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Reasons for performing study: Clinical experiences indicate that centesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint is often unsuccessful. Objective: To determine the accuracy of 2 published and 2 unpublished techniques of centesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint. Hypothesis: It was hypothesised that a drug can be administered into the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint via a diverticulum of this joint that surrounds the medial aspect of the long digital extensor tendon and that this technique is more accurate than described techniques of centesis of this compartment. Methods: Twenty‐four stifles of 12 horses were divided equally into 4 groups and a radiocontrast medium injected into the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint of each group using a hypodermic needle inserted: 1) caudal to the lateral patellar ligament and proximal to the tibial plateau, 2) caudal to the long digital extensor tendon and proximal to the tibial plateau, 3) between the long digital extensor tendon and bone of the extensor groove of the tibia or 4) directly through the long digital extensor tendon until it contacted bone. Twelve veterinary students who had no experience using any of these techniques performed the injections. Accuracy of each technique was determined by examining radiographs obtained after injecting the contrast medium. Results: The most successful technique for arthrocentesis was by inserting a needle through the long digital extensor tendon. This approach was successful in all attempted cases, whilst other techniques had lower rates of success. Conclusions: The lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint can be accessed accurately by inserting a needle through the long digital extensor tendon as it lies within the extensor groove. Other techniques may not be as accurate for clinicians inexperienced in arthrocentesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint. 相似文献
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The force/strain behavior of the common and lateral extensor tendons, the extensor branches of the interosseus muscle, and the superficial flexor tendon have been examined in vitro. The flexor tendon acted as a hard-spring with an initial large strain with small load followed by progressively less strain with increasing load, The distal part of the common extensor tendon and the extensor branches behaved in the same manner during dorsiflexion of the fetlock joint/palmar flexion of the coffin joint. The common extensor tendon behaved in a softening manner during palmar flexion of the fetlock and coffin joints while the lateral extensor and the extensor branches behaved in a nearly linear manner. 相似文献
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Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle causes chronic front limb lameness in dogs. The lesion, similar to de Quervain's tenosynovitis in people, is caused by repetitive movements of the carpus. Thirty dogs with front limb lameness, painful carpal flexion, and a firm soft tissue swelling medial to the carpus were examined prospectively. Seven dogs had bilateral abductor pollicis longus tenosynovitis. Radiographs of the carpus were characterized by a deeper radiolucent medial radial sulcus and bony proliferations medial and slightly cranial to the distal radius, resulting in stenosis of the tendon sheath and subsequent tendinitis. Ultrasonographic examination of the firm soft tissue swelling medial to the carpus was characterized by an irregular hypoechoic abductor pollicis longus tendon or tendinitis in 22 of 37 dogs. Nineteen of 37 abductor pollicis longus tendon sheaths were fluid-filled and all tendon sheaths were thickened, more hyperechoic, with small hyperechoic mineralizations embedded in the connective tissue of the abductor pollicis longus tendon sheath in 25 dogs. Enthesopathy of the abductor pollicis longus tendon was identified in seven dogs. While radiographs of stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus are helpful in visualizing the deep radial sulcus and osteophytes medial to the distal radius, ultrasonography is useful to distinguish between lesions of the tendon or tendon sheath and to determine thickness and fluid content of the abductor pollicis longus tendon sheath. 相似文献
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Vandeweerd JM Kirschvink N Muylkens B Depiereux E Clegg P Herteman N Lamberts M Bonnet P Nisolle JF 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,193(2):426-432
Although ovine stifle models are commonly used to study osteoarthritis, meniscal pathology and cruciate ligament injuries and repair, there is little information about the anatomy of the joint or techniques for synovial injections. The objectives of this study were to improve anatomical knowledge of the synovial cavities of the ovine knee and to compare intra-articular injection techniques. Synovial cavities of 24 cadaver hind limbs from 12 adult sheep were investigated by intra-articular resin, positive-contrast arthrography, computed tomography (CT) arthrography and gross anatomical dissection. Communication between femoro-patellar, medial femoro-tibial and lateral femoro-tibial compartments occurred in all cases. The knee joint should be considered as one synovial structure with three communicating compartments. Several unreported features were observed, including a communication between the medial femoro-tibial and lateral femoro-tibial compartments and a latero-caudal recess of the lateral femoro-tibial compartment. No intermeniscal ligament was identified. CT was able to define many anatomical features of the stifle, including the anatomy of the tendinous synovial recess on the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia under the combined tendon of the peroneus tertius, extensor longus digitorum and extensor digiti III proprius. An approach for intra-articular injection into this recess (the subtendinous technique) was assessed and compared with the retropatellar and paraligamentous techniques. All three injection procedures were equally successful, but the subtendinous technique appeared to be most appropriate for synoviocentesis and for injections in therapeutic research protocols with less risk of damaging the articular cartilage. 相似文献
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We report a case of complete rupture of the tendon of origin of the long digital extensor at the myotendinous junction, with concurrent ruptures of the posterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments in the stifle joint of a cat. Stabilization was accomplished by direct suturing of the long digital extensor injury, imbrication of the joint capsule and lateral retinacular fascia, and creation of a synthetic lateral collateral ligament 相似文献
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The purpose of the present paper was to find out the most suitable localizations to puncture of hip, stifle and hock joints of the domestic cat. These joints are arthrographically presented. Further six contrast mediums in normal commercial usage were tested with regard to there contrast intensity. The only recommendable localization to arthrocentesis of the hip joint is at the cranial border of the greater trochanter of the femur. The stifle joint is approachable either at the medial or lateral border of the Lig. patellae. To puncture the proximal row of the hock joint the recommendable puncture site was found distal of the lateral malleolus between the tendons of the lateral digital extensor muscle and m. extensor digitorum longus. Any arthrocentesis of the distal row of the hock joint isn't recommendable. Contrast mediums with a iodine concentration below 300 mg/ml were not sufficient for arthrography. 相似文献
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Quesada R Citino SB Easley JT Hall N Brokken MT Brown MP 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2011,42(2):348-350
A 4-mo-old, 185-kg male giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was presented due to stifle effusion and lameness of 3-wk duration. Radiographs revealed a fracture of the extensor fossa of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur at the origin of the peroneus tertius. Under anesthesia, dysfunction of the reciprocal apparatus was documented by flexing the stifle while the tarsus remained extended. An avulsion fracture of the origin of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus muscle was diagnosed. An exploratory arthroscopy of the femorotibial joint was followed by arthrotomy to excise the large bone fragment from its soft tissue attachments. Because of the fractious temperament of the animal, postoperative care was restricted to stall rest for 3 mo, and no postoperative complications arose. Only a mild residual lameness remained by 6 mo after surgery. 相似文献
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Vanderperren K Ghaye B Snaps FR Saunders JH 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(5):631-638
OBJECTIVE: To determine the detailed computed tomography (CT) anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in healthy horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 cadaveric forelimbs from 10 adult horses without orthopedic disease. PROCEDURES: CT of the MCP joint was performed on 4 forelimbs. In 1 of the limbs, CT was also performed after intra-articular injection of 30 mL of contrast medium (40 mg of iodine/mL). Transverse slices 1-mm thick were obtained, and sagittal and dorsal planes were reformatted with a slice thickness of 2 mm. The CT images were matched with corresponding anatomic slices from 6 additional forelimbs. RESULTS: The third metacarpal bone, proximal sesamoid bones, and proximal phalanx could be clearly visualized. Common digital extensor tendon; accessory digital extensor tendon; lateral digital extensor tendon; superficial digital flexor tendon (including manica flexoria); deep digital flexor tendon; branches of the suspensory ligament (including its attachment); extensor branches of the suspensory ligament; collateral ligaments; straight, oblique, and cruciate distal sesamoidean ligaments; intersesamoidean ligament; annular ligament; and joint capsule could be seen. Collateral sesamoidean ligaments and short distal sesamoidean ligaments could be localized but not at all times clearly identified, whereas the metacarpointersesamoidean ligament could not be identified. The cartilage of the MCP joint could be assessed on the postcontrast sequence. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CT of the equine MCP joint can be of great value when results of radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive. Images obtained in this study may serve as reference for CT of the equine MCP joint. 相似文献
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ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE DORSAL AND LATERAL ASPECTS OF THE EQUINE CARPUS: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mohamed Tnibar DMV Barbara Kaser-Hotz Dr. Med. Vet. Joerg A. Auer Dr. Med. Vet. MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1993,34(6):413-425
The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal and lateral soft tissue structures and anatomic landmarks of the equine carpus useful in clinical imaging are described.
Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis- and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus-, the lateral digital extensor- and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs. 相似文献
Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis- and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus-, the lateral digital extensor- and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs. 相似文献
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WENDY I. BALTZER DVM PhD Diplomate ACVS PAUL RIST DVM Diplomate ACVR 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2009,38(6):770-779
Objective— To describe augmentation of primary Achilles tendon repair using suture with a semitendinosus muscle flap and report outcome in 5 dogs.
Study Design— Prospective clinical study.
Animals— Dogs (n=5) with Achilles tendon rupture (n=6).
Methods— After tendon repair with #2 polypropylene in a 3-loop pulley suture pattern, the lateral one-half of the semitendinosus muscle was transected from the ischium, rotated distally then sutured with #2 polypropylene to the calcaneus in a 3-loop pulley pattern. The epitenon was sutured to the muscle flap fascia with interrupted sutures. All dogs had a bivalved cast for 2 weeks then a cranial splint for 2–6 weeks. Lameness scores (0=stands and walks normally to 4=non-weight-bearing lameness, plantigrade stance on affected pelvic limb) were determined every 2–3 weeks postoperatively for 12 weeks. Outcome was determined from telephone questionnaire of owners.
Results— Four had lameness scores of 0, the 5th had a score of 1 at 12 weeks. Three owners were very satisfied with outcome. Minor complications included cast sores (2 dogs), infection (2), and acute swelling (1); 1 major complication occurred (infection resulting in reoperation).
Conclusions— Semitendinosus flap augmentation resulted in early return to function without prolonged postoperative immobilization. Three dogs returned to full work/activity after repair.
Clinical Relevance— Augmentation of primary Achilles tendon repair with a semitendinosus flap can be considered in dogs with chronic rupture but further investigation of the long-term outcome using this technique is needed. 相似文献
Study Design— Prospective clinical study.
Animals— Dogs (n=5) with Achilles tendon rupture (n=6).
Methods— After tendon repair with #2 polypropylene in a 3-loop pulley suture pattern, the lateral one-half of the semitendinosus muscle was transected from the ischium, rotated distally then sutured with #2 polypropylene to the calcaneus in a 3-loop pulley pattern. The epitenon was sutured to the muscle flap fascia with interrupted sutures. All dogs had a bivalved cast for 2 weeks then a cranial splint for 2–6 weeks. Lameness scores (0=stands and walks normally to 4=non-weight-bearing lameness, plantigrade stance on affected pelvic limb) were determined every 2–3 weeks postoperatively for 12 weeks. Outcome was determined from telephone questionnaire of owners.
Results— Four had lameness scores of 0, the 5th had a score of 1 at 12 weeks. Three owners were very satisfied with outcome. Minor complications included cast sores (2 dogs), infection (2), and acute swelling (1); 1 major complication occurred (infection resulting in reoperation).
Conclusions— Semitendinosus flap augmentation resulted in early return to function without prolonged postoperative immobilization. Three dogs returned to full work/activity after repair.
Clinical Relevance— Augmentation of primary Achilles tendon repair with a semitendinosus flap can be considered in dogs with chronic rupture but further investigation of the long-term outcome using this technique is needed. 相似文献
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Evaluation of an Autologous Tendon Graft Repair Method for Gap Healing of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon in Horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
MIGUEL A. VALDÉS-VÁZQUEZ DVM MS J. RAYMOND McCLURE DVM MS Diplomate ACVS JULIAN L. OLIVER III DVM PhD Diplomate ACVP SANTOS RAMIREZ DVM THOMAS L. SEAHORN DVM MS Diplomate ACVIM PETER F. HAYNES DVM MS Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1996,25(4):342-350
A sutured tenorrhaphy technique that incorporated an autologous tendon graft was compared mechanically and histologically with a sutured tenorrhaphy at 6, 12, and 24 weeks after repair. Tenorrhaphy was performed in the forelimb tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle and the graft was taken from the hindlimb tendon of the lateral digital extensor muscle; one forelimb site included the graft, whereas the other forelimb site was not grafted. Tenotomies were made immediately proximal to the insertion of the accessory ligament into the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle. Grafted and nongrafted tenorrhaphies were sutured with 2 polydioxanone in a modified double locking-loop pattern. Limbs were supported with a bandage and an extended elevated heel shoe that maintained the dorsal hoof wall angle at 70° to 75°; this support was removed at 12 weeks and dorsal hoof wall angle was maintained at 40° to 45° for the remainder of the study. Gap formation (2.5 ±.3 cm) was evident at all tenorrhaphy sites at 3 days on ultrasound examination. In grafted repairs, the breaking stress was increased ( P <.001) between 6 weeks (2.56 ±.44 MPa) and 12 weeks (17.69 ± 7.68 MPa), with grafted tendon having a greater breaking stress than nongrafted tendon (8.77 ± 2.5 MPa; P <.05). No differences in breaking stress were evident at 24 weeks. At 12 weeks, repair tissue in grafted tendon was histologically more mature, had less cellularity, better fibroblast orientation and more homogeneous collagen matrix than nongrafted tendon. Polydioxanone suture was still evident histologically at 24 weeks and was associated with minimal cellular reaction. Incorporation of an autologous tendon graft improved the mechanical properties and histological quality of the repair tissue in equine flexor tenorrhaphies at 12 weeks but not at 24 weeks after repair. 相似文献
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R. Macher 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1990,19(2):181-191
The synovial structures of the M. fibularis longus were studied by dissection on 23 cat, 28 dog, 20 pig, 17 ox, 15 sheep and 17 goat limbs. Five injections with Technovit into the tarsometatarsal joint were made for each species. The dog had two tendon sheaths while all other species had only one lateral one. The mesotendon approached the tendon from the medial aspect and was fenestrated in the dog (here only in the proximal segment), pig, sheep, and goat, but in the cat and ox the fenestration was inconstant. In the area of the lateral malleolus the lateral tendon sheath narrowed (in the dog only in the proximal segment). The synovial structures on the plantar aspect in the cat, dog, pig, and sheep were formed by a recess of the tarsometatarsal joint; while in the ox and goat they formed a tendon sheath that took its origin from the same joint. The plantar recess surrounded the tendon three quarters of the way in the dog, and in cat, pig, and sheep only half way. Nomenclaturial consequences for the NAV are discussed. 相似文献
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D. A. Shigue S. C. Rahal B. C. Schimming R. R. Santos L. C. Vulcano J. L. Linardi C.R. Teixeira 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2015,44(6):468-474
This study aimed to evaluate the stifle joint of marsh deer using imaging studies and in comparison with gross anatomy. Ten hindlimbs from 5 marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) were used. Radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in each stifle joint. Two hindlimbs were dissected to describe stifle gross anatomy. The other limbs were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal or transverse planes. In the craniocaudal radiographic view, the lateral femoral condyle was broader than the medial femoral condyle. The femoral trochlea was asymmetrical. Subsequent multiplanar reconstruction revealed in the cranial view that the external surface of the patella was roughened, the medial trochlea ridge was larger than the lateral one, and the extensor fossa at the lateral condyle was next to the lateral ridge. The popliteal fossa was better visualized via the lateral view. Sagittal MRI images identified lateral and medial menisci, caudolateral and craniomedial bundles of cranial cruciate ligament, caudal cruciate ligament, patellar ligament and common extensor tendon. In conclusion, the marsh deer stifle presents some anatomical characteristics of the ovine stifle joint. 相似文献
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The sciatic nerve was surgically transected in 6 dogs. The resulting dysfunction and the positive effects of a transfer of the tendon of the vastus lateralis muscle to the long digital extensor muscle were evaluated, alone and in combination with a talocrural arthrodesis. Two dogs that received both arthrodesis and tendon transfer showed the greatest improvement in gait. 相似文献
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ERIC MONNET DVM MS Diplomate ACVS PETER D. SCHWARZ DVM MS Diplomate ACVS BARBARA POWERS DVM PhD Diplomate ACVP 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1995,24(6):465-475
Popliteal tendon transposition was performed in five dogs with surgically induced cranial cruciate ligament rupture. After a lateral approach to the stifle joint, the popliteal tendon was severed distal to the sesamoid bone and transposed cranially onto the tibial crest to mimic the sagittal orientation of the cranial cruciate ligament. The origin of the popliteal tendon on the lateral femoral condyle was preserved. Lameness was not clinically detectable 2 months after surgery. At 6 months postoperatively, there was minimal radiographic and histopathologic evidence of degenerative joint disease in the stifle joints that had underwent surgery. There was no gross or microscopic evidence of meniscal damage found at necropsy 6 months after surgery. Biome-chanical studies are warranted before recommending the procedure. 相似文献