.  相似文献   

13.
Dammarane Sapogenins (DS), with main ingredients of protopanaxatriol (PPT, 33%) and protopanaxadiol (PPD, 16%), is an alkaline hydrolyzed product of ginsenosides and had significant activities in improving learning and memory and decreasing chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. In the present study, the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailabilities of PPT and PPD were investigated when a single dose of DS was administrated orally (75 mg/kg) and intravenously (i.v., 30 mg/kg) to rats. Their in vitro stabilities in the GI tract were also investigated. PPT and PPD concentrations were measured by LC–MS. The results showed that PPT was eliminated rapidly from the body with an average t1/2, λz value of 0.80 h and CL of 4.27 l/h/kg after i.v. administration, while PPD was eliminated relatively slowly with a t1/2, λz of 6.25 h and CL of 0.98 l/h/kg. After oral administration, both PPD and PPT could be absorbed into the body, but their systemic exposures were quite different. PPT was absorbed into the body quickly, with a Tmax of 0.58 h and a Cmax of 0.13 μg/ml, while PPD was absorbed relatively slowly with a Tmax of 1.82 h and a Cmax of 1.04 μg/ml. The absolute bioavailabilities of PPT and PPD were estimated as 3.69% and 48.12%, respectively. The stability test found that PPT was instable in the stomach with 40% degradation after 4 h incubation at 37 °C, both in pH 1.2 buffer and in the stomach content solution. The instability in the stomach might be one of the reasons for PPT's poor bioavailability.  相似文献   

14.
It has been reported that icariin and icariside II, two flavonoid glycosides coming from herba epimedii, which have a closely structural relationship, show some pharmacological effects such as preventing osteoporosis, cancer and depression. The content of natural icariside II is very low in herba epimedii, but it is the main component in vivo after the administration of herba epimedii. More icariside II can be obtained from icariin by enzymatic hydrolysis method than by traditional isolation method. This study focuses on finding a simple and feasible method to prepare icariside II from icariin by enzymatic hydrolysis, so as to meet the request for further pharmacologic actions study. Icariin was obtained successively with 90% ethanol extraction, isolation on macroporous resin and purification on silica gel chromatography. Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were tested for the bioconversion of icariin into icariside II by orthogonal array design. The structures of isolated icariin and produced icariside II were identified by UV, IR, ESIMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT spectroscope. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiment showed that icariin could be transformed into icariside II with the action of β-glucosidase and the optimum reaction conditions were determined as follows: 50 °C, 0.2 M disodium hydrogen phosphate and citric acid buffer system (pH6.0), the ratio of icariin/enzyme is 1:1 and reaction time 5 h. By using this enzymatic condition, 95.5 mg icariside II (with the purity of 99.1%) was obtained eventually by transforming 200 mg icariin.  相似文献   

15.
Forest degradation and savannization are critical environmental issues associated with forest fires in the Gran Sabana, southern Venezuela. Yet little is known about the ecological consequences resulting from the conversion of forest to savanna in this region. In this study we quantified the change in C and nutrients in aboveground biomass along a fire induced gradient consisting of unburned tall primary forest (TF), slightly fire-affected medium forest (MF), strongly fire-affected low forest (LF) and savanna (S). Total aboveground biomass (TAGB) decreased from 411 Mg ha−1 in TF to 313 Mg ha−1 in MF, 13 Mg ha−1 in LF and 5 Mg ha−1 in S. The pools of C and nutrients in TAGB decreased 13–25% from TF to MF, 88–97% from TF to LF and 97–98% from TF to S. In TF and MF, about 40% of C and over 80% of base cations (Ca, K and Mg) was stored in TAGB, whereas the bulk of N and P were stored in the soil (90% of N and 72% of P). This distribution of elements was different in LF and S, where about 50% of base cations were stored in TAGB, and more than 94% of C, 98% of N and 87% of P were stored in the mineral soil. The large amount of elements stored in the biomass of the tall unburned forest demonstrates the high sensitivity of this ecosystem to fire. The change from tall forest to low forest and savanna implies large losses of C and nutrients stored in aboveground biomass and soils (namely 390–399 Mg C ha−1, 11–13 Mg N ha−1, 70–72 kg P ha−1, 783–818 kg K ha−1, 736–889 kg Ca ha−1, and 200–225 kg Mg ha−1). Such drain of C and nutrients in soils extremely low in silicates, which can replenish the lost nutrients by weathering reduces the recuperation chance of these ecosystems and therefore their future capacity to sequester C and accumulate nutrients.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of wood-ash fertilisation on tree stands, soil characteristics and ground vegetation were studied on a drained pine mire in Finland (64°51′N, 26°04′E, 62 m a.s.l.). The original site type was a treeless, mesotrophic Sphagnum papillosum fen. The site was drained in 1933 and the wood-ash fertilisation experiment was started in 1947. The treatments were: (i) unfertilised, (ii) wood-ash 8 t ha−1, and (iii) wood-ash 16 t ha−1.Drainage and ash application had radical and long-lasting consequences on the biological activity on the site and the vegetation compartments studied. The understorey vegetation had been profoundly affected by the ash with almost complete transformation of the species and other life forms. Even 50 years after the ash treatment the changes in vegetation/site type and the tree stand were clearly visible. On the unfertilised plot, the biomass of ground vegetation consisted mostly of mosses and dwarf shrubs, but on the ash-treated plots it consisted mostly of herbs and grasses typical of upland forests.Ash treatment had promoted stem volume growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) substantially and for a long time. The total wood production on the ash plots during 1947–1994 was 13 and 17 times over that of the control plot. Unfertilised pine trees suffered from P and K deficiency throughout the study period. The concentrations of some plant nutrients (P, K) decreased during the past years on Ash8. No nutrient shortage afflicting the tree stand was observed on Ash16 during the study period.Ash application has also led to increased concentration of nutrients in the peat. A sizeable proportion of the mineral nutrients applied were still in the 0–20 cm peat layer. On the ash-treated plots the amount of soil nitrogen (0–20 cm) was 18 and 29 times and the amount of soil phosphorus 9 and 13 times over the amount bound by the tree stand and the ground vegetation (Ash8 and Ash16, respectively). The stock of potassium was generally small in the surface peat—only 60–90% of the amount of potassium bound in the tree stand and the ground vegetation.It was concluded that wood-ash had powerfully influenced the biological processes in surface peat. The decomposition of cellulose was significantly accelerated by both ash treatments. Ash fertilisation also increased the emissions of CO2. The intensified decomposition rate in the litter, vegetation and peat explained to a large extent the accelerated growth of the Scots pine stands studied.  相似文献   

17.
Few studies have quantified the combined effects of silvicultural treatments and genetic improvement on unit area production of full-sib family blocks of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliotttii). Efficient operational deployment of genetic materials requires an understanding of possible site and silvicultural treatment interactions to maximize yield potential. We examined genotype (family) by environmental interactions (G × E) through age 5 years using a factorial experiment consisting of silvicultural treatment intensity (operational versus intensive), planting density (1334 versus 2990 trees ha−1) and families (seven elite full-sib loblolly and six elite full-sib slash pine families). In January of 2000, randomized complete block, split-plot experiments were installed at two locations for each species in southeast Georgia and northeast Florida. Five years after planting, both loblolly and slash pine demonstrated significant interactions among several factors: genotype × location (p < 0.028 and p < 0.016, respectively), genotype × silvicultural treatment intensity (p < 0.055 and p < 0.059), and silvicultural treatment intensity × density (p < 0.002 and p < 0.001) for basal area (BA) and standing stem volume (VOL). Genotype × silvicultural treatment interactions were positive, with the best overall performing families responding the greatest to intensive treatment. There were changes in slash pine family rankings between locations, which were partly explained by reductions in growth associated with a combination of fusiform rust infection [Cronartium quercum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme] and wind damage from the 2004 hurricane season. No three-way interactions, which included family, were evident and all genetic sources were stable across the contrasting planting densities. At age 5, loblolly pine outperformed slash pine (p < 0.0001), especially under the intensive silvicultural intensity. While loblolly performance was similar whether deployed in mixtures or pure family blocks, slash pine tended to be more productive in intimate mixtures than when grown in pure family blocks (p = 0.0754 for aboveground biomass).  相似文献   

18.
A mannogalactoglucan, named LE-MGG, was isolated from the basidiocarps of Lentinus edodes by hot water-extraction, ethanol precipitation anion exchange chromatography, and further purified by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Its structural features were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC), methylation analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation, and by IR and NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional (2D) NMR. HPLC analysis revealed that LE-MGG contained mannose–galactose–glucose in the molar ratio of 10:18:72. GPC and HPGPC showed that LE-MGG was a homogeneous fraction (d = 1.34) and its molecular weight was estimated to be 18 kDa. Chemical and spectroscopic studies indicated that LE-MGG consists of (1 → 6)-, (1 → 4)- and (1 → 3)-linked β-d-glucopyranosyl residues, (1 → 6)-linked α-d-galactopyranosyl residues, (1 → 3,6)- and (1 → 2,4)-linked α-d-mannopyranosyl residues and terminal residues of β-d-glucopyranosyl. Cytotoxicity assay showed that LE-MGG presented higher antitumor activities against S-180 cell with a dose-dependent manner, and exhibited lower cytotoxicity to carcinoma HCT-116 and HT-29 cells. Our studies showed also that LE-MGG presented antitumor bioactivities on Sarcoma 180 solid tumor cell implanted in Kunming mice. This finding suggests that mannogalactoglucan should be explored as potential antitumor agents and could be potentially applied as a natural antitumor drug.  相似文献   

19.
A rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of oxymatrine and its active metabolite matrine in human plasma after administration of oxymatrine oral solution. Analytes were extracted from the plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform. The chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Venusil C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) protected by a C18 guard column (4.0 mm × 2.0 nm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Analytes were detected on a single quadruple mass spectrometer by selected ion monitoring mode via electrospray ionization source. The assay had a lower limit of quantification of 1.5 ng · mL− 1 for oxymatrine and 3 ng·mL− 1 for matrine in plasma. The calibration curves were linear in the measured range. The overall precision and accuracy for all concentrations of quality controls and standards were within ± 15%. The proposed method enabled unambiguous identification and quantification of oxymatrine and its active metabolite matrine in vivo. The results provided a meaningful basis for evaluating the clinical applications of the oxymatrine oral solution.  相似文献   

20.
We assessed: (1) the relative importance of different macro- and microhabitat characteristics for explaining the occurrence of tree cavities and their occupancy by hole-nesting passerines and (2) the role of woodpeckers as keystone species in riverine aspen and birch stands in central Estonia. In 1999–2003, multiple surveys were carried out in 16 stands with a total area of 104 ha. Of the 713 tree-holes found, 483 were considered suitable for secondary cavity-nesters. The mean density was 4.1 ± 3.0 (S.D.) suitable cavities ha−1 (including 2.0 ± 1.3 suitable for hole-nesting passerines). Woodpeckers had excavated 88% of suitable cavities. The density of breeding woodpeckers explained 78% of variance in the density of woodpecker-excavated cavities (mean = 28 holes per pair) and 51% of natural cavities. Woodpecker-excavated and natural cavities occurred in very similar conditions, determined mostly by tree species, decay and size, stand type, as well as the vicinity of other cavities. Ninety-six of 161 occupancy cases of cavities were by passerines, which – probably to reduce the risk of nest predation or physical destruction – preferred small natural cavities in live trees. We conclude that riverine areas are important centres of cavity supply in forested regions and the value of woodpeckers as keystone species comes mostly from the large quantity, but not quality, of the cavities they provide. The results imply that: (1) for cavity-nesters, large (DBH > 30 cm) broadleaved trees, both live and dead, are the most important to retain during forestry operations in hemiboreal riverine forests and (2) woodpecker censuses may indicate cavity abundance, particularly if woodpecker-holes dominate among all cavities.  相似文献   

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