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1.
长期不同施肥对东北黑土区玉米产量稳定性的影响 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19
【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以（公主岭）国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式（CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M1NPK、SNPK和M2NPK）的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M1NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M1NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M1NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990-2014年）排序为NPK＞NP＞NK＞PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数（SYI）值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M1NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。 相似文献
2.
长期不同施肥下紫色土-作物体系镉累积及安全性评估 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
【目的】利用连续施肥23年(1991—2014)的稻麦长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤-小麦/水稻轮作体系镉(Cd)累积的影响,为西南紫色土地区农产品质量安全和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】利用8个长期不同施肥处理:(1)CK(不施肥对照);(2)N(只施氮肥);(3)NK(只施氮、钾肥);(4)NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥);(5)NPK+M(化肥+猪、牛粪);(6)NPK+S(化肥+稻草还田);(7)1.5NPK+S(1.5倍化肥+稻草还田);(8)(NK)_(Cl)P+S(含氯化肥+稻草还田)。分别测定不同年际间土壤中全镉和有效镉含量以及作物中的镉含量,并评估镉的累积程度。【结果】随着施肥年限的增加,土壤全镉含量逐年提高;长期不施磷肥的CK、N、和NK处理土壤全镉累积提升较慢,施用磷肥、有机肥及含氯化肥处理提升较快,其中以NPK+M、1.5NPK+S和(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理土壤全镉含量提升最快,23年后分别增加了1.18、1.18、1.15 mg·kg~(-1);除不施磷肥处理外,其他所有处理土壤全镉含量均超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(GB15618—2018)中的土壤镉污染风险筛选值0.6mg·kg~(-1)。长期施肥处理的土壤有效镉含量均明显高于不施肥对照,其中长期施用N、(NK)_(Cl)P+S和1.5NPK+S处理土壤有效镉含量提升幅度较大。随着试验年份的增加各施肥处理水稻籽粒中镉含量呈上升趋势,但均未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.2 mg kg~(-1));小麦籽粒中镉含量在不同年际间没有明显变化,除长期施用含氯化肥(NK)_(Cl)P+S处理籽粒中镉含量超过食品中污染物限量标准外(GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.1 mg kg~(-1)),其他处理均未超标。【结论】本试验条件下,长期不同施肥、特别是施用磷肥和猪、牛粪有机肥均提高了土壤全镉含量,增加了其生态风险;而长期施用含氯化肥因使土壤p H下降而提高了有效镉含量,并导致小麦籽粒中镉含量超标。因此,防止镉因施肥等途径进入农田,是保证农产品安全生产的重要环节。 相似文献
3.
长期施肥对两种稻田土壤微生物量氮及有机氮组分的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
【目的】土壤有机氮和微生物量氮（MBN）是土壤肥力的重要指标，并对土壤质量演变具有重要的指示意义。本文旨在研究长期不同施肥处理对稻田土壤MBN和酸解有机氮（AHON）及其组分的影响。【方法】以湖南省新化县和桃江县两个稻田肥力长期定位试验点的土样作为研究对象，采用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和酸解-蒸馏法分别对土壤的MBN及AHON进行了测定。【结果】不施肥处理（对照）土壤的MBN含量分别为30 mg•kg-1（新化）和28 mg•kg-1（桃江）。与对照相比，单施化肥对土壤MBN含量没有显著的影响，而化肥配施有机肥则显著提高了土壤MBN的含量。AHON占土壤全氮的69%～89%，是土壤氮的主体。长期不同施肥处理对AHON含量及其组分有显著的影响。对照处理的土壤AHON含量在新化和桃江两试验点分别为821.54和1 471.35 mg•kg-1。化肥配施有机肥可以提高土壤AHON及其组分中的氨基酸氮（AAN）、氨基糖氮（ASN）和氨态氮（AN）的含量。与对照处理相比，不同施肥处理使土壤酸解未知氮（HUN）的含量有所降低，而使非酸解性氮（NHN）的含量有所增加。土壤TN与MBN和AHON之间的相关性均达极显著水平，土壤MBN与AHON和氨基态氮之间存在显著的正相关关系。【结论】土壤氮素含量的提高和演变与施肥措施密切相关，化肥配合有机肥施用能提高土壤有机氮及微生物量氮的含量，增加了与土壤微生物密切相关的氨基态氮含量。 相似文献
4.
Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers 
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下载免费PDF全文 《农业科学学报》2023,22(7):2221-2232
Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha–1), SOC (20.88 g kg–1), TN (2.30 g kg–1), TP (0.95 g kg–1), TK (22.50 g kg–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required. 相似文献
5.
WANG Qi-qi LIU Ling-ling LI Yu QIN Song WANG Chuan-jie CAI An-dong WU Lei XU Ming-gang ZHANG Wen-ju 《农业科学学报》2020,19(5):1354-1362
Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization. 相似文献
6.
Significant reduction of ammonia emissions while increasing crop yields using the 4R nutrient stewardship in an intensive cropping system 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 ZHANG Chong WANG Dan-dan ZHAO Yong-jian XIAO Yu-lin CHEN Huan-xuan LIU He-pu FENG Li-yuan YU Chang-hao JU Xiao-tang 《农业科学学报》2023,22(6):1883-1895
Ammonia (NH3) emissions should be mitigated to improve environmental quality.Croplands are one of the largest NH3sources,they must be managed properly to reduce their emissions while achieving the target yields.Herein,we report the NH3 emissions,crop yield and changes in soil fertility in a long-term trial with various fertilization regimes,to explore whether NH3 emissions can be significantly reduced using the 4R nutrient stewardship (4Rs),and its int... 相似文献
7.
长期施用氮肥和磷肥对东北黑土丛枝菌根真菌群落组成的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物抗病和抗逆性等方面具有重要意义,探讨长期施用化学氮肥和磷肥对东北黑土AM真菌的影响及其主效环境因子,为进一步揭示AM真菌对化肥的响应机制,指导农田施肥以及利用AM真菌提高土壤养分有效性提供依据。【方法】以长期定位试验为平台,选取5种不同处理:不施肥(CK),单施常量氮肥(N_1),混施常量氮肥和磷肥(N_1P_1),单施2倍常量氮肥(N_2),混施2倍常量氮肥和磷肥(N_2P_2)。采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究连续施用37年氮肥和磷肥的AM真菌群落组成差异,并对AM真菌群落组成与环境因子进行相关性分析。【结果】随着氮、磷施用量的增加,黑土p H和速效钾含量显著降低,而全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量显著提高。单施氮肥(N_1和N_2)对黑土中AM真菌多样性影响不显著(P0.05);然而氮、磷混施(N_1P_1和N_2P_2)显著降低黑土中AM真菌多样性(P0.05)。土壤中AM真菌以Glomeraceae科为主,占AM真菌45.5%。在属水平上,施肥降低Funneliformis和Septoglomus丰度,而提高Paraglomus丰度;在N_1和N_2基础上施磷显著提高Glomus和Funneliformis丰度,而降低Gigaspora和Paraglomus的丰度。非度量多维度分析表明,长期施用氮、磷肥改变了土壤中AM真菌群落组成。不施肥处理、单施氮肥处理和氮、磷混施处理AM真菌群落差异显著,且磷肥影响较为显著。冗余分析表明,土壤p H,有效磷含量是影响黑土中AM真菌群落组成的主效环境因子(P0.05)。【结论】长期施用氮肥以及氮、磷肥混施改变了黑土中AM真菌群落组成,单施氮肥对黑土中AM真菌多样性影响不大,而氮、磷肥混施降低其多样性,施肥导致的土壤p H和有效磷含量变化是主要因素。 相似文献
8.
为探究临安雷竹林土壤理化性状的变化,以临安雷竹林种植区进行施肥调查和土壤样品采集,对临安雷竹林土壤进行研究。研究结果表明,雷竹林表层土壤(0~20 cm)酸化严重,最低的pH 3.2,酸化且有明显深层化趋势;表土有机质和速效磷积聚,含量分别高达57.6 g/kg和765.0 mg/kg。据分析,雷竹林过量施用化肥,特别是氮肥和磷肥造成土壤养分失衡,导致雷竹林土壤pH下降。表土(0~20 cm)酸化严重,pH最低值达3.2,远低于雷竹适宜生长的pH 5.5~7.0,同时,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量大幅上升,最高分别达693.0和507.0 mg/kg。结合当地生产实践分析,雷竹种植过程中过量施用化肥、覆盖大量有机物分解产生的酸性物质以及雷竹林自身分泌有机酸共同作用导致竹园土壤有明显的酸化趋势。 相似文献
9.
MIAO Hui-tian Lü Jia-long XU Ming-gang ZHANG Wen-ju HUANG Shao-min PENG Chang CHEN Li-ming 《农业科学学报》2015,14(6):1212-1221
In order to reveal the impact of various fertilization strategies on carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) accumulation and allocation in corn(Zea mays L.), corn was grown in the fields where continuous fertilization management had been lasted about 18 years at two sites located in Central and Northeast China(Zhengzhou and Gongzhuling), and biomass C and N contents in different organs of corn at harvest were analyzed. The fertilization treatments included non-fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizers of either nitrogen(N), or nitrogen and phosphorus(NP), or phosphorus and potassium(PK), or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium(NPK), NPK plus manure(NPKM), 150% of the NPKM(1.5NPKM), and NPK plus straw(NPKS). The results showed that accumulated C in aboveground ranged from 2 550–5 630 kg ha–1 in the control treatment to 9 300–9 610 kg ha–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 57–67% and 43–50% were allocated in the non-grain organs, respectively. Accumulated N in aboveground ranged from 44.8–55.2 kg ha–1 in the control treatment to 211–222 kg ha–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 35–48% and 33–44% were allocated in the non-grain parts, respectively. C allocated to stem and leaf for the PK treatment was 65 and 49% higher than that for the NPKM treatment at the both sites, respectively, while N allocated to the organs for the PK treatment was 18 and 6% higher than that for the NPKM treatment, respectively. This study demonstrated that responses of C and N allocation in corn to fertilization strategies were different, and C allocation was more sensitive to fertilization treatments than N allocation in the area. 相似文献
10.
有机-无机肥料配合施用对塿土的培肥效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过12年长期定位试验研究了有机-无机肥料配施对土耕层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾以及土壤的容重、田间持水量、土壤孔隙度的变化。结果表明,化肥配施秸杆与有机肥均能提高土壤肥力,但效果不同;与长期施无机化肥的NPK相比较,M(H)NPK、M(N)NPK培肥效果明显好于SNPK,以有机质提高最为显著。 相似文献
11.
长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为研究长期不同施肥方式对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量的影响,以国家黄土高原农业生态试验站长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,应用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法和生态化学计量比,研究了30 a不同施肥方式下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量变化及其与土壤基本理化性状的关系。结果表明:长期施肥较CK处理均能提高土壤微生物量氮、磷含量;与CK相比,施用化肥处理的微生物量碳含量均有所降低,而微生物量氮、磷含量显著提高;除NM处理外,施用有机肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量较CK处理均显著提高。长期单施化肥、有机肥和化肥有机肥配施处理的微生物量C∶N显著低于CK处理,等量施磷处理(P、NP、PM、NPM)的微生物量C∶P、N∶P均低于CK和其余施肥处理,而NM处理的微生物量C∶P、N∶P显著高于其余处理。冗余分析显示,土壤全氮(F=13.9,P=0.002)对土壤微生物生物量影响最大,解释了微生物量变化的5.3%,各理化性质的影响顺序为全氮全磷pH有机质;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、磷分别与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,土壤微生物量氮与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关。长期单施化肥使土壤酸碱度发生改变,对微生物的生命活动产生抑制作用。而长期化肥配施有机肥能不同程度提高土壤养分含量,促进土壤微生物的生长繁殖,进而增强微生物对碳、氮、磷等元素的吸收利用,对于提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率具有重要意义。 相似文献
12.
为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥（NPKM1）、50%化肥配施50%有机肥（NPKM2）、30%化肥配施70%有机肥（NPKM3）,采用固体13C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳（Microbial biomass carbon,MBC）和微生物生物量氮（Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳（SOC）分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施（NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3）提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%~7.7%（P>0.05）,中低有机肥配施比例（30%和50%）稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%~71.1%和104.1%~267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳（甲氧基/含氮烷基碳）含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。 相似文献
13.
长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响 总被引：41，自引：6，他引：41
【目的】研究化肥、有机肥对水稻产量、土壤有机质的影响,以及化肥氮磷钾、有机肥氮磷钾提高土壤养分的异同。【方法】依托祁阳站有机无机、肥水稻长期定位试验,分析历史样品及数据。【结果】有机肥与化肥氮磷钾配合施用对水稻高产稳定有显著作用;长期施用化肥和有机肥对提高土壤有机质都有显著作用,但施用化肥只能提高土壤有机质含量至28.1 g?kg-1,与试验开始时相比只提高了42%。凡施用牛粪能使土壤有机质平均最高增加到41.6 g?kg-1,比试验开始时提高了91%;有机肥氮提高土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的效果优于化肥氮,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量比化肥处理提高了30%和16%。而施入的有机肥磷在土壤中累积较少,土壤全磷、速效磷提高较少, 施入的化肥磷在土壤中累积较多, 土壤全磷、速效磷含量提高幅度较大。与有机肥相比,化肥提高土壤全磷30%,提高速效磷115%。【结论】有机肥与化肥氮磷钾配合施用对水稻高产稳产和提升土壤肥力有重要的作用。 相似文献
14.
南京地区典型农业试验基地土壤肥力、环境质量调查与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以位于南京市东郊的江苏省农业科学院(简称省农科院)本部试验地和城市边缘带的六合、溧水农业试验基地为研究区,采集土壤样品并进行分析,阐明研究区土壤肥力、重金属污染状况并加以评价。结果表明:①省农科院院本部研究区土壤肥力质量属中等水平,其主要限制因子是pH值和有机质,偏施化学肥料和有机肥施用较少是研究区土壤酸化现象严重及土壤有机质含量偏低的主要原因;六合、溧水试验基地土壤肥力质量属差级水平,其限制因子是有机质、速效磷和速效钾,这与该研究区偏施氮肥而磷钾肥及有机肥整体投入量不足有关。②院本部试验地零星分布的重金属污染影响该研究区土壤整体评价,但从所测6种重金属的单因子环境质量指数和综合质量指数来看,正常情况下不会引起该研究区的土壤污染;六合、溧水试验基地则未发生所测6种重金属的污染。 相似文献
15.
Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza Andrea Fernandes Rodrígues Luciano Façanha Marques 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2016,42(1):11-16
The influence of long-term fertilization on plant development and soil properties was investigated. Soil samples were taken from a long-term field experiment which was conducted for 5 years to explore the effect of three treatments: control (non-fertilization), conventional (mineral fertilizers—NPK), and alternative (organic fertilizers—farmyard manure). The highest values of plant yield and soil properties were found in the alternative fertilization system after the thirty year of its utilization. Conventional fertilization showed positive effects until the second year of its utilization where enhanced soil fertility (total nitrogen and available phosphorous content) and plant development (plant yield, plant dry biomass, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant nitrogen concentration). After the thirty year the conventional fertilization system showed lower values for these studied variables compared to alternative fertilization system. Our findings suggest that inputs of organic matter source can change positively the wheat growth and soil fertility, and these results highlight the importance of considering the long-term effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on these variables. 相似文献
16.
几种施肥模式对红壤氮素形态转化和pH的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
【目的】为合理施用氮肥减缓红壤酸化,研究不同施肥措施下红壤酸度与氮矿化的关系。【方法】采用室内恒温培养试验研究不同施氮模式（不施肥（CK）,20 mgN•kg-1（25%N）,40 mgN•kg-1（50%N）,80 mgN•kg-1（100%N,尿素,常规施氮量）,160 mgN•kg-1（200%N）,100%N加化学磷肥（100%N+P）,100%N+P加化学钾肥（100%N+PK）,100%N+PK加玉米秸秆（100%N+PKS）,70%N+PK配施30%有机氮（70%N+PK+30%M）,50%N+PK配施50%有机氮（50%N+PK+50%M）,30%N+PK配施70%有机氮（30%N+PK+70%M）和100%有机氮（100%M,猪粪））下红壤中NH4+-N、NO3--N和pH的动态变化,并分析相关关系。【结果】与CK相比,各施肥处理均提高了土壤NO3--N、硝化潜势（Np）,且尿素氮施用量越大其增幅越大,随有机氮替代尿素氮比例增加其增幅减小。Np最大的是200%N处理（335.62 mg•kg-1）;其次为100%N（152.48 mg•kg-1）、100%N+P（153.36 mg•kg-1）、100%N+PK（148.17 mg•kg-1）和100%N+PKS（148.62 mg•kg-1）处理;而100%N+PKS处理硝化速率k（0.039 d-1）显著低于100%N、100%N+P和100%N+PK处理（k分别为0.051、0.051和0.054 d-1）。各施肥处理土壤NH4+-N和pH均呈先增加,后逐渐下降趋于稳定的变化趋势。培养结束后,与CK相比,土壤pH随尿素氮施用量的增加而显著降低,200%N处理降幅最大,下降了0.92个pH单位;而有机氮替代尿素氮能缓解红壤pH降低。土壤pH与NH4+-N含量呈极显著正相关,而与NO3--N含量和Np之间存在极显著负相关。【结论】施用尿素氮能促进红壤（pH 5.7）硝化作用,加速土壤pH降低,施氮量是影响红壤酸化的主要原因之一;配施玉米秸秆能降低红壤硝化速率,减小NO3--N累积;有机氮替代尿素氮能降低硝化潜势,从而减小红壤酸化的风险。 相似文献
17.
中国南方水稻土酸化演变特征及影响因素 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
【目的】明确中国南方水稻土酸化特征及主要影响因素,为防控水稻土酸化提供理论依据。【方法】选择中国南方江苏、湖南、广东、广西、四川和云南6个省份（自治区）的20个水稻土长期定位监测点,统计分析水稻土pH演变特征及阶段性变化规律,并探讨施肥量及土壤氮素含量对水稻土酸化的影响。【结果】1988-2013年25年间中国南方水稻土显著酸化,土壤pH下降0.59个单位,平均每年下降0.023个单位。水稻土酸化具有明显的阶段性特征,起始的14年中水稻土pH急速下降,平均每年可下降0.051个单位;近10年间,土壤pH趋于平稳。增施化肥特别是化学氮肥可导致水稻土酸化,二者与土壤pH均呈显著负相关关系（P＜0.01）,由此推算出化学氮肥每增施100 kg·hm-2,水稻土pH可下降0.65个单位。减少有机肥的施用也可引起水稻土酸化,有机肥施用量与土壤pH之间呈显著正相关关系,有机肥每减少100 kg·hm-2,水稻土pH下降0.51个单位。土壤全氮及碱解氮含量与pH间均呈极显著负相关关系,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量每增加100 mg·kg-1,水稻土pH约下降0.1个单位。【结论】在过去25年间,中国南方水稻土显著酸化,酸化具有明显的阶段性特征,施肥初期土壤pH显著降低。减少化学氮肥的施用和增施有机肥是控制水稻土酸化的重要措施。 相似文献
18.
长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以湖南省3个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点(新化、宁乡和桃江)的土壤为对象,研究了20年不同土壤培肥方式(不施肥、单施化肥、化肥配施中量/高量猪粪和化肥配施秸秆)对土壤全氮、有机氮组分及氮素矿化的影响.结果显示,与不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤全氮的影响在新化和宁乡点均不显著,但化肥配施猪粪或秸秆在三个试验点均显著提高了土壤全氮、碱解氮和微生物量氮的含量.总体来看,长期施肥能够提高土壤有机氮各组分的含量,并提高氨基糖氮和氨基酸氮在全氮中的占比,但不同类型肥料施入后对有机氮组分的影响因试验点的不同而异,这可能是不同试验点土壤理化性质差异导致的.相关分析显示土壤酸解有机氮组分与氮矿化势极显著相关,且在三个监测点,有机物配施化肥的处理土壤氮矿化势均高于单施化肥处理.研究表明,虽然土壤性质上的差异可能导致土壤氮组分对施肥措施的响应不同,但有机无机肥配施提高土壤供氮潜力的效果均优于单施化肥. 相似文献
19.
The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha−1 yr−1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P2O5 ha−1 yr−1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K2O ha−1 yr−1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha−1 yr−1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC. 相似文献
20.
长期施肥下黑土重金属的演变特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
【目的】探讨长期施肥下黑土重金属的演变特征,为该地区科学施肥和土壤环境保护提供理论依据。【方法】设计长期定位施肥试验：CK（对照,不施肥)、N（氮）、NP（氮磷）、NPK（氮磷钾）、NPKM（氮磷钾+有机肥）和1.5NPKM（1.5倍的NPKM）,共6个处理。试验采集起始（1989年）和各施肥年限（1994、2000、2006、2010、2012年）的耕层（0-20 cm）土壤样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量和有效态含量,并计算其活化度。【结果】长期施用化肥不影响黑土重金属总量、有效态含量。Pb不受施肥影响,Cu、Zn、Cd受粪肥影响,其总量和有效态都显著增加,Cu和Zn活化度增加,但Cd活化度显著降低（维持在8%-9%,明显低于化肥处理的35%）。长期施用有机肥,重金属演变呈现阶段性。1989-2000年缓慢增加,2000-2010年快速增加,2010年后稳定或缓慢下降。1.5NPKM 3个阶段Cd总量变化分别为0.03 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.07 mg·kg-1·a-1、-0.13 mg·kg-1·a-1;NPKM处理的Cu有效态变化分别为0.11 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.53 mg·kg-1·a-1、-1.25 mg·kg-1·a-1。重金属演变的阶段性是源于粪肥重金属含量的阶段性变化,即养殖方式的变化。金属活化度相关性分析表明：Cu与Olsen-P、Zn与SOM皆显著正相关,而Pb与pH显著负相关;Cd与Olsen-P和SOM显著负相关,与pH显著正相关,意味着Cd对土壤性质的响应更加复杂。【结论】长期施用化肥对重金属演变没有明显影响,长期施用有机肥显著改变了其演变特征,重金属演变呈现出先缓慢增加、然后快速增加、最后稳定或缓慢下降的阶段性变化,而且阶段性演变特征源于粪肥金属含量的阶段性变化。在农业生产中,既要适度增施有机肥又要关注其潜在风险,现有施肥量（30 t·hm-2）和玉米种植体系下,当地牛粪长期施用仍存在很大风险。 相似文献