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1.
Increasing population in the forest zone of Cameroon has led to reduction of fallow periods and to diminution of per capita cropping land area. Alley farming is a promising technology for the zone; however, its large scale adoption depends on host of factors of which an important one is tree and land tenure. For this reason, a study was conducted in 1990 to determine implication of national land legislation and customary land and tree tenure on the adoption of alley farming in the forest zone of Cameroon.Despite national laws purposing to regulate land and tree use, ownership rights to land and trees are largely determined by customary tenure rules. According to the forest zone customs, land is passed on from father to son when the father dies. Owners of inherited lands have full rights on lands and these rights are rarely revoked. Women do not own lands but are allowed to crop any piece of their husband's land as long as they stay married. Despite the lack of land ownership, women might still readily adopt alley farming because they are primarily concerned about food crop production and the amount of land to be given to their sons in the future.Study funded by the International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), Addis-Abeba, Ethiopia, and technically supervised by the Land Tenure Center (LTC), University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin USA. 相似文献
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Farm and Village Forest Use Practice in Ekiti State: Analysis of Government Policy and Tenure Issues
Joshua Kayode 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(4):321-328
This study analyzed the influence of government policy and tenure issues on farm and village forest use practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three rural communities that were still far from urban influence were selected from each of the 16 local government areas of the state. In each community, 20 household heads were selected and interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured matrix. The interviews aimed at the determination of respondents' socioeconomic status, awareness and belief in the effectiveness or otherwise of the forest laws and regulations, land use, tenure and property rights. Results obtained revealed that the awareness of forest laws and regulations cut across the socio-economic categories. Most of these laws and regulations that were considered to be necessary could also constitute disincentives to sustainable forest development. Three types of land tenure niches—private holdings, commons, and government reserves—exist in the state. These led to land fragmentations in which individuals are now left with small holdings. Individuals with small and medium landholdings found it difficult to invest in tree planting; hence, they meet their subsistence use of wood and non-wood forest products from diverse sources. Individuals with large landholdings were found cultivating cash tree crops; timber species were not cultivated though their wildlings were preserved. Also, when land is let or leased out, tenants were not allowed to invest in tree planting on such land. 相似文献
5.
Weston F. Mwase Åsmund Bjørnstad James M. Bokosi Moses B. Kwapata Brita Stedje 《New Forests》2007,33(3):297-307
Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental
to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted
at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes
between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample
tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves
had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families,
6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed
that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting
lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest
reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded
that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution
at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree
and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
6.
Tree planting by small producers in the tropics: A comparative study of Brazil and Panama 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Forest regrowth is a notable phenomenon across the tropical forest latitudes. Such reforestation takes place in the wake of land abandonment, occurs cyclically in a rotational agricultural system, and may result from the deliberate planting of trees by farmers. Although less extensive than successional forest regeneration, tree planting by small farmers can have potentially important environmental impacts at both the site and global scale. This paper examines tree-planting efforts by small farmers in the tropical frontier regions of Panama and Brazil in order to gauge the magnitude of reforestation activities, and to identify factors that influence these efforts. This paper discusses the environmental regulations, forestry law, and tenure institutions in both countries, and performs a comparative analysis of reforestation efforts with information derived from household surveys (n = 356) and in-depth tree planting interviews (n = 35). Results from logistic regression are also presented. Our results show that tree planting occurs more frequently in Panama, which we attribute to greater external support in the provisioning of extension and materials and strong market incentives. We suggest that the proximity of the study sites to Panama City facilitates external support and market drivers. Finally, our results suggest that land tenure security is an influential determinant of reforestation activities in both countries.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Socio-economic factors affecting smallholder tree planting and management intentions in Leyte Province,Philippines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Survey data have been collected from four rural communities in Leyte Province, the Philippines, on household tree planting
and management intentions, as well as the socio-economic characteristics, attitudes to tree planting and management, farming
practices and the number of trees planted. In relation to intended tree planting and management activities, respondents were
asked a series of structured questions as to what tree species they intend to plant, how many individual trees of each of
those species they plan to plant, and for what purpose they propose to plant each of the tree species. This paper reports
the results of analyses of the stated tree management intentions of households in the four communities and identifies the
socioeconomic factors that influence householders’ tree management intentions. Respondents were generally enthusiastic about
the possibility for further tree planting on their land, 75% indicating they would undertake planting. About 60% indicated
an interest in commercial tree farming, with no significant differences in this level of interest between communities. It
was found that a number of socio-economic variables indicating higher levels of land ownership and previous experience in
the forestry industry are related to the intention to plant trees to produce timber for sale. These include the use of materials
from public lands, participation in community organisations and community forestry programs, and the present management of
trees to produce timber for sale. 相似文献
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我国“三权分置”改革中林农环境权益保障探究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着我国林权制度改革的进一步深入,林地使用权流转业已出现并得到不同程度的发展;但与之相随的是,在林地流转实现过程中出现诸多亟待解决的法律问题。《关于完善农村土地所有权承包权经营权分置办法的意见》提出,在原有土地承包经营权的基础上进一步分置,实行土地所有权、承包（经营）权、经营权分置并行。文中解读“三权分置”的逻辑构造,指出流转过程中林农环境权益保障的现存问题,对林农环境权益受损原因进行解析,探究林农环境权益保障的实现路径,以期为最大限度地实现林农权益提供制度保障。 相似文献
9.
Fernando Santos Martín Manuel Bertomeu Meine van Noordwijk Rafael Navarro 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):47-60
The ‘when, where and how’ of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human
and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a
‘forest transition’ trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access
and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities
in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal
that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest
resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household
plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers’ decision to
plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting. 相似文献
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林地使用权的相关问题探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
林地使用权仅限于从林地所有权人处获得初始使用权,以及通过转让方式从原林地使用权人处获得的权利。林地使用权出租形成林地租赁权,不应纳入林地使用权的范畴。林地承包经营权则属于林地使用权中的一个类别。林地使用权的性质为用益物权,内容包括种植林木,利用林下资源从事采集、种植或养殖,以及森林景观开发等权利。 相似文献
11.
The profitability to smallholders of rubber production in Imperata infested areas of Indonesia was assessed using an existing bioeconomic model. An Imperata groundcover component was incorporated within the model as follows: tree girth = f(Imperata groundcover) = f(relative shading) = f(crown height, canopy width, tree spacing) = f(tree girth). The first two relationships represent extensions to the original model.Cumulative tree girth was predicted for rubber planting densities from 400 to 1000 stems/ha. At low tree planting rates, competition from Imperata restricts tree growth. At high tree planting rates, Imperata is controlled, but there are negative consequences from inter-tree competition. These two effects of higher planting rates counterbalanced, such that tree girth was approximately constant across the range of tree densities.Tree girth is a driving force in determining latex yield. Latex yield was translated into present value net economic returns within the model, by reference to prices and costs associated with rubber production in South Sumatra, Indonesia in 1995. Economic returns from planting 400 to 1000 trees/ha were calculated. Rubber growing by smallholders on Imperata infested land, was found to be profitable. Maximum profitability was obtained at 600 trees/ha. However, the sensitivity of net economic returns, with respect to tree density, was not great. This was due to the counterbalancing effects of changes in tree density. 相似文献
12.
Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices
in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an
example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures
focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns
(e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests
and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the
wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly
selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species
and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under
the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock.
Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales,
etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important
target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income,
fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural
inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are
likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities. 相似文献
13.
During the first half of the 20th century the Baltic States were independent democratic nations where private forest ownership was practiced. After annexation
to the Soviet Union, individuals in the Baltic States lost their ownership rights and collective ownership was introduced.
Currently, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, the land restitution process in the forest sector is coming to an end and
the ownership pattern as well as tenure rights are settled. A survey was undertaken to investigate the current state of the
private forest sector in general, and the needs and expectations of private forest owners (PFO). Results of the study indicated
that for private forest owners their forests first of all provide aesthetic and environmental protection values. Lithuanian
PFOs lack information of forests and forest management, face extensive bureaucracy and need help in protecting their forests
from fires, diseases and timber thieves. 相似文献
14.
Manuel R. Guariguata Peter Cronkleton Patricia Shanley Peter L. Taylor 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
We discuss the extent of compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction in two neotropical localities from biophysical, social, and institutional perspectives: the community concession forests of the Petén, Guatemala, and extractivist communities in northern Bolivia. In both localities, timber is harvested via reduced-impact logging (RIL) practices. In Guatemala, the main NTFP extracted is foliage from the understory xate palm (Chamaedorea spp.); in northern Bolivia, the fruits of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa). The Guatemalan case suggests a relatively high degree of compatibility due to low timber harvesting intensities, coupled with temporal, spatial, and social segregation of xate extraction in a well-defined land tenure system. In northern Bolivia, forest management regulations pay little attention to NTFPs and land tenure issues and related conflict complicate efforts to limit timber harvesting impacts on Brazil nut trees. The introduction of timber management plans overlain on customary property rights systems in which the extraction of Brazil nut is organized could undercut its management system. The two case studies suggest that specific legislative, education, and project interventions may help to promote the compatibility of timber and NTFP extraction and management. These include formal training of foresters on NTFP ecology and management while taking into account the perspectives of multiple stakeholders in the design of management plans. Tropical forest users, research managers, and policy makers will also better understand the need for integrated management of timber and NTFPs, if the trade-offs and potential economic benefits from NTFP extraction are clarified. 相似文献
15.
Eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.) tree farming is a source of income for many smallholders in developing and emerging countries and critical to the resource
supply of many pulp and paper companies. These companies rely on smallholders adopting tree farming, sometimes by offering
a contract. This paper reports a study from four regions of Thailand, where smallholder eucalypt tree farming is important,
which investigated what characteristics of smallholders were associated with greater adoption of tree farming. A total of
461 eucalypt tree farmers and 171 non-tree farmers were randomly selected and surveyed in these regions, using a door-to-door
household survey. A logit analysis corroborated hypotheses about the drivers of adoption. Qualitative analyses were used to
inform interpretation of the quantitative results and shed light on the role of eucalypt tree farming in smallholders’ livelihood.
Results demonstrate that those with suitable land available are more likely to adopt eucalypt tree farming than others. In
addition, perception of land tenure security matters in the adoption of tree growing, but holding a formal land tenure document
does not. Adoption of eucalypt tree farming in Thailand is not part of a land use intensification strategy. Instead, eucalypts
are used as an alternative crop for low productivity land, on which eucalypts are the most profitable crop. Eucalypt tree
farming also gives smallholders an opportunity to diversify their income. In addition, this alternative land use has the advantage
of requiring low labour inputs between planting and harvest. This is particularly advantageous for many tree growers who have
off-farm income or rely on hired labour for farming their land. 相似文献
16.
对安宁市集体林权制度改革后林地管理工作的思考 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
由于安宁市林地管理采取集体统一和模式化管理的形式以及集体林权制度改革后均山到户,给林地管理工作带来了一些新问题,加大了对林地监管的难度.文中分析了林改后林地管理中凸现的实际权利不到位,林权流转平台尚未完善,林农主体地位得不到兑现,林权纠纷解决机制不完善,管理队伍不健全等问题.藉此,提出稳定林权,还权于民,规范林权流转机制,完善林业纠纷解决机制,依法依规保护管理林地,明确管理责任等加强林地管理的措施. 相似文献
17.
Using logistic and multiple regression analyses, this article examines the socioeconomic factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt on-farm tree planting, one of the agroforestry techniques promoted by government agencies and research institutions for use in the farming systems of Uganda. A household survey involving 200 farmers was carried out in the Subcounties of Kabamba, Mugarama, Kagadi, and Kiryanga in Kibaale District, western Uganda. From the analyses, we found out that a farmer's decision to adopt on-farm tree planting is influenced by household and field characteristics. Gender, tree tenure security, availability of seed and supply, guidance by extension and research Institutions, size of landholding per household, fuelwood scarcity, and main source of family income were the factors that significantly influenced the decision to adopt on-farm tree planting. We recommended that in order to promote increased adoption of on-farm tree planting, appropriate socioeconomic characterization should be explored in order to target areas with better adoption potential for optimal realization of the intended objectives by government agencies and research institutions. 相似文献
18.
Tapping-tree density in rubber plantations affects the production of dry rubber. Farmers can estimate rubber productivity when they know with certainty the number of tapping trees within a plantation and can therefore increase productivity through optimized planting schematics. Historical data on planting distance between trees and between rows, planting density (trees/ha) and tapping-tree density (number of trees under tapping for latex harvest per hectare) from 1952 to 2014 have been collected for plantations in the Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces of South China. A plantation survey was conducted to collect more detailed data on current tapping tree and planting densities in various plantations in the three provinces. Planting density and row spacing are found to have increased with rubber tree planting time and plant spacing to have declined from 1952 to 2014. Tapping-tree density of rubber plantations from 1955 to 1995 in South China ranges from 270 to 345 tree/ha, averaging 300 trees/ha. Strong typhoons and cold snaps are important drivers of fluctuations in tapping-tree density. The factors driving tapping-tree density are similar across the three provinces but the degree of change differs between provinces. Tapping panel dryness (due to tapping beyond the natural limit of the rubber tree productivity), severe wind damage and cold damage are the major factors resulting in loss of tapping trees in plantations in South China. These results suggest that a combination of environmental management for extreme weather and targeted breeding could improve tapping-tree density in rubber plantation and therefore dry rubber yield per unit area. 相似文献
19.
Scotney Watts 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(4):301-327
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the institutional constraints that limit the active participation of rural communities in the sustainable use and management of forest resources in Mozambique. It was found that the Land Law does not encourage smallholders to invest in land resource conservation when soil fertility and yields decline and weed infestation begins to manifest. Recognition of customary institutions as legitimate authorities in the management of land and embedded resources by the Land, and Forestry and Wildlife laws constrains the effective participation of women in sustainable use. Both laws externalize the costs of natural resource degradation and have inappropriate beliefs in the capacity of traditional institutions to effectively implement sustainable use and management of natural resources. Lack of skilled human resources was also identified as a key factor limiting the effective implementation of natural resources policies in Mozambique. The majority of rural communities that depend on land, forest, and wildlife resources are unaware of the relevant statutes that govern the ownership and utilization of these natural resources. This paper provides pertinent recommendations for resolving these institutional constraints on the sustainable use and management of natural resources in Mozambique. 相似文献
20.
Indonesia has attracted increasing global attention in recent years due to concerns over large-scale deforestation. The island of Sumatra in particular is severely affected by the rapid expansion of monoculture cash crops. Since Dutch colonial times, land tenure regulations here have generally favored such resource exploitation. The current National Development Plan continues to see Sumatra as a center of resource production in order to eradicate poverty and accelerate national development. This developmental focus, however, is accompanied by contested land use scenarios.Taking a historical perspective, this research discloses different layers of past and present land tenure regulations to understand present contestations of land use, resource exploitation, and their social consequences. Based on a village case study, the research demonstrates how different political eras and their accompanying land tenure approaches are inscribed in today's local landscape. We found that de jure regulations which were added to customary laws created a situation of legal pluralism. Our case study explains how local actors craft institutional arrangements in a process of institutional bricolage to use ‘their’ resources. 相似文献