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1.
Aflatoxin in a Swedish grain sample   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
So far aflatoxin has not been detected in crops grown in Sweden but only in imported feedstuffs or in feed mixtures containing imported products. During the survey for other mycotoxins in Swedish crops a compound was detected in oats which, by further analysis, was identified as aflatoxin B1. Quantitative evaluation showed concentrations as high as 2.6 ppm. The fungal population in this highly contaminated sample consisted almost entirely of Aspergillus flavus.  相似文献   

2.
The formation of zearalenone in a maize plot artificially infected with Fusarium culmorum was studied. The zearalenone concentration steeply increased only in the 8th week after inoculation and reached a maximum value of ca. 7 ppm, whereas zearalenone could not be detected in the control variants. The crude nutrient and dry matter content was not significantly influenced by the fungal infection. The infected crop showed average ear dry weights distinctly lower than that of the control variants (P less than or equal to 0.001). Apart from zearalenone, the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was qualitatively detected in the infected maize. The toxicological relevance of the ascertained zearalenone content with regard to the health of dairy cattle and pigs was discussed.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of silaging on zearalenone already formed and on the growth of Fusarium culmorum in naturally contaminated CCM maize was studied. The zearalenone content remained approximately constant (13.35 +/- 2.94 mg/kg, n = 59) over the whole test period (12 weeks), whereas Fusarium culmorum could not longer be detected after 11 days. Thus the hypothesis that zearalenone survives the silaging process unchanged is experimentally strongly supported. The study confirms the view that zearalenone detected in maize silages is probably already formed in the field or during intermediate storing. Relations between the fermentation process and the toxin content of the silage could not be ascertained.  相似文献   

4.
Bioactivation of zearalenone by porcine hepatic biotransformation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a resorcylic acid lactone derivative produced by various Fusarium species that are widely found in food and feeds. The structure of zearalenone is flexible enough to allow a conformation able to bind to mammalian oestrogen receptors, where it acts as an agonist. Using oestrogen-dependent Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) cells, the oestrogenic activity of zearalenone and its derivatives were compared using 17 beta-oestradiol as a positive control. The results obtained demonstrate that the oestrogenic potency of ZEA derivatives could be ranked in the following order: alpha-zearalenol > alpha-zearalanol > zearalenone > beta-zearalenol. Since pigs have been reported to be among the most sensitive animal species, biotransformation studies with pig liver subcellular fractions were conducted. These studies indicated that alpha-zearalenol is the main hepatic metabolite of zearalenone in pigs, and it is assumed that 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogeneases are involved in the hepatic biotransformation, since the formation of alpha-zearalenol and beta-zearalenol could be inhibited by prototypic substrates for either enzyme. The bioactivation of ZEA into the more active alpha-zearalenol seems to provide a possible explanation for the observed high sensitivity of pigs towards feeding-stuffs contaminated with the mycotoxin.  相似文献   

5.
牛伊宁  南志标 《草业科学》2012,29(9):1422-1427
针对陇东黄土高原作物-家畜系统中家畜饲草质量和供给数量不足的现状,对饲草作物的生产力进行了研究。试验种植了8种饲草作物包括饲料玉米（Zea mays)、苏丹草（Sorghum sudanense)、湖南稷子(Echinochloa crusgalli var.frumentacea )、谷子(Setaria italica)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa cv.6625 )、燕麦（Avena sativa）和多年生饲草紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）,以及玉米、高粱和谷子混合后种植的和草（当地传统的饲草作物,是家畜的主要饲草来源,以收获植物营养体为主）。饲草作物采用轮作序列：玉米－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（MVO）、苏丹草－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（SVO）、湖南稷子－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（PVO）、谷子－箭筈豌豆－和草轮作（MVM）和多年生苜蓿连作。结果表明,玉米的产量最高,达到9.5 t·hm-2·a-1,苏丹草（5.8 t·hm-2·a-1）次之,燕麦（5.4 t·hm-2·a-1）和湖南稷子（4.0 t·hm-2·a-1）的产量依次降低,谷子的产量是3.7 t·hm-2·a-1,苜蓿为3.4 t·hm-2·a-1,和草的产量最低,是2.1 t·hm-2·a-1;轮作系统中,产量顺序依次为MVO轮作系统（7.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞SVO轮作系统（5.6 t·hm-2·a-1）＞PVO轮作系统（4.8 t·hm-2·a-1）＞苜蓿（3.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞MVM轮作系统（2.9 t·hm-2·a-1）。在生产实践中,春季饲草作物饲料玉米、苏丹草和湖南稷子适合在当地生长,夏季饲草作物燕麦在当地表现良好,值得大面积推广种植。  相似文献   

6.
Background: The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1),zearalenone(ZEN) and deoxynivalenol(DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods: A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble(DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed(powder), 90 pig complete feed(pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results: The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion: The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.  相似文献   

7.
At the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office risk analyses are conducted according to international standards. A risk analysis contains the elements risk management, risk assessment and risk communication. A risk assessment is based on risk profile, hazard identification and a pathway model. All available information is gathered, documented and assessed and the risk estimated. The question. "What is the probability that unprocessed wild boar meat imported to Switzerland from the federal state Mecklenburg Western Pommerania is contaminated with classical swine fever virus?" was answered by a release assessment. The hazard identification recognized classical swine fever virus and attenuated live virus vaccine used for oral immunization as hazards. The probability of contamination was estimated to be small. The question: "What is the likelihood to introduce Aujeszky's disease to Switzerland and infect the indigenous pig population with the disease, by means of importing pork and meat products?" was answered by assessing the release, exposure and resulting consequences. The risk of an infection of the indigenous pig population was estimated to be very small, as 80% of the imported products derive from countries or zones free from Aujeszky's disease. Furthermore the majority of the imported products are processed. The strict implementation of the regulations governing feeding of food wastes to pigs reduces the probability of exposure. In all assessments the risk management decides on a strategy to deal with the risk, taking into consideration the results and recommendations derived from the risk assessment as well as other relevant factors.  相似文献   

8.
Zearalenone intoxication of pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Mycotoxicosis due to ingestion of zearalenone was detected on 2 pig farms on the Atherton Tableland in northern Queensland. In one herd of 200 pigs, this resulted from feeding maize which had been stored with a high moisture content. In the other herd of 1400 pigs, it resulted from feeding sorghum grain which was rain affected before harvest. Concentrations of zearalenone in the feeds ranged up to 8 mg/kg. Most prepubertal gilts in the herds displayed enlarged teats and signs of oestrus such as having red, swollen vulvas. In several cases both rectal and vaginal prolapses occurred. On one of the farms, 25 pigs died as a direct result of prolapses. Autopsy of a 3-month-old gilt revealed apparently enlarged ovaries and uterine horns. Sows and boars seemed to be unaffected. Four gilts failed to conceive following mating during the period of zearalenone ingestion, but apart from this and the deaths from prolapses, production of the herds appeared to be unaffected.  相似文献   

9.
真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料中生长所产生的代谢产物,这些低分子质量化合物既是天然存在的,同时也是无法避免的。真菌通过两种途径进入食物链,一方面可以直接从受真菌毒素污染的植物性食品成分进入食物链;另一方面也可以通过食物中产毒真菌生长的间接污染进入食物链。真菌毒素广泛存在于成熟的玉米、谷物、大豆、高粱、花生和饲料作物中。食用受真菌毒素污染的食物或饲料会对人和动物造成急性或慢性毒性。真菌毒素除了有直接食用受霉菌毒素污染的食物和饲料造成的不良影响外,还有因为摄入动物源性食品,如肉类、牛奶或鸡蛋,含有真菌毒素的残留物或代谢物而引起的公众健康问题。目前虽然已经鉴定出超过400种真菌毒素,但食物中广泛存在的6种毒素：黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、呕吐毒素及T-2毒素,已在世界范围内引发了持续的食品安全问题。该论文总结了6种真菌毒素的毒性,重点分析了近年来电化学生物传感器在这几种真菌毒素检测中的研究进展,旨在通过一系列的总结分析去展望其在真菌毒素检测方面的发展前景。  相似文献   

10.
Zearalenone--undesirable substances in feed   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The main arguments, discussed by different international organizations, which confirm the significance of problems connected with the presence of zearalenone in animal feed materials and their influence on the safety of food materials are shown in this review article. The main world research trends focused on zearalenone, as undesirable substances, are also presented. A variety of Fusarium fungi produce a number of different mycotoxins, for example zearalenone. Is not true that Fusarium fungi are they the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi only in the northern temperate regions, are also commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia. Zearalenone have been shown to cause a variety of toxic effects in both experimental animals and livestock, and have also been suspected of causing toxicity in humans. Zearalenone is a stable compound, both during storage/milling and the processing/cooking of food, and it does not degrade at high temperatures. Studies of metabolism indicate that zearalenone is fairly rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with the formation of alpha- and beta-zearalenol and alpha- and alpha-zearalanol, which are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. This mycotoxin and some of these metabolites have been shown to competitively bind to estrogen receptors in a number of in vitro systems. Binding to specific receptors has been demonstrated in the uterus, mammary gland, liver and hypothalamus of different species. Additionaly alterations of immunological parameters were found at high zearalenone concentrations in vitro. Zearalenone causes alterations in the reproductive tract of laboratory animals and domestic animals. Various estrogenic effects such as decreased fertility, increased embryolethal resorptions, reduced litter size, changed weight of adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands and change in serum levels of progesterone and estradiol have been observed, and teratogenic effects were found in pigs and sheep. It may be that the safety of zearalenone could be evaluated on the basis of the dose which had no hormonal effects in pigs, the most sensitive species, and a temporary Tolerable Daily Intake for zearalenone of 0.2 microgram/kg of body weight, could be established.  相似文献   

11.
A dose response study was carried out with piglets to examine the effects of increasing amounts of Fusarium toxins in the diet on performance, clinical serum characteristics, organ weights and residues of zearalenone (ZON) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites in body fluids and tissues. For this purpose, Fusarium toxin contaminated maize (1.2 mg ZON and 8.6 mg DON per kg maize) was incorporated into a maize based diet for piglets at 0, 6, 12.5, 25 and 50% at the expense of control maize. The experimental diets were tested on 100 female piglets allotted to 20 boxes (five animals per box) covering a body weight range of 12.4 +/- 2.2 kg to 32.5 +/- 5.6 kg. Voluntary feed intake and, consequently, body weight gain of the animals receiving the highest proportion of Fusarium toxin contaminated maize were significantly decreased while the feed conversion ratio was not affected by the treatment. The mean weight of the uterus related to the body weight of the animals of the same group was increased by almost 100% as compared to the control. For this group, significantly decreased values of total serum protein were determined, while the serum activity of the liver enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase and the serum concentration of the follicle stimulating hormone were decreased for all treatment groups receiving 6% contaminated maize or more in the diet. Serum concentrations of immuneglobulins were not consistently altered by the treatment. Corresponding to the dietary exposure, increasing concentrations of ZON and alpha-zearalenol were detected in the bile fluid, liver and in pooled urine samples. The metabolite beta-zearalenol was detected only in bile fluid. The total concentration of ZON plus its metabolites in bile fluid correlated well with the diet contamination (r = 0.844). DON was found in serum, bile fluid and pooled urine samples while de-epoxy-DON was detected only in urine. The serum concentration of DON correlated well with the respective toxin intake 3-4 h prior to slaughtering (r = 0.957). For all mentioned analyses of residues it has to be noted that toxin residues were detectable even if negligible concentrations were present in the diet.  相似文献   

12.
The levels of selected mycotoxins and mold contamination of Ontario field-dried hay from 10 performance horse farms were examined. The farm owner, trainer or manager was questioned regarding their opinion of the quality of the hay. Half of the hay sampled showed potentially significant levels of mycotoxins, mold and actinomycete contamination. Subjective opinion did not correlate to objective analysis. Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), T 2 toxin and zearalenone were measured with vomitoxin present in the highest amounts. Vomitoxin is among the mycotoxins most frequently found as contaminants in cereal crops, in temperate climates, in North America. It can be concluded that the levels found in this study could potentially have an influence on the health of horses consuming such hay.  相似文献   

13.
A radioactive contamination monitoring system of the Czechoslovak Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food is described, including measuring and calibration methods and the monitoring results. Cesium contamination higher than the international derived intervention level was found only in game. The reasons were as follows: uncultivated green fields, forest herbage and needle-leaves are sufficient sources of game contamination; there exist evident differences between continuous ingestion of contaminated or mixed feed with respect to the cesium contamination of tissues.  相似文献   

14.
Dioxins represent a group of undesired substances that may contaminate feedstuffs. Due to their persistency in the environment it can be expected that feed contamination by dioxins will occur in the future, too. Therefore efforts in agriculture and in the feed industry have to be focussed on measures that minimize the dioxin contamination of feedstuffs, especially under the aspects of food safety. Several dioxin scandals in the past have contributed to a higher awareness in feed production as well as on the side of food consumers and administration resulting in changes of feed legislation (implementation of maximum levels of dioxins in feed and food). Some of the dioxin scandals enlarged the knowledge concerning the potential ways dioxins entering the food chain (for example dioxin contamination during the drying process of grass meal, recycling of contaminated oils, use of contaminated kaolinit a.s.o.). In difference to those accidents in feed producing agriculture there is a main influence of potential soil contamination on the dioxin contents in feedstuffs (like roughage). Producing roughage (green fodder, silage, hay) on areas with grass land by grazing animals can result in corresponding consumption of soil that contaminates the green fodder. Intending a lowest feed contamination by dioxins implies that the soil contamination is known. Depending on the rate of soil contamination farmers should decide on the kind of feed production and on the techniques of harvesting the fodder. For example it is possible to produce maize (whole plant in high cut technique) without higher dioxin contents in maize silage, on the other hand it can not be recommended to use contaminated fields for growing beets or by grazing ruminants, pigs or poultry (outdoor systems). In general during the harvesting process technical measures have to be chosen that reduce/minimize the soil contamination because the dioxin concentration in the soil of exposed areas is much more higher than the dioxin concentration within the feedstuffs. The high costs of dioxin analyses limit an implementation of a monitoring program including samples of soil and feedstuffs of each feed producing unit or individual farms. Therefore it is necessary to focus the monitoring efforts on areas and samples that let expect a higher risk of dioxin contamination. New screening tests should be developed and implemented that allow a higher frequency and density of control measures concerning dioxin. In the case of suspicious findings only those samples could be analysed by the classic chemical procedure (time consuming, high costs). Especially in cases of food contamination (for example detected in monitoring programs of the food industry) it is necessary to find out the way and cause, not neglecting the potential role of the contaminated soil. Last but not least it is recommended to inform the public continuously about levels of dioxins that are actually found in food as well as in feed (and soils), especially on behalf of the consumers confidence in food and feed control and its related administration. Continuous information will increase the consumers understanding that there is (and will be for further years) a background contamination of feed and food in general (that decreased markedly in the last decades), and that cases of detected higher dioxin levels are exceptional findings that result immediately in efforts of the food and feed industry to obstruct the way that enabled an entering to the food chain.  相似文献   

15.
Concentration profile of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces samples of horses fed with Fusarium toxin–contaminated oats is described. In plasma, β‐zearalenol (β‐ZOL) was detected at high levels on day 10 of the study (3.21–6.24 μg/l). β‐Zearalenol and α‐zearalenol were the major metabolites in urine. Zearalenone, α‐ZOL and β‐ZOL were predominantly found in faeces. Zearalanone could also be detected in urine (1.34–5.79 μg/l) and faeces (1 μg/kg). The degree of glucuronidation was established in all sample types, approximately 100% in urine and plasma. Low per cent of glucuronidation (4–15%) was found in faeces samples. The results indicate the main conversion of ZON into β‐ZOL in horse. This finding could explain why horse is not susceptible to ZON in comparison with swine which produce α‐ZOL as a predominant metabolite.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study is to assess the risk of contamination by Salmonella Typhimurium of pigs by nose-to-nose contact or the airborne route. Thirty twelve-week-old SPF pigs were divided into 4 groups housed in 4 different rooms: the first room contained Salmonella-free control pigs (n = 4), the second room had 10(3) CFU S. Typhimurium inoculated pigs (n = 5) and non-inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4), the third room had pigs (n = 8) receiving potentially contaminated air from the following room through a hole (4 pigs housed in the pen situated near the hole and 4 pigs in the pen at the opposite side of the room), and the fourth room had pigs (n = 5) inoculated with 10(6) CFU Salmonella Typhimurium and also non inoculated "contact" pigs (n = 4). The "contact" and the inoculated pigs were housed in adjacent pens allowing nose-to-nose contact. The 5 pigs orally inoculated with 10(6) CFU S. Typhimurium were bacteriologically and serologically positive 1 week later and their environment was contaminated as early as 1 day pi. The faecal samples of 4 nose-to-nose contact pigs were bacteriologically positive and one of them was seropositive 5 weeks pi before the pigs were commingled. The 8 pigs housed in the third room received S. Typhimurium by an active airflow coming from the contaminated room (1000 m3/hour). Their faecal samples remained negative until 8 weeks pi but the environmental swabs taken in the room close to the airinlet were contaminated 2 days pi and positive swabs were found elsewhere in the room 5 weeks pi. Two seropositive pigs were encountered 8 weeks pi in the pen situated near the hole. Only one among the 5 pigs inoculated with 10(3) CFU had bacteriologically positive faeces 1-week pi and the 4 pigs kept in nose-to-nose contact with them remained negative. A dose of 10(3) CFU was too small to induce persistent excretion and to stimulate a humoral immune response. However, the dose of 10(6) CFU induced contamination of nose-to-nose contact pigs and contamination of the environment by airflow.  相似文献   

17.
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of major concern for public health in industrialised countries. Since L. monocytogenes carriage by pigs at the herd level could be a primary source for carcass contamination, control measures should be designed to reduce the L. monocytogenes load at the pre-harvest stage. For this purpose, an exploratory analytical survey was carried out in 2000-2001 in 93 French farrow-to-finish pig farms concerning L. monocytogenes contamination in pigs before they left for the slaughterhouse. On each farm, the L. monocytogenes status of a batch of contemporary fattening pigs housed in the same room was assessed on faecal material samples taken by means of gauze swabs wiped on the perianal region of the pigs. Fourteen percent of the batches studied had at least one contaminated sample and were therefore classified as L. monocytogenes contaminated batches. Two logistic regression models were used to assess the association between managerial and hygiene practices and the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination of the batch at the end of the finishing period on the whole data set (n = 93) and in the wet feeding farms only (n = 57). Wet feeding during the fattening period was identified as a risk factor for L. monocytogenes contamination. Risk factors related to the introduction of L. monocytogenes in pig facilities were identified for both the general and wet feeding farm data sets. Poor care paid to hygiene on the farms was found to increase the risk of being infected (boots cleaning, change room presence). When the duration of the empty period prior to the introduction of growing pigs was less than one day in the fattening section, the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination was significantly increased. For wet feeding farms, a distribution pipeline cleaning procedure including disinfection was found to be associated with a higher risk of contamination than no cleaning or a procedure consisting of rinsing with water only.  相似文献   

18.
Mycotoxins may be present in feeds without any visible signs of mould contamination. There is a need for rapid and accurate measurement of mycotoxins for purposes of continual monitoring and identification of high risk commodities. Samples from commercial chicken feed (maize kernels), cattle feed (lucerne, grass and hay) and milk were analysed for the presence of certain mycotoxins and cultured for fungi. Results of fungal profiles showed that most samples were contaminated by moulds belonging to the genera, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor, Phoma and Rhizopus. All the chicken feed samples tested contained mycotoxins either below the recommended safe levels for poultry or below the detection limits of the ELISA tests. However, samples of grass contained levels of zearalenone greater than the allowable concentration for dairy and beef cattle (250 ppm), which may be linked to the presence of Fusarium scirpi identified in the fungal profiles. The levels of AFMI were below the detection limits of the ELISA tests, which may be attributed to the low levels of aflatoxins found in the feed (grass) samples. The presence of the fungus in samples analysed is not evidence for the presence of mycotoxins.  相似文献   

19.

Background

The impact of salmonella contaminated feed ingredients on the risk for spreading salmonella to pigs was assessed in response to two incidences when salmonella was spread by feed from two feed mills to 78 swine producing herds.

Methods

The assessment was based on results from the salmonella surveillance of feed ingredients before introduction to feed mills and from HACCP - based surveillance of the feed mills. Results from the mills of the Company (A) that produced the salmonella contaminated feed, were by the Chi. Square test compared to the results from all the other (B - E) feed producers registered in Sweden. Isolated serovars were compared to serovars from human cases of salmonellosis.

Results

Salmonella (28 serovars) was frequently isolated from imported consignments of soybean meal (14.6%) and rape seed meal (10.0%). Company A largely imported soybean meal from crushing plants with a history of unknown or frequent salmonella contamination. The risk for consignments of vegetable proteins to be salmonella contaminated was 2.4 times (P < 0.0006) larger for A when compared to the mills of the other companies which largely were supplied by soybean meal from a crushing plant with a low risk for salmonella contamination. Also the level of feed mill contamination of salmonella was higher for feed mills belonging to Company A in comparison to the other companies before and also after heat treatment. Four (10.5%) of the 38 serovars isolated from feed ingredients (28) and feed mills (10) were on the EU 2007 top ten list of human cases of salmonellosis and all but eight (78.9%) on a 12 year list (1997-2008) of cases of human salmonellosis in Sweden.

Conclusions

Salmonella contaminated feed ingredients are an important source for introducing salmonella into the feed and food chain. Effective HACCP-based control and associated corrective actions are required to prevent salmonella contamination of feed. Efforts should be taken to prevent salmonella contamination already at the crushing plants. This is challenge for the EU - feed industry due to the fact that 98% of the use of soybean/meal, an essential feed ingredient, is imported from crushing plants of third countries usually with an unknown salmonella status.  相似文献   

20.
Based on pertinent literature and research work performed by the authors, a report is presented on the presence of salmonellas in swine herds and the importance of these organisms as agents of disease in swine and source of infection for human salmonellosis. The share among human cases of salmonellosis which are caused by salmonellas originating from swine is estimated at ca. 20%. It has to be assumed that a very large proportion of swine herds is contaminated by Salmonella. Salmonellas may be introduced through infected pigs (parent animals, pigs from other herds added to the herd) or carriers among other animal species (e.g. rodent pests, birds) as well as by feeding stuffs with primary or secondary contamination. So far, the individual importance of the various routes cannot be reliably assessed. It appears that the level of Salmonella prevalence within a herd essentially depends on the hygienic conditions, the mode of keeping and the management of the animals. Serological examinations of meat juice permit conclusions as to the level of Salmonella contamination in slaughtered pigs. The results can thus be used for programmes to reduce the introduction of salmonellas into the food chain.  相似文献   

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