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1.
The pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a major pest of economically important crops. The apefly Spalgis epius (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is a potential predator of various species of mealybugs. Studies of its preying potential
and preference for prey stages on M. hirsutus are incomplete. An investigation was undertaken to determine the daily prey consumption and preference for prey stages by
different larval instars of S. epius reared on M. hirsutus in the laboratory. During the 8-day larval development period with four larval instars of S. epius, the daily prey consumption increased from the first to the seventh day and decreased on the eighth day prior to the prepupal
stage. Generally, there was a significant difference in the prey consumption on different days. The 1st to 4th instar larvae
of S. epius consumed, respectively, a mean of 181.3, 679.1, 1770.4 and 4333.0 eggs or 19.1, 67.7, 153.0 and 639.0 nymphs or 2.72, 6.26,
13.8 and 32.1 adults of M. hirsutus. When an S. epius larva was fed on M. hirsutus eggs, nymphs and adults separately, it consumed a mean of 6952.6 eggs, 878.8 nymphs or 53.9 adults during its entire development.
A single larva of S. epius consumed 2358.3 eggs, 151.2 nymphs and 34.3 adults of M. hirsutus during its entire development when the prey stages were offered all together. The study revealed that S. epius is a voracious predator of M. hirsutus and thus could be utilized as a potential biological control agent. 相似文献
2.
U. Kuhlmann 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):67-73
Abstract The biology of the univoltine, predatory sarcophagid fly Agria mamillata (Pandellé) was studied in a population of Yponomeuta evonymellus(L.) (Yponomeutidae) attacking Prunuspadus L. in the Valais, Switzerland. Clarification of the literature records suggests that A. mamillata is oligophagus, attacking five Yponomeuta species in the Palaearctic. The adult flies emerged in May. The presence of host odour was advantageous to elicit mating. After a preoviposition period of 19 days, the ovolarviparous females deposited eggs/first instar larvae on the cuticle of late fifth instar prey larvae, or on cocoons of prey pupae. The potential fecundity averaged 40 eggs per female. Reid data indicated that females of the predator laid more eggs in tents with higher prey density. Larval development lasted 11 days. Rain stimulates mature predator larvae to leave the tents of Y. evonymellus to pupate in the soil. Pupation was observed between early July and mid August. Predation rates ( = number of prey eaten per predator) were estimated from laboratory food consumption tests and from the number of predator larvae and predated cocoons in prey tents in the field. It was shown that a single predator consumed an average of five Y. evonymellus individuals. Field data indicated that predation rates cannot increase with higher numbers of prey available. It was shown that the number of prey eaten per predator decrease with higher predator densities per tent in the field. 相似文献
3.
为了明确双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein对不同密度下烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov&Nikolskii）的捕食选择性,在实验室条件下,测定24 h内双尾新小绥螨对不同比例下猎物的捕食情况（烟粉虱和土耳其斯坦叶螨数量比为20：10、15：10、10：10、10：15、10：20和10：40）。结果表明双尾新小绥螨雌成螨对猎物的捕食量随猎物数量的升高而增加,其中对土耳其斯坦叶螨幼螨的捕食量最高。双尾新小绥螨除对烟粉虱1龄若虫和叶螨卵在10：10的相同密度下选择指数无差异外,其他各密度下,双尾新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的选择性均显著高于烟粉虱。当烟粉虱和土耳其斯坦叶螨同时发生时,双尾新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的选择性高于烟粉虱,对土耳其斯坦叶螨控制效果更好。 相似文献
4.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the prey stage preference and the daily consumption of each stage of the
coccinellid predatorStethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on the two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Groups of different life stages of the prey were offered (eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults).
The prey preference varied with the stage ofS. punctillum. First larval instars had no significant preference among theT. urticae stages offered. Second larval instars consumed significantly more spider mite larvae in comparison with nymphs. In contrast,
third larval instars indicated a strong preference for mite eggs. Significantly fewerT. urticae larvae were consumed by the fourth larval instars ofS. punctillum, in comparison with the three other mite stages. Finally, adult predators consumed significantly more mite eggs than the
other stages offered. This preferential trend was similar for all adults tested, whether during the pre-oviposition or the
oviposition period.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 17, 2004. 相似文献
5.
巴氏钝绥螨对椭圆食粉螨的捕食效能 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在实验室RH85%、5个常温(16、20、24、28℃和32℃)条件下,研究了巴氏钝绥螨的雌成螨、雄成螨、若螨对椭圆食粉螨的捕食效能。结果表明:各个温度下的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型。温度相同时,雌成螨的捕食能力最大,若螨其次,雄成螨的捕食能力最弱。温度对各螨态的捕食能力有一定的影响,在试验温度范围内,各螨态对椭圆食粉螨的捕食能力(a/Th值)随温度升高而增大,28℃时捕食能力最大。在椭圆食粉螨密度固定时,巴氏钝绥螨的平均捕食量随着其自身密度的提高而逐渐减少。 相似文献
6.
为明确胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius的控害潜能,在（26±1）℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期16L：8D条件下,研究了各螨态胡瓜新小绥螨对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的捕食作用。结果表明,胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨期较短,不取食烟粉虱,其他不同螨态的胡瓜新小绥螨可捕食除4龄若虫和成虫以外的其他各虫态的烟粉虱,捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型;胡瓜新小绥螨雌成螨对烟粉虱卵的日捕食量最大（8.5粒/雌）,对烟粉虱3龄若虫的日捕食量最小（2.1头/雌）;雌成螨对烟粉虱卵具有较高的瞬间攻击率（0.038）和寻找效应（0.025）。研究表明,胡瓜新小绥螨对烟粉虱卵及低龄若虫的捕食能力较强,是烟粉虱发生初期的有效天敌。 相似文献
7.
本文研究了柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri （McGregor）不同螨态及其丝网对加州新小绥螨Neoseiuluscalifornicus的吸引作用和影响加州新小绥螨扩散行为的因素。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨完整丝网对加州新小绥螨吸引最强,在试验的5 h中,对加州新小绥螨吸引作用在第1 h效果显著,第2~5 h效果极显著,其中第3 h时的吸引作用最强达78.33%;柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、若螨和幼螨对加州新小绥螨均具有不同强度的吸引能力,吸引作用最强时分别达76.67%、71.67%和68.33%;猎物密度影响不同取食经历下加州新小绥螨的扩散行为,其扩散时间与生境中的柑橘全爪螨卵初始密度呈正相关,处于饥饿状态和自身密度较高时会加速加州新小绥螨的扩散行为,加州新小绥螨雌后若螨扩散时间低于加州新小绥螨雌成螨。 相似文献
8.
为评价一种半固体人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内研究了1~3龄幼虫对荻草谷网蚜的捕食作用和种内干扰作用。结果表明,1~3龄幼虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。不同龄期幼虫对荻草谷网蚜理论最大日捕食量分别为42、179、204头。2龄幼虫的干扰效应用Hassell &Varley的模式(E=QP-m)进行模拟,模拟模型为E=0.5074P-0.6627,结果说明随着2龄幼虫密度的增大,其捕食作用率随之减小。 相似文献
9.
Muhammad Sarwar 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(2):140-148
The food diversification strategy that can offer suitable nutrients as a diet for the natural enemies may possibly help to decrease pest populations by boosting the efficiency of predators. Therefore, my objective was to evaluate the effects of plant and animal diets on biological parameters of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). This predator that is a natural enemy of mites was reared on plant pollens (maize (Zea mays L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), offered alone, and in combination with the prey mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Results showed that N. cucumeris fed, developed and reproduced better when it was provided with plant and animal diets together, compared to pollens offered alone. The predator showed the most efficient capability for completion of life parameters (development, survival, fecundity, oviposition, longevity and instantaneous rate of increase) with maize and mungbean ingested pollens in combination with T. putrescentiae. The least competency was observed on cucumber and rose pollens used separately. The lowest developmental time of the predator from neonate larva to adult emergence, the highest immature survivorship, higher fecundity, long oviposition period, and the highest adult female's life span were observed when offered maize pollens along with T. putrescentiae compared to other treatments. Accordingly, the instantaneous rate of population increase (ri) day?1 was surpassed by N. cucumeris for the combination of pollen and T. putrescentiae diets than pollens utilized alone. It is determined that N. cucumeris can reproduce and develop more successfully on a food complex consisting of pollen and animal diets than any single diet. These findings reveal that pollen can be used by N. cucumeris as a suitable alternative food in periods when prey in the field is sparse or absent. Moreover, such propensity of predators to feed on food from plant origin increases their survival during periods when prey is locally scarce, but natural enemies might occur at the expense of an ability to utilize food as efficiently as specialized predators to boost the management strategies of pest species in field's ecosystem. 相似文献
10.
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the impact of insecticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot is crucial for IPM. This study evaluates the effect of thiamethoxam on T. urticae and its predator by considering different routes of exposure (topical, residual and contaminated food exposures) and their combinations. RESULTS: Thiamethoxam effects on T. urticae were higher when residual and contaminated food exposures were considered. The total effect was higher than 90% where contaminated food exposure was involved. On P. persimilis, the total effect was higher in residual and contaminated prey exposures compared with topical exposure, and all combinations of routes of exposure attained a total effect higher than 90%. CONCLUSION: Thiamethoxam was found to be toxic to T. urticae and P. persimilis; however, the impact of the insecticide depended on the routes of exposure and their combinations. Lethal and sublethal effects occurred in residual and contaminated food exposures, while only sublethal effects occurred in topical exposure of predators and prey. The toxicity of thiamethoxam on prey and predator increased with the number of exposure routes involved. By limiting exposure to thiamethoxam to ingestion of contaminated food only, the impact of the pesticide was more favourable to P. persimilis than to its prey. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
11.
斯氏钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨若螨的捕食作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在5个恒温条件下研究了斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot)不同螨态对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)若螨的功能反应.结果表明,在供试温度下,斯氏钝绥螨不同螨态对朱砂叶螨若螨的功能反应均属于Holling Ⅱ型.在相同猎物密度条件下,斯氏钝绥螨的捕食量随着自身密度的增加而下降,在16～28℃之间,随着温度升高斯氏钝绥螨对朱砂叶螨的捕食量增加、搜寻效应增强.斯氏钝绥螨的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低,捕食作用率与其自身密度的关系为E=0.330P-0.572. 相似文献
12.
G. J. Stathas 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(5):113-116
Morphological characteristics of immature developmental stages of Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Col.: Coccinellidae), predator of scale insects of the family Diaspididae (Homoptera), are described. Data about the morphology of eggs, the four larval instars, and the pupa is presented. Larval instars are described in more detail: size of head capsule, length of tibia, distribution of dorsal and lateral setae of abdomen segments for each larval instar is reported. Distribution of spiracles is also given. Study on the biology concerns the influence of prey on the duration of instar periods. The diaspidids Aspidiotus nerii and Aonidiella aurantii were used as food. The mean duration of the developmental period from egg to adult was 27.1 days, and no mortality was observed (0%) when A. nerii was used as prey. The respective numbers when the prey was A. aurantii were 48.8 days and 84%. 相似文献
13.
G. J. Stathas 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,45(4):113-116
Morphological characteristics of immature developmental stages of Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Col.: Coccinellidae), predator of scale insects of the family Diaspididae (Homoptera), are described. Data about the morphology of eggs, the four larval instars, and the pupa is presented. Larval instars are described in more detail: size of head capsule, length of tibia, distribution of dorsal and lateral setae of abdomen segments for each larval instar is reported. Distribution of spiracles is also given. Study on the biology concerns the influence of prey on the duration of instar periods. The diaspidids Aspidiotus nerii and Aonidiella aurantii were used as food. The mean duration of the developmental period from egg to adult was 27.1 days, and no mortality was observed (0%) when A. nerii was used as prey. The respective numbers when the prey was A. aurantii were 48.8 days and 84%. 相似文献
14.
The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera. 相似文献
15.
The present work aimed to study the effects of high constant and alternating temperatures on the development and prey consumption by Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Het., Miridae) with Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) as prey.Results showed that the predator was able to successfully develop and reach the adult stage, on average, after 20.1 () and 20.6 () days at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C with A. gossypii as prey. On the other hand, it was not able to develop at 35 ± 1 °C, here all N1 instars used at the beginning of the experiments had died even before moulting to N2 instar. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predator reached the adult stage 23.7 () and 23.5 () days after egg hatching, whereas when the temperatures were increased to 35/22 ± 1 °C, it took a significantly shorter period: 20.6 () and 20.9 () days. In general, the highest mortality occurred during the first two nymphal instars. The total percentage mortality during development from N1 to adult stage was 30 % and 100 % at the constant temperatures 30 ± 1 °C and 35 ± 1 °C, respectively. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, it was lowest with 16.5 %, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C, it was 20 %.The results of the experiments on prey consumption showed that an individual D. tamaninii consumed during its development to adult stage at 30 ± 1 °C an average of 442.2 (), 433.6 () aphids. At the constant temperature of 35 ± 1 °C, the average daily prey consumption started with 4 aphids and decreased continuously till it approached nil on the 9th day, where all predatory nymphs died. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the total prey consumption during development was, on average, 359.3 () and 297.0 () aphids, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C it was 348.5 () and 334.0 () aphids. The effect of the four temperatures on the prey consumption by D. tamaninii during the first 10 days after emergence was also studied. At a constant temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, a total of 446.4 () and 372.0 () aphids were consumed, compared to 40.6 () and 39.0 () at 35 ± 1 °C. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predatory adult consumed, on average, a total of 267.0 () and 207.0 () aphids. Increasing the temperature to 35/22 ± 1 °C resulted in a higher prey consumption by the adult predator, reaching 351.5 () and 267.7 () aphids over the same period.In conclusion, results indicated that D. tamaninii is a promising predator of the melon aphid at a temperature spectrum ranging from 15 ± 1 °C up to 35 ± 1 °C. 相似文献
16.
Colomer I Aguado P Medina P Heredia RM Fereres A Belda JE Viñuela E 《Pest management science》2011,67(10):1237-1244
BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
Faten M. Momen Abd-Elsatar M. Metwally Abd Elrady K. Nasr Awad A. Abdallah Khaled M. Saleh 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(1):23-30
The influence of four eriophyid mite species as prey, Aceria dioscoridis, Aceria olivi, Aculops lycopersici and Cisaberoptus kenyae, on the biology and demographic parameters of the predatory mite Proprioseiopsis badri, was studied under laboratory conditions. Feeding on A. dioscoridis and A. olivi enhanced the development of P. badri, resulted in the longest mean generation time and were the most suitable foods for the oviposition of the predator, as exhibited by the highest fecundity, net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rate. Preying on A. lycopersici gave the lowest fecundity, net and gross reproductive rates and finite rate of increase; therefore, this prey was the least suitable for the oviposition of P. badri. Preying on A. dioscoridis and A. olivi produced higher intrinsic rates of increase, reproduction rates and finite rates of increase for the predator in comparison with A. lycopersici and C. kenyae, which had the lowest value. These differences in response to various eriophyid pests should be considered for the production of healthy cultures of P. badri. 相似文献
18.
Diets consisting of leaves of cotton and/or water were insufficient to promote the complete development and survival of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) to the adult stage. However, nymphs fed leaves lived longer than those provided with only water. Addition of Alabama argillacea (Huebner) larvae to the diet of P. nigrispinus added a substantial increment to the survival during the nymphal stage. The addition of cotton leaves to the diet of P. nigrispinus nymphs promoted an increase in the weight of newly eclosed adults, independent of predator sex. In addition, diets supplemented with cotton leaves promoted an increase in the duration of the oviposition period, the number of egg clutches per female, and the number of eggs per female. No effects were noted on either the duration of the pre-oviposition period, the number of eggs of the first clutch, the number of eggs per clutch, the interval between egg clutches, or sex ratio. Feeding on plant material by P. nigrispinus is a potentially positive attribute in biological control against cotton leafworm. 相似文献
19.
20.
为了研究不同寄主上大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)幼虫对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)卵的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应,在室内条件下评估了大草蛉捕食功能反应模型,并研究了大草蛉3龄幼虫对棉花、烟草和辣椒上烟粉虱卵的搜寻效应和控害潜能。结果显示,在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高,在烟草、棉花、辣椒上的捕食量分别为7.6~28.4、5.4~23.2、6.0~18.8粒;3种寄主植物上的大草蛉捕食功能反应均拟合Holling II、III功能反应模型;在烟草上大草蛉的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.470,处理时间最短,为0.021;在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而下降,当猎物密度相同时,在烟草上的搜寻效应高于棉花和辣椒。研究表明,不同寄主植物能够影响大草蛉3龄幼虫对烟粉虱卵的瞬间攻击率及其搜寻效应。 相似文献