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1.
Leaves of Palicourea marcgravii were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol in order to evaluate their acaricidal activity on larvae and adult stages of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest bioactivity of the tested extracts, which contained 0.12% monofluoroacetic acid. On engorged female, the ethyl acetate extract showed a lethal concentration 50% - LC(50)=30.08 mg ml(-1), inhibitory concentration 50% - IC(50)=5.79 mg ml(-1) and lethal time 50% - LT(50)=4.72 days; 100% reproduction was controlled at concentrations of 50 mg ml(-1) and on larvae the ethyl acetate extract showed a LC(50)=2.46 mg ml(-1). No alkaloids were detected in any of the extracts. This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of P. marcgravii extracts against R. microplus as well as the acaricidal properties of a plant species containing monofluoroacetic acid.  相似文献   

2.
The development of anthelmintic resistance has made the search for alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants imperative. Among these alternatives are several medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintics. This present work evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol dried leaf and seed extracts of five medicinal plants were tested in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities on Haemonchus contortus. The in vitro assay was based on egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA), all plant extracts were evaluated at five concentrations 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.13 mg/ml. The leaf and seed ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol of Annona squamosa, Eclipta prostrata, Solanum torvum, Terminalia chebula, and Catharanthus roseus extracts were showed complete inhibition (100%) at the maximum concentration tested (50 mg/ml). The overall findings of the present study have shown that our experimental plant extracts contain possible anthelmintic compounds.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Methanol extracts of 24 traditional medicinal plants with potential anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in Goldfish Carassius auratus were investigated. Abrus cantoniensis, Citrus medica, Dioscorea collettii, and Polygonum multiflorum exhibited 100% activity and were selected for further evaluation by applying five solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) for the extraction of the samples, followed by an in vivo bioassay. Among the plants tested, water, methanol, and ethyl-acetate extracts of P. multiflorum showed the highest efficacies; EC50 values (median concentration that results in 50% of its maximal effect) were 1.9, 5.4, and 9.1 mg/L, respectively, and extracts showed 100% efficacy against Dactylogyrus intermedius at 100, 12.5, and 25 mg/L. This was followed by ethyl-acetate, chloroform, and methanol extracts of Dioscorea collettii, which demonstrated 100% efficacy at 80, 80, and 120 mg/L and had EC50 values of 19.7, 27.1, and 37.8 mg/L, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. Chloroform and ethyl-acetate extracts of C. medica, which exhibited 100% efficacy against Dactylogyrus intermedius at 100 and 125 mg/L, revealed similar activity and had EC50 values of 58.7 and 51.3 mg/L, respectively. The ethyl-acetate and methanol extracts of A. cantoniensis exhibited the lowest activity and had EC50 values of 279.4 and 64.3 mg/L. Acute toxicities of these active extracts were investigated on Goldfish for 48 h. The findings indicated that extracts of the four plants can be developed as a preferred natural antiparasitic for the control of D. intermedius.

Received June 15, 2013; accepted February 11, 2014  相似文献   

4.
绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用浸卵法测定了绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用。结果表明,欧当归种子丙酮提取物、蛇床种子氯仿提取物、蓖麻种子甲醇、石油醚与乙酸乙酯提取物、绣球小冠花根甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫具有很强的杀卵作用,5 d的校正未孵化率均达100%;欧当归根75%甲醇与石油醚提取物、欧当归种子甲醇与石油醚提取物具有较强的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为39.65%与35.31%,55.99%与34.51%,绣球小冠花根、曼陀罗种子和苘麻种子石油醚提取物具有一定的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为11.45%,11.79%和10.60%,其他提取物杀卵作用很弱或无杀卵作用。绣球小冠花、欧当归、蛇床和蓖麻4种高效杀卵植物具有研究和开发利用价值。  相似文献   

5.
In the previous work conducted, it was found that the root extract of Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Bruch.) Skeels. exhibited good anthelmintic efficacy against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. This study was therefore undertaken to screen fractions of the extracts of E. elephantina for their anthelmintic activity against adult H. contortus using a bioactivity-guided assay. The adult worm bioassay was conducted using aqueous, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the plant extracts at concentrations of 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml in vitro. Albendazole and distilled water were used as positive and negative control, respectively. In vitro treatment of adult worms revealed concentration and time-dependent efficacy of the fractions of E. elephantina. The aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions showed a highly significant (P < 0.05) motility inhibition at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml and above after 6 h of exposure, while the hexane fraction showed a significant (P < 0.05) motility inhibition at concentrations of 5 mg/ml and above. After 30 h of exposure, all the fractions showed insignificant (P > 0.05) inhibition of motility. The fractions of E. elephantina also showed mortality indexes that were not significantly different to each other, as well as to the commercial drug (albendazole). Overall, the ethyl acetate and the aqueous fractions were found to possess the highest anthelmintic activity. We therefore recommend future studies to further investigate effective dosages of these fractions in vivo, as well as a full investigation into the compounds responsible for the biological activity.  相似文献   

6.
屠洁  刘冠卉 《蚕业科学》2010,36(5):870-874
为了有效利用缫丝蚕蛹的功能性成分开发高附加值的降血糖药物,采用95%乙醇浸提蚕蛹活性物质,并依次选用石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、水饱和正丁醇对蚕蛹醇提物进行梯度极性溶剂萃取,获得不同萃取组分及水相组分。测定各相萃取组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶的体外抑制活性,结果显示:当石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取组分及水相组分的质量浓度为0.33mg/mL时,各相萃取组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶的体外抑制率分别为100%、58%、38.1%、36.93%、21.53%;各相萃取组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.049、0.272、0.434、0.645、0.449 mg/mL。选择对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性较强的石油醚相和乙醚相萃取组分,采用双倒数作图法检测其抑制作用类型均属于非竞争性抑制。  相似文献   

7.
红蓼提取物对13种农业害虫触杀活性的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
关于红蓼提取物对农业害虫的触杀活性,国内外研究甚少。研究红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,可为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。本研究采用浸渍法测定了红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫、菜粉蝶、棉铃虫、甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和小地老虎4~5龄幼虫具有很强的触杀活性,在16.80 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率在87.50%~100%;对小菜蛾3龄幼虫也具有很强的触杀活性,在21.00 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为92.85%;秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫和粘虫5龄幼虫具有很强和较强的触杀活性,在33.60 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率分别为100%和59.20%。盛花期茎秆石油醚粗提物对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,在0.27 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为51.65%。盛花期花石油醚和甲醇粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的触杀活性,在0.13和1.15 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率均高达100%。  相似文献   

8.
The in vitro effect of six Jordanian traditional medicine plant methanolic extracts were tested against 32 isolates of Mycoplasma species; Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (6), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (8) and M. putrefaciens (18), all isolated from either nasal swabs or milk, from sheep and goats in different regions in Jordan. All Mycoplasma species showed susceptibility to Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia arborescens with MIC ranges from 3.125–12.5 mg/ml. Allium sativum and Punica grantum showed limited activity against some Mycoplasma isolates. Olea europea and Citrullus colocynthis showed no in vitro activity against any of the Mycoplasma species tested. Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia arborescens may therefore be useful for the treatment of mycoplasma infections. The authors are British Civil Servants and as such their work is subject to British Crown Copyright. This means the exclusive copyright for the article cannot be transferred.  相似文献   

9.
Condensed tannins (CT) extracted from Balanites aegyptiaca, Tamarindus indica, and Celtis toka browses were used to evaluate their anthelmintic effect on different developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus. To achieve this objective, various serial concentrations of each CT extract of the foliages were used to test adult motility, inhibition of egg hatchability, and larval development. The fodders were selected based on their multipurpose advantage and accessibility to use as fodder for livestock in the low lands of the Gambella region. The fastest and slowest adult motility rate was observed in 2-ml (4 min) and 0.125-ml dose of C. toka, respectively, which is better than that in ivermectin. Egg hatchability inhibition was observed with dose difference within species, but there is no difference between B. aegyptiaca and T. indica. The foliage extracts of the studied browses were observed to inhibit the larvae by 100% at 2 ml, which is similar to ivermectin. There is no significant difference observed in larvae development inhibition between the species and ivermectin (p?>?0.05). CT extracts of studied plants have found to own significant anthelmintic activity in a dose-dependent manner. They could serve as anthelmintic economically and eco-friendly after further and series of in vivo experiments.  相似文献   

10.
本试验旨在观察紫菀不同极性段提取物对SD大鼠的肝脏毒性损伤。SD大鼠随机分为空白组、石油醚组、乙酸乙酯组、正丁醇组、母液组、75%乙醇组,每组10只,灌胃给药0.34g生药/kg体重,连续28 d,观察对大鼠摄食量、体增重、脏器系数、尿液指标、血常规、血清生化指标、肝脏组织抗氧化酶、病理切片等的影响。试验结果显示各组大鼠体增重、肝脏组织抗氧化酶、尿液指标、脏器系数均无显著变化(P>0.05);雄鼠乙酸乙酯组、母液组白细胞计数(WBC)显著降低(P<0.05),正丁醇组极显著降低(P<0.01),雌鼠石油醚组、乙酸乙酯组WBC极显著降低(P<0.01),正丁醇组显著降低(P<0.05);雌鼠乙酸乙酯组乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)显著升高(P<0.05);病理组织学检查可见石油醚组和乙酸乙酯组大鼠肝脏出现轻微的肝索紊乱、颗粒变性,其余组与空白组相比无明显差异。结果表明在0.34g生药/kg体重给药条件下,紫菀的石油醚和乙酸乙酯提取物对大鼠产生轻微的肝脏毒性。  相似文献   

11.
The aim of the experiment was to observe the liver toxicity of different polarity section extracts from Aster tataricus L.f.on SD rats.The subchronic test was performed via the daily oral administration of Aster tataricus L.f.at dose of 0.34 g/kg body weight in SD rats which were divided into six groups(control group, petroleum ether group, ethyl acetate group, N-butyl alcohol group, mother liquid group and 75% ethanol group), observing the effects on food consumption, body weight gain, viscera coefficient, urine examination, blood routine examination, serum biochemistry indices, liver antioxidant function analysis and histopathological observation.There was no significant changes of body weight gain, viscera coefficient, urine examination and liver antioxidant function among six groups(P>0.05), but WBC significantly and extremely significantly decreased in male rats of ethyl acetate group, mother liquid group and N-butyl alcohol group(P<0.05; P<0.01), and significantly and extremely significantly decreased in female rats of N-butyl alcohol group and petroleum ether group, ethyl acetate group(P<0.05; P<0.01);The LDH significantly increased in female rats of ethyl acetate group(P<0.05);Slight congestion and necrosis were showed in liver in petroleum ether group and ethyl acetate group, there was no differences observed in other groups.The extracts of Aster tataricus L.f., especially petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract could cause slight liver toxicity under the dose of 0.34 g/kg body weight.  相似文献   

12.
The development of anthelmintic resistance has made the search for alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants imperative. Among these alternatives are several medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintics. This present work evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol dried leaf and seed extracts of five medicinal plants were tested in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities on Haemonchus contortus. The in vitro assay was based on egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA), all plant extracts were evaluated at five concentrations 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.13 mg/ml. The leaf and seed ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol of Annona squamosa, Eclipta prostrata, Solanum torvum, Terminalia chebula, and Catharanthus roseus extracts were showed complete inhibition (100%) at the maximum concentration tested (50 mg/ml). The overall findings of the present study have shown that our experimental plant extracts contain possible anthelmintic compounds.  相似文献   

13.
The resistance of 220 coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (associated with animal disease) to 13 antibiotics were determined using the disk diffusion method. 35.9% of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MR-CNS) exhibited resistance to five or more than five antibiotics; all of these bacteria were resistant to methicillin too. The new Streptomyces sp. ABRIINW111 was isolated from the Zagros Mountains Hamadan, Iran. The 16S rDNA sequence of the isolate indicated that it has 98% similarity to S. levis, but some mutations in the alpha and gamma regions of the 16S rDNA sequence emphasize the probability of the existence of a new species. Preliminary and secondary antibacterial screenings revealed that the isolate is active against gram negative and positive bacteria. The diethyl ether extracted metabolite of the Streptomyces sp. ABRIINW111 showed an effective antibacterial activity against MR-CNS. So the diethyl ether extract of the new Streptomyces sp. strain ABRIINW111 can inhibit the MR-CNS in vitro, and it can offer a new approach to treat MR-CNS infectious patients.  相似文献   

14.
The population of Alestes imberi in Lake Mcllwaine increased greatly in late 1974, but the species is of little economic importance in the lake. The breeding season is short and coincides with the main river floods. Females are larger than males and fecundity is extremely high. Like other ,4/M/W species it is a very versatile feeder, and utilizes mainly insect alates from April to November, and chironomid larvae and pupae from December to March. It is able to takeadvantage of periodic insect emergences and to utilize some plant material. Zooplankton and fish are not important food items. Condition factors appear to be related to spawning. Growth rates could only be assessed indirectly but appear to be more rapid in Lake Mcllwaine than in Lake Kariba.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract— The effect of nematode Steinernema carpocapsae on cat flea larvae and pupae in different substrates was studied. Nematode application to potting soil, sand, or gravel substrates containing flea eggs, larvae or pupae reduced adult flea emergence; the effects on sand and gravel were equivalent to and greater than the effects on soil. To determine if the cat flea cocoon provides protection from nematodes, pupae in cocoons of silk, sand and silk, or naked (without cocoons) were placed in close proximity to nematodes. All pupae in cocoons or naked were susceptible to nematode attack. When nematode numbers were increased from one to 25 per cocoon the chance for flea infections also increased. Résumé— Les effets du nématode steinerma carpocapsae sur les larves et nymphes de puces de chat dans différents substrats sont étudiés, L'application de némadodes sur des substrats de terre, de sable ou de gravier contenant des oeufs de puces, des larves ou des nymphes, réduit l'émergence de puces adultes; les effets sur le sable ou le gravier sont identiques et supérieurs à ceux obtenus lors d'application sur de la terre. Pour déterminer si le cocon de la puce de chat fournit une protection contre les nématodes, des nymphes dans des cocons de soie, de sable et de soie, ou nues sont placées à proximité des nématodes. Toutes les nymphes nues ou dans des cocons sont sensibles aux attaques des nematodes. Quand le nombre de nématodes par cocon est augmenté de un à 25 la probabilité d'infection des puces est également augmentée. [Henderson, G., Manweiler, S. A., Lawrence, W. J., Templeman, R. J., Foil, L. D. The effects of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) application to different life stages on adult emergence of the cat flea Ctenophalides felis (Bouché) (Les effets de l'application de steinerma carpocapsae (Weiser) à différentes phases du cycle sur l'émergence de l'adulte de la puce du chat ctenocephalides felis (Bouché)). Resumen— Se estudió el efecto del nemátodo Steinernema carpocapsae en las larvas y crisálidas de la pulga del gato en diferentes substratos. La aplicación del nemátoto en la tierra, arena o grava para deposiciones con huevos, larvas o crisálidas de pulga redució la salida del adulto; los efectos sobre la arena o grava fueron similares y superiores a los efectos sobre la tierra. Para determinar si el capullo de la pulga del gato protege de los nemátodos, se colocaron crisálidas en capullos de seda, de seda y arena y desnudas (sin capullos) muy cerca de los nemátodos. Todas las crisálidas en capullos o desnudas eran susceptibles al ataque de los nemátodos. Cuando se incrementaba el número de nemátodos de uno a 25 por capullo, también aumentaban las probabilidades de infestación de las pulgas. [Henderson, G., Manweiler, S. A., Lawrence, W. J., Templeman, R. J., Foil, L. D. The effects of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) application to different life stages on adult emergence of the cat flea Ctenophalides felis (Bouché) (Efectos de la aplicación Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) a distintos estadios en la salida del adulto de la pulga del gato Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche)).  相似文献   

16.
本研究旨在分析假蒟提取物的活性成分并评价其体外抗氧化和抗炎活性。试验通过ABTS法检测3种假蒟提取物(石油醚、正丁醇及乙酸乙酯提取物)的抗氧化能力;采用LPS法建立猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)体外炎症模型,用假蒟提取物预处理后,以ELISA法检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量。结果表明,3种假蒟提取物总抗氧化活性由大到小依次是假蒟正丁醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、石油醚提取物(P<0.05),其中假蒟正丁醇提取物总生物碱、总酚含量最高,分别为2.81 mEq/100 g、161.82 mg/g。与空白组相比,LPS组IPEC-J2细胞的TNF-α(P<0.05)、IL-1(P>0.05)及IL-6(P<0.05)含量均升高;与LPS组相比,假蒟预处理组的这几种细胞因子含量均显著降低(P<0.05),由高到低依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>正丁醇提取物。综合试验结果,假蒟提取物具有一定的抗氧化作用,能影响IPEC-J2细胞炎性因子的分泌,抑制炎症反应。  相似文献   

17.
After infection of pigs by the larvae of Oesophagostomum dentatum, granulomas are formed around the third‐stage larvae in the submucosa of the gut which contain a considerable number of neutrophils. This has no obvious impact on the larvae, which develop to fourth‐stage larvae within these granulomas. We therefore asked, whether the products of O. dentatum larvae modulate the functional capacity of porcine neutrophils. The antibody‐independent cellular cytotoxicity (AICC) was chosen as a model system. This assay was developed for the pig and quantified using flow cytometry. Bovine lymphoblastoid cells (cell line Anna TA1) served as targets. The measurement of cytotoxicity was based on the determination of absolute numbers of vital target cells. This procedure proved to be reliable and required no additional labelling of target and/or effector cells. Porcine neutrophils, when stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA; 10 nmol/l), killed target cells at effector : target ratios between 1 : 1 and 9 : 1. AICC was not demonstrable after 4 h but could be observed between 16 h and 20 h after in vitro co‐culture. Killing of targets required close physical contact between effector and targets, since supernatants of PMA‐stimulated polymorphonuclear cells were not able to lyse the target cells. Homogenates of third‐ and fourth‐stage larvae of O. dentatum did not affect the vitality of porcine granulocytes or target cells in vitro, nor did they modulate the AICC capacity of porcine granulocytes.  相似文献   

18.
A study to determine the nutritive value of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves in sheep diets was conducted. Mulberry leaves contained (g kg−1 on dry matter basis): 163 ash, 201 crude protein, 120 crude fibre, 37 ether extracts, 479 nitrogen-free extracts, 268 neutral detergent fibre, 148 acid detergent fibre, 41 acid detergent lignin, 121 cellulose and 107 hemicellulose, while the in vitro true digestibility of dry matter was 89.8%. The nitrogen (N) solubility, determined using: a) McDougall’s buffer, b) 0.02 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and c) 0.15 N sodium chloride (NaCl) as solvents, ranged from 11.6 to 14.9% of total N. In addition, the soluble non-protein nitrogen contributed a substantial part of total N (26.1%), the total true protein was 14.4% and the protein fractions evaluated after classical protein fractionation, were: albumins 11.1, globulins 9.7, prolamins 44.1, glutelins 8.5 and insoluble (or structural) proteins 26.6% of total N. In a digestibility trial, where mulberry leaves partially replaced lucerne hay and concentrates in wether sheep diets, there were no significant differences in dry matter, crude protein or crude fibre digestibility of the total diet. It was concluded that mulberry leaves have an appreciable potential as a protein source in sheep feeding.  相似文献   

19.
The larval development of the southern African endemic sparid Spondyliosoma emarginatum is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Algoa Bay and the Swartkops, Sundays and Swartvlei estuaries of the Cape Province. S. emarginatum has demersal eggs. Preflexion larvae are moderately elongate (BD = 18–23% BL) with body depth increasing to 31 % BL in postflexion stages. The head is rounded and the snout blunt but becomes more elongate in postflexion stages. There are short spines on the preoperculum. Flexion occurs at about 6 mm BL and postflexion larvae are characterized by distinct medio-lateral pigmentation. Osteological development is described from a series of cleared and stained specimens. All fins have the adult complement of spines and rays by 12 mm BL. The larvae of S. emarginatum are compared with those of the European S. canthurus and other southern African sparids.  相似文献   

20.
Haemonchus contortus is responsible for severe economic losses in sheep and goat breeding in the Northeast of Brazil. However, the effectiveness of control is compromised due to anthelmintic resistance and misuse. In the search for natural anthelmintics, Melia azedarach L., a plant indigenous to India but now distributed throughout Brazil, was selected due to the reported anthelmintic properties of its seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the seed and leaf extracts of the Brazilian adapted plant and investigate the type of organic chemical compounds present in the most active extracts. The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of M. azedarach extracts on H. contortus was evaluated through egg hatching and larval development tests. Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds and chloroform and ethanol extracts of leaves of M. azedarach were used in the tests. To perform the larval development test, feces of an animal free from parasites were mixed with third instar H. contortus larvae and extracts in several concentrations. The coprocultures were incubated for 7 days at 30 degrees C, then the larvae were recovered and counted. LC50 was calculated by probits using the SPSS 8.0 program. The seed ethanol extract was the most active on eggs (LC50=0.36mgmL(-1)) and the leaf ethanol extract showed the best inhibition of larval development (LC50=9.18mgmL(-1)). Phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts revealed the presence of condensed tannins, triterpenes and alkaloids.  相似文献   

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