共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 190 毫秒
1.
《土壤通报》2010,(6)
试验分离鉴定了嫁接茄子的根际真菌,并采用对峙培养法,研究了这些根际真菌对茄子黄萎病菌的作用效果。结果显示,嫁接处理根际真菌的优势种主要是烟曲霉原变种(Aspergillus fumigatus var.fumigatus)、赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)、腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)和土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus);CK则主要是土曲霉(A.terreus)、露湿漆斑菌(Myrothecium roridum)和腐皮镰孢(F.solani)。在所分离的13属17种根际真菌中,烟曲霉原变种(A.fumigatus var.fumigatus)、粘轴霉属(Gliocladium sp.)和瓶霉属(Phialophora sp.)真菌对黄萎菌的拮抗作用最强。此外,黄暗青霉菌(Penicillium citreonigrum)、土曲霉(A.terreus)、枝顶孢属(Acremonium sp.)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)和弯孢属(Curvulariasp.)真菌对黄萎菌也表现出了较强的抑制作用。各嫁接处理根际真菌的优势种均包括对黄萎病菌有高拮抗作用的烟曲霉原变种,这可能与嫁接茄比自根茄抗病性强有关。 相似文献
2.
两株土壤分离菌的解磷能力及对玉米的促生作用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
从植物根际的土壤样品中分离筛选出两株高效解磷细菌P_9和P_(28),分别被鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌和产气肠杆菌.研究了不同环境条件对解磷能力的影响,结果表明,P_(28)耐 3%NaCl(w/v,下同)、28℃是两菌的最适温度、在初始pH 5.5～10.0条件下培养时能够高效溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2.盆栽试验结果表明,单接种、双接种解磷菌处理的玉米株高、植株干重和磷含量显著高于不接菌对照;单接种P_9处理的玉米明显强于单接种P_(28)处理;将有机肥(M)和磷矿石(RP)作为载体和解磷菌一同混合施入土壤的处理,玉米苗干重,磷含量较单施解磷菌显著增加. 相似文献
3.
温度和初始接种量对南方根结线虫侵染力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在棚室盆栽条件下,研究了南方根结线虫在不同温度、不同蔬菜寄主及不同初始接种密度下的症状表现。结果表明,5—9月,气温在22.17~27.61℃之间,南方根结线虫在黄瓜上最短3 d出现明显症状;1—4月和10—12月,气温在15.38~18.67℃之间,15 d出现明显症状,显症时间延迟,发病程度受到抑制。15种感病蔬菜寄主中,以西瓜、甜瓜、苦瓜、黄瓜、南瓜、西葫芦和小青菜症状表现时间比较短,10 d以内表现症状;番茄、豇豆、茄子和甘蓝症状表现时间比较长,15 d出现症状;而韭菜和葱30 d仍未出现明显症状。南方根结线虫对6种蔬菜(黄瓜、番茄、茄子、小青菜、辣椒、韭菜)的侵染能力存在显著差异,黄瓜和番茄的根结百分率、根际二龄幼虫数、雌成虫数和卵块数显著高于茄子、小青菜、辣椒和韭菜。随着二龄幼虫接种密度的增加,番茄感病症状表现时间缩短,相应的病情指数也在增加,在接种量为80头·100g-1(土)时,4 d出现明显症状。接种量为160头·100g-1(土)时超过其饱和数量,发病率和病情指数增加不明显。 相似文献
4.
根结线虫接种对黄瓜植株根际土壤pH和微生物的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
通过人工接种不同数量的根结线虫卵,测定了黄瓜植株根际土壤的pH和微生物数量。结果表明,随接种数量的增加,根际土壤好气性细菌数量、厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数及细菌/真菌(B/F)逐渐降低;真菌数量却逐渐升高;放线菌数量在接种量为2000个·株-1时显著升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低;放线菌/真菌(A/F)在接种量为2000个·株-1时略有升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低。接种根结线虫后,黄瓜植株根际土壤中好气性细菌数量和B/F值与pH呈显著正相关,厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数、放线菌数量以及A/F值与pH呈极显著正相关,真菌数量与pH呈显著负相关。根结线虫侵染黄瓜植株导致根际土壤发生"真菌化",显示土壤质量下降。 相似文献
5.
6.
采用 3种不同的培养基从马铃薯根际土壤和叶片中共分离出 78株细菌,优势菌属是 Pantoea,占菌株总数的 55.13%。马铃薯根际土采用 R2A培养基(27株优势菌,13个菌属)分离的细菌多样性相对较好,阿须贝培养基(31株优势菌,9个菌属)次之,土壤浸提液培养基(1株优势菌,1个菌属)最少;马铃薯叶片内生菌用阿须贝培养基(19株优势菌,3个菌属)分离的细菌多样性较差。采用 Salkowski比色液显色法定量测定菌株产 IAA能力,结果表明有 58株细菌具有分泌 IAA的能力,占测定菌株总数的 74.36%,从马铃薯根际土(42株优势菌,13个菌属)筛选的产 IAA菌数量及细菌多样性均高于马铃薯叶片内生菌(16株优势菌,2个菌属)。根据菌株产IAA能力强弱和分离部位及分离培养基的差异,选择 7株产 IAA菌进行促生特性和马铃薯盆栽幼苗促生能力等研究,结果显示:有 6株产 IAA菌具有 ACC脱氨酶能力,1株产 IAA菌具有溶解无机磷能力,2株产 IAA菌具有溶解有机磷能力;两轮温室促生实验结果显示,菌株 Pantoeasp.MLS-34-25对马铃薯幼苗具有明显的促生作用,是生产微生物肥料的潜在菌种。 相似文献
7.
不同有机物料对连作大豆根际土壤线虫的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨大豆连作体系下农业废弃物为主的不同有机物料对根际土壤线虫的影响,选用6种不同有机物料,设正茬和连作两种处理进行对比分析根际土壤线虫群落差异。结果表明:土壤线虫中重要的优势属和关键属种cp值均为3,说明其繁殖和抗干扰能力比较强。连作7年后根际土壤线虫营养类群中杂食-捕食性线虫相对丰度下降明显,植物寄生线虫相对丰度显著提高,食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫丰度略有提高;相较单施化肥(CK)处理,添加有机物料明显抑制连作大豆根际土壤中植物寄生线虫的大量增长,不同施肥处理效果分别为:猪粪秸秆菌渣牧草鸡粪黄腐酸生物有机肥CK,与正茬相比,各连作处理依次增长6.48%、15.34%、15.98%、18.51%、24.35%、26.33%和27.4%。土壤线虫的生态指数较CK相比也有明显改善。土壤线虫对肥料的响应取决于作物及肥料的质量和养分含量;土壤线虫优势营养类群、优势属种和关键属种可以有效地指示农业土壤健康状况和大豆田间线虫病害的发生程度。 相似文献
8.
[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。 相似文献
9.
藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫群落对围封及自由放牧的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解放牧干扰对藏北高寒草甸的影响,以及连续围封措施对草地的恢复作用,2013—2015年连续3年对那曲县围封、自由放牧天然高寒草甸土壤线虫群落进行取样调查及数据分析。结果表明:围封、放牧样地的线虫个体数量在年际间的变化均较明显,植食性线虫是整个线虫群落个体数量变化的主要贡献者;围封样地的线虫个体密度、多样性指数H′、丰富度指数SR,以及优势度指数λ的年际变化幅度均大于放牧样地;食细菌性线虫个体数量及线虫通路比值(NCR)表明放牧样地的有机质转化效率高于围封样地;成熟度指数(MI)、植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)分析表明,所研究区域经5年围封,高寒草甸生态系统稳定性没有明显的提高,相反,现有放牧强度维持或者增加了线虫群落的物种多样性,利于物种共存和草地生态系统稳定性的维持。 相似文献
10.
间作小麦和接种AM真菌协同提高蚕豆抗枯萎病能力和根际微生物碳代谢活性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
11.
盆栽试验研究连作对茄子苗期生长的影响结果表明 ,生长初期 4 5d内重茬茄苗株高、叶面积、主根长和总根长明显低于正茬 ,导致茄苗地上部、地下部鲜物质量分别比正茬减少 33 2 %和 30 2 % ,且重茬茄苗随苗龄的增加其根结线虫危害加重。对重茬土壤消毒虽消除线虫的危害 ,但未完全改善重茬茄苗生长状况 ,且播种后 7d重茬土壤茄子出苗率比正茬低 15 % ,表明茄子连作障碍是土传病虫害和化感物质共同作用的结果。通过水培收集的根系分泌物 ,随添加量的增加而对茄子胚根、胚芽生长的抑制作用增强 ,表明化感作用是茄子连作障碍的重要因子之一。 相似文献
12.
Housam Kanaan Yitzhak Hadar Shlomit Medina Arkady Krasnovsky Sara Mordechai-Lebiush Leah Tsror 《Compost science & utilization》2018,26(2):71-78
Several composts were tested for their capacity to moderate the effect of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (VCG B4, VD) on eggplant (Solanum melongena) under greenhouse conditions. Eggplants plantlets were inoculated by immersing their roots in conidial suspension and then planted in pots filled with mixtures of compost or peat moss, mixed with perlite. Six composts and peat moss mixtures were tested, of which tomato waste compost suppressed V. dahliae, and turkey litter compost partially suppressed it. Reduced levels of symptoms and lower fungal colonization were detected in the xylem of eggplants planted in tomato waste compost, and these plants accumulated more dry matter and had higher chlorophyll content compared to other media. However, survival of conidia in tomato waste compost showed only a moderate decrease compared with a sharp decrease in other media, suggesting that conidial eradication cannot be proposed as the suppressiveness mechanism. γ irradiation of tomato waste compost and peat at 2.5 Mrad reduced microorganism density by four orders of magnitude, but irradiation of tomato waste compost did not reduce its suppressiveness of V. dahliae. Composts properties affected progress rate of VD in the xylem tissue of eggplant seedling. These properties could indicate both biotic and abiotic factors affecting the process. 相似文献
13.
Plant‐pathogenic nematodes are a major cause of crop damage worldwide, the current chemical nematicides cause environmental damage, but alternatives such as biological control are less effective, so further understanding of the relationship between nematodes, nematicides, biological control agents and soil and rhizosphere microorganisms is needed. Microbial populations from roots of cabbage and tomato plants infested with the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita were compared with those from plants where the nematode was controlled by the nematicide aldicarb, or a nematophagous fungus with biological control potential, Pochonia chlamydosporia. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were similar in all three treatments for both plants, around 100‐fold more than in control soil in which there were no plants. However, there were clear differences in the catabolic diversity, assessed by Biolog EcoPlate? carbon substrate utilization assays, between microbial populations from unplanted soil and the rhizosphere. In cabbage, a poor host for M. incognita, the rhizosphere population from P. chlamydosporia‐treated plants was distinct from the population from untreated and aldicarb‐treated plants. In tomato, a host susceptible to the nematode, the catabolic diversity of populations from aldicarb‐ and P. chlamydosporia‐treated plants was similar and differed from the untreated, nematode‐infested plants. The genetic diversity of the fast‐growing heterotrophic bacteria in the tomato rhizosphere, indicated by PCR fingerprinting with ERIC primers, was very different in the infested roots, whereas the profiles of isolates from both aldicarb‐ and P. chlamydosporia‐treated roots were similar. Evidently, nematodes have a greater impact on the rhizosphere population of a susceptible host, tomato, than a poor one, cabbage, and nematode‐infested roots are colonized by a different subpopulation of soil microbes from that on plants where infection is controlled, illustrating differences in root morphology and physiology. 相似文献
14.
棉花黄萎病拮抗菌的筛选及其生物防治效果 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
筛选到2株拮抗菌ZJ6和ZJ1并对其进行了鉴定,研究了其在盆钵试验中防治棉花黄萎病的效果,通过PCR的方法扩增了其含有的抗生素合成基因.结果如下:1)根据生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,菌株ZJ6和ZJ1均鉴定为Bacillus subtilis.2)拮抗菌ZJ6和ZJ1与复合有机肥(氨基酸肥料:猪粪堆肥=1:... 相似文献
15.
The ability of Talaromyces flavus to occupy the rhizosphere of potato, cotton and eggplant and to reduce germinability of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia (ms) was investigated. After 2 weeks the germination of microsclerotia of V. dahliae exposed to T. flavus-infested soil was 32–41% less than those exposed to soil that was not infested, depending on the soil type. With a new medium selective for T. flavus, TF medium, it was possible to monitor the populations of T. flavus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Significantly higher populations of T. flavus were found in rhizosphere soils than in non-rhizosphere soils of each of the test plants when T. flavus was applied as an ascospore drench to soil planted to potato, cotton or eggplant. The reduction of viable V. dahliae microsclerotia and the increase in T. flavus populations in rhizosphere soils may explain how T. flavus reduces Verticillium wilt of eggplant; further, it suggests the feasibility of testing the antagonist against V. dahliae on potato and cotton. 相似文献
16.
大豆连作土壤线虫群落结构的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
【目的】由根系活动引起的根际微生态系统的改变,特别是病原生物数量的增加是导致作物产生连作障碍的主要因素。其中,植生性病原线虫的危害是大豆连作障碍产生的重要原因之一。由于植生性病原线虫的存在往往受到其它营养类型线虫的影响,因而从线虫群落结构进行分析,不仅可以更好地反映不同营养类型的线虫之间的相互关系,而且能全面了解土壤的健康状况。本文利用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)等分子生物学的方法,比较短期连作和长期连作线虫群落的差异,揭示长期连作大豆土壤线虫群落的变化规律,理解线虫群落与植物健康的关系,阐明线虫群落的变化在大豆连作障碍中的作用。【方法】首先,基于16sr DNA的T-RFLP指纹图谱,分析土壤中线虫的物种丰富度和不同大小的末端限制性片段(T-RF)的相对丰度。然后,通过构建克隆文库和系统发育树,鉴定T-RF片段对应的线虫种类。最后,利用q PCR,采用绝对定量的方法确定线虫群落的大小。【结果】线虫的物种丰富度随着连作年限的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势。第1年物种丰富度最高,第3年的丰富度显著低于第1年,之后逐渐降低,9年之后保持不变。大豆根际土中共检测到16个TRF,且大多数T-RF能从克隆文库中鉴定。其中,食细菌线虫(Acrobeloides)是最为丰富的线虫种类。在连作2~3年后,植物寄生线虫相对丰度增加,而在连作后期,植物寄生线虫相对丰度减少。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)示,第1年线虫群落与其余年限分开,而第2和第3年聚集较近,而连作9、11和13年后聚集较近。另外,线虫群落结构与p H、土壤有机质(SOM)、速效磷(AP)、细菌数量和真菌数量相关。线虫群落总丰度呈先增后降的趋势,最高值出现在第6年。线虫的基因拷贝数与土壤NH+4和染料木因浓度呈显著正相关,而与NO-3和细菌的基因拷贝数呈显著负相关。【结论】大豆根际土壤中,线虫群落丰度在连作第2~3年下降最为明显,到第6~9年有一定的恢复,但不能完全修复。大豆种植为第一,基线虫属(556 bp)丰度最高。土壤功能正常,连作第2~3年后,摄食性线虫(555 bp、558 bp、560 bp等)丰度增加,线虫浸染机会增加。 相似文献
17.
拮抗菌发酵的生物有机肥对茄子生长和青枯病的防治效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用盆栽试验研究了拮抗菌发酵的生物有机肥(BIO-36和BIO-23)对茄子植株的生长以及青枯病防治效果的影响。结果表明:①苗期茄子植株生长30天时,施用BIO-36和BIO-23的处理鲜重显著增加,尤其BIO-36处理的茄子根系的总长、总表面积和总体积提高8.58倍、2.74倍和16.57倍;②茄子苗移栽35天时,施用BIO-36和BIO-23的处理株高、地上部和地下部生物量都有显著提高,青枯病的发病率低,分别为4.1%和8.3%;③施用BIO-36和BIO-23的处理的茄子根际的真菌数量比对照CK增加了4.1~4.6倍和3.89~4.64倍,放线菌数量增加了3.38~3.78倍和3.08~3.47倍,根际茄科劳尔氏菌的数量分别为1.5×105cfu/g、2.1×105cfu/g,都控制在106cfu/g数量级以下,而对照处理数量级达到了1.23×106cfu/g。施用拮抗菌发酵的生物有机肥能显著促进茄子植株的生长,有效地降低茄子青枯病的发病率。 相似文献
18.
茅苍术间作对连作花生土壤线虫群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以连作10年花生的红壤为基质,分别设置花生单作和花生/茅苍术间作处理,于花生成熟期采集单作花生根际土壤、间作处理花生和茅苍术根际土壤,分析土壤线虫的数量、多样性和群落结构,以揭示茅苍术间作对土壤线虫群落的影响及对花生连作障碍的缓解机制。结果表明,与花生单作相比,间作处理花生的株高、主根长、秸秆干重和荚果干重显著增加(p0.05)。茅苍术间作减少了连作花生土壤线虫的总数,显著提高了花生根际土壤食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和捕食/杂食线虫的相对丰度,降低了植物寄生线虫的相对丰度(p0.05)。与花生单作相比,间作提高了花生根际土壤线虫的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J),而土壤线虫群落的优势度指数(λ)显著降低。间作处理花生根际土壤线虫的瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)和自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)显著升高,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)显著降低,而线虫通道比(NCR)无显著变化。综合分析得出,茅苍术间作可以提高花生连作土壤线虫多样性、优化土壤线虫群落结构,进而增强有益线虫的生态功能、改善花生连作障碍。 相似文献
19.
Deficit irrigation has been widely investigated as a valuable strategy for dry regions where water is the limiting factor in crop cultivation. Soil moisture can be one of the important factors that influence root-knot nematode (RKN) disease development. To determine how different levels of irrigation can affect disease development, irrigation regimes ranging from 20% to full field capacity (FC) were applied to tomato and eggplant plants inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica (M. javanica) under controlled conditions. In addition, in vitro bioassays were done to evaluate the effect of water potential and soil moisture content on M. javanica viability in the soil and reproduction on plant hosts. The relative egg hatching percentage decreased significantly with decreasing water potential from –0.1 to –1 MPa. The use of 80% irrigation level caused minor reductions in growth but significantly reduced nematode infection load. Nematode infection was reduced even further at lower levels of irrigation, however this also led to marked reductions in fresh and dry weights of the tomato and eggplants. Therefore, deficit irrigation could be used at a rate of 80% or 60% of FC to increase water use efficiency and reduce the level of RKN (M. javanica) infection without greatly reducing the growth performance of tomato and eggplant crops. 相似文献
20.
A comparison of microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa in the rhizosphere of different plants 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
B. S. Griffiths 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,9(1):83-88
Summary The biomass of microbial-feeding nematodes and protozoa was measured in the rhizospheres of peas, barley, grass and turnips grown for 10 weeks in pots containing a clay-loam soil; in the rhizospheres of peas and barley grown for 3 weeks in a sandy soil; and in the rhizosphere of barley grown for 11 weeks in an unfertilised and a fertilised clay-loam soil. The nematode biomass was consistently larger in the rhizosphere of all plants in both soils than in the bulk soil, but the protozoa biomass showed a rhizosphere effect only under pea and fertilised barley. The biomass of nematodes in the rhizosphere (1.2–22.3 g dry weight g-1 dry soil) was greater than the biomass of protozoa (0.1–3.2 g g-1), and greater under pea>barley>grass>turnip. It is suggested that nematodes are more able to exploit low bacterial densities than protozoa and that they initially migrate into the rhizosphere from the bulk soil. In samples of potato rhizosphere from field-grown plants, the nematode biomass was also greater than the active and total protozoan biomass. It is argued that in the rhizosphere the biomass of microbially feeding nematodes exceeds that of protozoa and that nematodes are more important in terms of nutrient cycling. 相似文献