共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Sponheimer M Passey BH de Ruiter DJ Guatelli-Steinberg D Cerling TE Lee-Thorp JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5801):980-982
Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the delta13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet. 相似文献
2.
Rightmire GP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,176(4031):159-161
Discriminant analysis permits hand bones of living primate genera to be represented as swarms of points in a multidimensional statistical framework within which intergroup relationships, and the affinities of fossil forms, can be examined. The metacarpal of Paranthropus from Swartkrans, South Africa, was so located with respect to groups of monkeys, apes, and modern man. The results suggest that the fossil metacarpal may be functionally similar to that of chimpanzees. 相似文献
3.
Kivell TL Kibii JM Churchill SE Schmid P Berger LR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6048):1411-1417
Hand bones from a single individual with a clear taxonomic affiliation are scarce in the hominin fossil record, which has hampered understanding the evolution of manipulative abilities in hominins. Here we describe and analyze a nearly complete wrist and hand of an adult female [Malapa Hominin 2 (MH2)] Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa (1.977 million years ago). The hand presents a suite of Australopithecus-like features, such as a strong flexor apparatus associated with arboreal locomotion, and Homo-like features, such as a long thumb and short fingers associated with precision gripping and possibly stone tool production. Comparisons to other fossil hominins suggest that there were at least two distinct hand morphotypes around the Plio-Pleistocene transition. The MH2 fossils suggest that Au. sediba may represent a basal condition associated with early stone tool use and production. 相似文献
4.
Falk D Hildebolt C Smith K Morwood MJ Sutikna T Brown P Jatmiko Saptomo EW Brunsden B Prior F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5719):242-245
The brain of Homo floresiensis was assessed by comparing a virtual endocast from the type specimen (LB1) with endocasts from great apes, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, a human pygmy, a human microcephalic, specimen number Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus), and specimen number WT 17000 (Paranthropus aethiopicus). Morphometric, allometric, and shape data indicate that LB1 is not a microcephalic or pygmy. LB1's brain/body size ratio scales like that of an australopithecine, but its endocast shape resembles that of Homo erectus. LB1 has derived frontal and temporal lobes and a lunate sulcus in a derived position, which are consistent with capabilities for higher cognitive processing. 相似文献
5.
Gabunia L Vekua A Lordkipanidze D Swisher CC Ferring R Justus A Nioradze M Tvalchrelidze M Antón SC Bosinski G Jöris O Lumley MA Majsuradze G Mouskhelishvili A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5468):1019-1025
Archaeological excavations at the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia have uncovered two partial early Pleistocene hominid crania. The new fossils consist of a relatively complete cranium and a second relatively complete calvaria from the same site and stratigraphic unit that yielded a hominid mandible in 1991. In contrast with the uncertain taxonomic affinity of the mandible, the new fossils are comparable in size and morphology with Homo ergaster from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Paleontological, archaeological, geochronological, and paleomagnetic data from Dmanisi all indicate an earliest Pleistocene age of about 1.7 million years ago, supporting correlation of the new specimens with the Koobi Fora fossils. The Dmanisi fossils, in contrast with Pleistocene hominids from Western Europe and Eastern Asia, show clear African affinity and may represent the species that first migrated out of Africa. 相似文献
6.
Narbonne GM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5687):1141-1144
Newly discovered, exceptionally preserved, soft-bodied fossils near Spaniard's Bay in eastern Newfoundland exhibit features not previously described from Ediacaran (terminal Neoproterozoic) fossils. All of the Spaniard's Bay taxa were composed of similar architectural elements-centimeter-scale frondlets exhibiting three orders of fracticality in branching. Frondlets were combined as modules atop semi-rigid organic skeletons to form a wide array of larger constructions, including frondose and plumose structures. This architecture and construction define the "rangeomorphs," a biological clade that dominated the Mistaken Point assemblage (575 to 560 million years ago) but does not appear to be ancestral to any Phanerozoic or modern organisms. 相似文献
7.
Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-permian extinction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Payne JL Lehrmann DJ Wei J Orchard MJ Schrag DP Knoll AH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5683):506-509
High-resolution carbon isotope measurements of multiple stratigraphic sections in south China demonstrate that the pronounced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the first in a series of large fluctuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic. The unusual behavior of the carbon cycle coincides with the delayed recovery from end-Permian extinction recorded by fossils, suggesting a direct relationship between Earth system function and biological rediversification in the aftermath of Earth's most devastating mass extinction. 相似文献
8.
9.
The fossil record of fungi and lichens is scarce. Here we report the discovery of lichen-like fossils, involving filamentous hyphae closely associated with coccoidal cyanobacteria or algae, preserved in marine phosphorite of the Doushantuo Formation (between 551 and 635 million years old) at Weng'an, South China. These fossils indicate that fungi developed symbiotic partnerships with photoautotrophs before the evolution of vascular plants. 相似文献
10.
Gibbons A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,256(5055):308-309
Anthropologists need luck on their side when they search for key fossils or study monkeys in the wild, but their work can still hit the jackpot. That was clear at the 61 st annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropology, which brought more than 800 anthropologists to Las Vegas in early April. Among the reports was one on new fossils of early hominids in Ethiopia and another on extinct giant sloth lemurs in Madagascar. 相似文献
11.
基于文化部、财政部在全国提出的"三馆"免费开放的背景,对公共图书馆与农民工的"补偿教育"问题进行了重新认识:一方面,服务于农民工既是公共图书馆自身的历史使命,又是公共图书馆的社会责任;另一方面,农民工的"补偿教育"也离不开公共图书馆。在此基础上又分析了在新时期公共图书馆为农民工的"补偿教育"更好服务的途径。 相似文献
12.
Bipedalism is a key human adaptation and a defining feature of the hominin clade. Fossil femora discovered in Kenya and attributed to Orrorin tugenensis, at 6 million years ago, purportedly provide the earliest postcranial evidence of hominin bipedalism, but their functional and phylogenetic affinities are controversial. We show that the O. tugenensis femur differs from those of apes and Homo and most strongly resembles those of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, indicating that O. tugenensis was bipedal but is not more closely related to Homo than to Australopithecus. Femoral morphology indicates that O. tugenensis shared distinctive hip biomechanics with australopiths, suggesting that this complex evolved early in human evolution and persisted for almost 4 million years until modifications of the hip appeared in the late Pliocene in early Homo. 相似文献
13.
Nagalingum NS Marshall CR Quental TB Rai HS Little DP Mathews S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6057):796-799
Modern survivors of previously more diverse lineages are regarded as living fossils, particularly when characterized by morphological stasis. Cycads are often cited as a classic example, reaching their greatest diversity during the Jurassic-Cretaceous (199.6 to 65.5 million years ago) then dwindling to their present diversity of ~300 species as flowering plants rose to dominance. Using fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies, we show that cycads underwent a near synchronous global rediversification beginning in the late Miocene, followed by a slowdown toward the Recent. Although the cycad lineage is ancient, our timetrees indicate that living cycad species are not much older than ~12 million years. These data reject the hypothesized role of dinosaurs in generating extant diversity and the designation of today's cycad species as living fossils. 相似文献
14.
Although relative molar size has been considered a major taxonomic criterion, separating the Australopithecines and some erectus fossils from sapiens man, the Me > Ml, or " fossil" size sequence is found in 33 percent of Ohio whites and Pima Indians, yet is not necessarily the major sequence in the level and below ( 9; 10). Stanley M. Garn. 相似文献
15.
Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Fossilized fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (with an age of about 460 million years) strongly resemble modern arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes). These fossils indicate that Glomales-like fungi were present at a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants on the bryophytic level. Thus, these fungi may have played a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants, and the fossils support molecular estimates of fungal phylogeny that place the origin of the major groups of terrestrial fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomales) around 600 million years ago. 相似文献
16.
In a problematical fauna discovered in Australia, 152 meters below diagnostic Lower Cambrian species, are fossilized remains belonging in the phylum Coelenterata. These jellyfish-like fossils were defined as a new class(Dipleurozoa) by Harrington and Moore because of their strong bilateral symmetry and differentiated extremities. The class was not reported elsewhere before many specimens were discovered recently in the Shawangunk (Tuscarora) formation at Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. Three new species belonging to a new genus can be recognized, the indication being that the class ranges stratigraphically from the infra-Cambrian to at least the Lower Silurian, and geographically from Australia to eastern North America. 相似文献
17.
Foote R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5849):410-412
Contemporary researchers strive to understand complex physical phenomena that involve many constituents, may be influenced by numerous forces, and may exhibit unexpected or emergent behavior. Often such "complex systems" are macroscopic manifestations of other systems that exhibit their own complex behavior and obey more elemental laws. This article proposes that areas of mathematics, even ones based on simple axiomatic foundations, have discernible layers, entirely unexpected "macroscopic" outcomes, and both mathematical and physical ramifications profoundly beyond their historical beginnings. In a larger sense, the study of mathematics itself, which is increasingly surpassing the capacity of researchers to verify "by hand," may be the ultimate complex system. 相似文献
18.
Taylor ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1966,153(3732):198-201
Probable molluscan fossils have been discovered in the Reed Dolomite, White-Inyo Mountain area, Inyo County, California. They consist of small orthoconic shells with relatively large bilaterally symmetrical protoconch-like initial termini. Some individuals have a 'U-shaped" (in transverse section) internal structure. The fossils occur at least 900 meters below the strata containing the earliest known olenellid trilobites and are therefore considered Precambrian. 相似文献
19.
本文以1047年发生在北宋宫廷内的一场祈雨祭祀为研究对象,运用"剧场国家"理论,描绘了祈雨的"展演"相与"权力"相,研究了祈雨期内以展演为表征、以权力为暗流的人神、人地、人人关系。研究发现:一方面,祈雨是充满象征意义的展演式活动,祈雨人宋仁宗需要向天神与黎民展演德行,而展演德行又需借助于气象技术;另一方面,贾昌朝被罢相是多重因素作用下的结果,罢相反映出北宋中期朝廷内激烈的政治纷争,其仍为庆历新政后权力博弈的延续。可见这场祈雨是一场德行的展演,也是实在的操纵帝国的权力之争。 相似文献
20.
In primates that are highly sexually dimorphic, males often reach maturity later than females, and young adult males do not show the size, morphology, and coloration of mature males. Here we describe extended male development in a hominin species, Paranthropus robustus. Ranking a large sample of facial remains on the basis of dental wear stages reveals a difference in size and robusticity between young adult and old adult males. Combined with estimates of sexual dimorphism, this pattern suggests that male reproductive strategy focused on monopolizing groups of females, in a manner similar to that of silverback gorillas. However, males appear to have borne a substantial cost in the form of high rates of predation. 相似文献