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1.
稗草Echinochloa crus-galli作为稻田难以防除的恶性杂草,严重影响水稻产量。为发掘具有防治稻田稗草潜力的生防菌,本研究从江苏、广西、贵州三省采集感病稗草,采用组织分离法获得10株对稗草致病性较强的优势菌株。通过观察优势病原菌的形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS、GAPDH、EF-1α基因片段序列分析确定10株菌分别为新月弯孢Culvularia lunata、尖角突脐蠕孢Exserohilum monoceras、禾长蠕孢菌Setosphaeria rostrata、稻平脐蠕孢Bipolaris oryzae、梭形突脐蠕孢Exserohilum fusiforme、澳大利亚弯孢Curvularia australiensis、双色平脐蠕孢Bipolaris bicolor、高粱附球菌Epicoccum sorghinum、亚隔孢壳属Didymella americana和亚隔孢壳属Didymella pinodella。该研究丰富了稗草病原菌生物资源,为进一步开发稻田生物除草剂提供了新材料。 相似文献
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为发掘具有防治茶园杂草潜力的生防菌，本研究从江苏、浙江和安徽3省共16个茶园采集感病杂草，采用组织分离法分离出病原菌，通过菌饼回接验证获得了44株具有致病力的植物病原菌，从中筛选出了10株致病性较强的优势菌株。利用柯赫氏法则验证优势菌株后，通过观察优势病原菌的形态特征，结合rDNA—ITS基因片段序列分析，确定10株优势菌株分别为平脐蠕孢属的狗尾草平脐蠕孢Bipolaris setariae、链格孢属的链格孢霉Alternaria alternata、弯孢属的间型弯孢Curvularia intermedia和新月弯孢Curvularia lunata、镰刀属的再育镰刀菌Fusarium proliferatum和木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、棒孢属的多主棒孢Corynespora cassiicola和茎点霉属的荸荠茎点霉Didymella bellidis，共6属8种的病原真菌。结合作物安全性问题，木贼镰刀菌、再育镰刀菌、狗尾草平脐蠕孢、间型弯孢和新月弯孢5种病原菌被认为具有开发成防除茶园杂草生物除草剂的较好潜力。 相似文献
3.
为优化生防菌非致病性尖孢镰刀菌菌株FJAT-9290的固体发酵培养基配方,以农业副产物——微生物发酵床养猪垫料和麸皮作为基础培养基,采用单因素试验考察麦粒、蔗糖和硝酸钠对菌株产孢量的影响,通过Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法,建立以产孢量为响应值的多元二次回归模型,确定菌株固体发酵的最优培养基配方。结果表明,建立的模型差异极显著(P0.0001),可以用该模型来拟合试验。菌株FJAT-9290在垫料和麸皮质量比17:3的基础培养基上,其他成分的最佳添加量分别为麦粒39.14%、蔗糖2.97%和硝酸钠0.30%,采用该优化组合的菌株平均产孢量可达2.48×10~8孢子/g。响应面结果也表明,各因素对产孢量的影响结果排序为麦粒蔗糖硝酸钠,其中蔗糖和硝酸钠两因素的交互作用最显著。 相似文献
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5.
禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型（Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh. f. sp. echinochloae,HGE）是一株稗草生防潜力菌,为了获得该生防菌大量孢子用于田间试验,本文研究了其固体发酵产孢最佳培养基配方及其培养条件。通过试验筛选确定了固体发酵培养基所需碳源及其浓度、氮源及其浓度以及底物基质,适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养基最佳组合为：以珍珠岩为底物基质,在其中添加4%米粉、1%豆粕粉、0.2%Na3PO4.12H2O、0.1%MgSO4.7H2O。同时确定了适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养条件：培养基最适含水量为40%,最佳接菌量为8%菌悬液,25℃静置培养11 d,培养期间用黑光灯12 h循环光照。按优化后培养条件放大培养HGE菌,获得最高产孢量可以达到1.5×107孢子·克-1干物质。温室生测结果显示优化条件生产的HGE菌孢子对稗草防效可达80%以上。 相似文献
6.
为明确青海省樱桃叶斑病菌链格孢Alternaria alternata的生物学特性及筛选出对其防效最佳的药剂,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子计数法研究了不同培养条件对该病原菌菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,并用菌丝生长抑制率法对9种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,菌丝生长和产孢的最适培养基分别为马铃薯蔗糖琼脂(PSA)培养基和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基,最适温度为25℃, 最适氮源为蛋白胨,最适碳源分别为肌醇和乳糖,最适pH分别为6~8和6~7,24 h持续黑暗处理更有利于菌丝生长和产孢。9种化学药剂对病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂抑菌效果最好,EC50为1.258 mg/L。该研究结果可为青海省樱桃叶斑病的防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
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由Pilidium lythri引起的草莓褐色叶斑病是在草莓Fragaria×ananassa上发现的一种新病害。病原菌在PDA(马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂)培养基上生长速度慢,产孢量低。为了探讨不同培养基对P.lythri菌丝生长和产孢的影响,筛选适合该病原菌菌丝生长和大量产孢的培养基,本文比较了10种培养基对P.lythri生长和产孢的影响,结果表明,SPDA(添加1.2%草莓果汁的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂)培养基可以促进P.lythri菌丝生长;CA(胡萝卜琼脂)培养基、V8培养基和TPDA(胰蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂)培养基则可以促进P.lythri大量产生分生孢子。 相似文献
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蛀虫蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium cauligalbarum是蜡蚧菌属中最近报道的新种，目前对其研究尚属空白。为寻求易于生长的培养基成分，本文通过单因素筛选最佳碳源、氮源、生长因子并进行正交试验优化。筛选的产孢条件（m/v）为：可溶性淀粉1%，酵母粉3%，蚕蛹粉1.5%，基础培养基（氯化钾0.05%，磷酸氢二钾0.1%，七水硫酸镁0.05%，七水硫酸亚铁0.001%），琼脂1.5%，蒸馏水1000 mL，25℃。优化培养基产孢量是PDA的4.5倍，是沙氏培养基的15.6倍。结果还显示该菌的产孢量受氮源影响较大，并对无机氮利用较低。这些结果将为蛀虫蜡蚧菌的后续研究提供基础资料。 相似文献
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辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性测定 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
从江苏和海南省随机采集分离获得45个辣椒炭疽病菌单孢菌株,根据孢子形态鉴定其病原菌为Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和C.capsici,其中C.gloeosporioides占总菌株数的64.4%.筛选出甘油琼脂(AEA)培养基和水琼脂(WA)培养基,分别作为产孢法和孢子萌发法测定辣椒炭疽病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性的适宜培养基.通过孢子萌发法测定2种病原菌45个菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性范围在0.009~0.091μg/mL之间,平均EC50为(0.047±0.040)μg/mL.其中29个C.gloeosporioides菌株和16个C.capsici菌株的平均EC50值分别为(0.051±0.047)μg/mL和(0.041±0.024)μg/mL.研究发现旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯抑制分生孢子萌发有协同增效作用,且嘧菌酯抑制辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长的能力较弱. 相似文献
10.
禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用. 相似文献
11.
马唐病原真菌的分离筛选及其致病力测定 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
从马唐罹病植株上分离到 6种病原真菌 :中隔弯孢、新月弯孢、多节长蠕孢、灰梨孢、链格孢和粉红镰孢。其中新月弯孢和多节长蠕孢对玉米有致病作用 ,灰梨孢对水稻有轻微的致病作用 ;另3种病原真菌中 ,链格孢和粉红镰孢对马唐致病性弱 ,而中隔弯孢菌株对 4叶期以下的马唐有极强的致病作用 ,室内控制效果可达 1 0 0 % ,田间控制可达 75%以上。对中隔弯孢菌株QZ 2 0 0寄主范围测定表明 :该菌对水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花、小麦、向日葵、花生等作物及黑麦草、高羊茅和狗牙根等草坪草十分安全 ,具有开发为作物田和草坪真菌除草剂的潜力 相似文献
12.
B. PRITHIVIRAJ U.P. SINGH M. MANICKAM J.S. SRIVASTAVA & A.B. RAY 《Plant pathology》1997,46(2):224-228
The antifungal activity of bergenin against some plant pathogenic fungi, namely, Alternaria alternata , A. brassicae , A. carthami , Fusarium udum , F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceri , Curvularia lunata and Erysiphe pisi , was studied. Bergenin as its monosodium salt was effective against all the fungi and the effective dose for complete inhibition of spore germination varied from 15 μg mL−1 for F. udum to 125 μg mL−1 for E. pisi . Experiments on the effect of bergenin on powdery mildew development under glasshouse conditions revealed that it can control powdery mildew of pea at 2000 μg mL−1 by postinoculation treatment, the results being comparable with those of carbendazim (1000 μg mL−1 ) and wettable sulfur (2000 μg mL−1 ). It affected hyphal elongation and the number of primary and secondary branches. 相似文献
13.
Glasshouse trials of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma species for the biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in celery and lettuce 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Coniothyrium minitans, Trichoderma harzianum (HH3) and Trichoderma sp. (B1) were tested for ability to control disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a sequence of a celery crop and two lettuce crops in the glasshouse. In control plots, over 80% of celery and 90 and 60% of lettuce in first and second crops, respectively, were infected at harvest. Only the C. minitaris treatment in the first lettuce crop decreased disease and increased marketable yield. Nevertheless, C. minitans reduced the number of sclerotia recovered at harvest in the celery and first lettuce crops and decreased sclerotial survival over the autumn fallow periods following the celery and second lettuce crop. C. minitans survived in soil for over 1 year and spread to infect sclerotia in virtually all other plots. C. minitans infected sclerotia at all times of the year but sclerotia still failed to degrade during the summer months when the soil was dry. The Trichoderma species tested had no effect on disease and almost no effect on the survival of the sclerotia. even though they could be recovered from soil for the duration of the experiments. 相似文献
14.
山东省危害核桃的链格孢属真菌鉴定及其系统发育 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了明确危害核桃的链格孢属Alternaria真菌种类,对34个供试菌株在PCA培养基上的培养特征、产孢表型、分生孢子特征等进行了研究,并采用ITS、OPA2-1和OPA1-3序列分析其系统发育。其中33个菌株为链格孢A.alternata,1个为细极链格孢A.tenuissima。链格孢:菌落灰色;孢子链短、分枝频繁,每条分枝含4～10个孢子;分生孢子多倒梨形,孢身平均25.6μm×7.4μm,横隔膜2～8个。细极链格孢:菌落褐色;孢子链长、少分枝,孢子链约含10个孢子;分生孢子多长椭圆形,孢身平均26.3μm×13.5μm,具柱状喙及假喙,主横隔膜1～6个,孢身中部的隔膜较粗。链格孢属真菌在遗传上有较大差异,ITS、OPA2-1和OPA1-3序列对链格孢小孢子种具有一定的区分作用,链格孢是危害核桃的主要链格孢属种。 相似文献
15.
G.S. Mahuku P.H. Goodwin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):849-852
Germination of conidia, uredospores and basidiospores of ten diverse fungi were compared in sterile distilled water, 0.5% sucrose, 0.5% mucin and 0.5% xanthan gum. All three compounds generally increased spore germination on cellophane membranes compared to water, but mucin was the most effective. Mucin stimulated significantly more germination than sucrose for 7 of the 10 fungi, and only Aspergillus niger and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed greater spore germination in sucrose than in mucin. Sucrose had no effect on uredospore or basidiospore germination, but mucin stimulated germination of these spores. Mucin was more effective than xanthan gum in increasing spore germination for 9 of the 10 fungi. Animal mucin is chemically similar to the natural spore matrix of some fungi and may provide some of the benefits of the spore matrix without the drawback of possible germination inhibitors. Animal mucin may be a useful substitute for the spore matrix in inoculations of a variety of fungi. 相似文献
16.
平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)和弯孢属(Curvularia)真菌可引起多种玉米叶斑病。为了解当前玉米生产上此类病害的发生情况,2014年8-9月对我国玉米主产区北京、河北、河南、黑龙江和吉林5省市玉米上疑似由该两属真菌引起的叶部病斑样品进行了采集,随后进行了真菌的分离和鉴定。共采集样品42份,根据其形状特点归为4类:长条形、椭圆形、小点状和梭形病斑。经组织分离获得平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌28株,基于形态学和rDNA-ITS序列的系统发育分析共鉴定出5个种:玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(B.maydis)、玉米平脐蠕孢(B.zeae)、玉米生平脐蠕孢(B.zeicola)、新月弯孢(C.lunata)和穂状弯孢(C.spicifera)。从长条形病斑和椭圆形病斑上分离到的主要是B.maydis和B.zeicola,从小点状病斑分离到的主要是C.lunata,其次是B.zeae。分离出C.lunata的样品病斑较为稀疏、颜色略浅、呈苍白色,分离出B.zeae的样品病斑更为密集、颜色较深。从梭型病斑分离到的是C.spicifera。有少数样品可分离到上述两种菌。采用孢子悬浮液喷雾法对温室玉米苗接种,上述5种真菌均可致病。以接种B.maydis发病最快,发病最重;接种B.zeicola、C.lunata或C.spicifera发病较慢,症状明显;接种B.zeae发病最慢,仅引起小点状病斑。研究结果可为玉米叶斑病的正确诊断提供资料和依据。 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: In order to understand the bioactivity of Myoporum bontioides A. Gray against plant pathogens and determine its active ingredients, the inhibitory activities of methanol extracts from M. bontioides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (E. F. Smith) Snyder & Hansen, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) v. Hohnel, Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) v. Arx, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Mycosphaerella sentina (Fr.) Schroter and Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk. were evaluated using a growth rate method, and the active ingredient was isolated by activity-directed isolation and identified by determination and analysis of IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectra and correlative physical constants. RESULTS: The results showed that the extracts from stems and leaves of M. bontioides exhibited inhibitory activity against the seven fungi, with > 58% inhibition at 10 g L(-1) after 72 h. The active compound was isolated and identified as (-)-epingaione, and showed inhibitory activity against the above seven fungi. The inhibitory activity against P. mangiferae was the highest, with an EC(50) value of 77 mg L(-1). The EC(50) values against the other six fungi were 147-245 mg L(-1). (-)-Epingaione also inhibited spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, T. paradoxa and S. fawcettii.CONCLUSION: (-)-Epingaione demonstrated broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi and is promising for exploitation as a fungicide. 相似文献
18.
The effectiveness of postharvest hot water dipping on the control of grey and black moulds in sweet red pepper (Capsicum annuum) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effectiveness of hot water dipping on the control of grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea , and black mould, caused by Alternaria alternata on sweet red pepper quality was investigated. Dipping naturally infected or artificially inoculated fruit at 508C for 3 min completely inhibited, or significantly reduced, decay development caused by B. cinerea and A. alternata , respectively. Heat damage was observed on fruit dipped for 5 min at 50°C, or at 55°C for 1 min or longer. Damage appeared as cracks and pitting on the fruit surface. Spore germination and germ tube elongation in vitro was inversely related to the duration of exposure or to the range of temperature used. The ET50 for spore germination for B. cinerea was 3.2, 1.5 and 0.8 min, and for A. alternata 8.8, 4.2 and 1.4 min, at 45, 50 and 55°C, respectively. The ET50 for germ tube elongation for Botrytis was 2.6, 0.9 and 0.5 min, and for Alternaria , 7.2, 2.5 and 1.6 min, at 45, 50 and 55°C. The mode of action of hot water dips on decay of pepper appears to be by direct interaction with the fungi. 相似文献
19.
水稻叶尖枯病病原种类研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从江苏13个县市采集病叶标本,经分离、纯化后获280株菌。据鉴定结果和接种试验,稻生叶点霉(Phyllosticta oryzicola Hara)为主要致病菌,占74.6%。此外,还分离到稻盘多毛孢(Pestalotia oryzae Hara)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissl.)、稻喙孢(Rhynchosporium oryzae Hash.et York.)、苍白弯孢(Curvularia pallescens Boed.)、新月弯孢(C.lunata(Walk.) Boed.)、膝曲弯孢(C.geniculata(Tracy et Earle) Boed.)、镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris spp.)、稻黑孢(Nigrospora oryzae(Berk.et Br.) Perch)、球黑孢(N.sphaerica(Sacc.) Mason)等真菌。首次以透射电镜观察表明,稻生叶点霉产孢方式为全壁芽生单体式(hb-sol)。 相似文献