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1.
在田间条件下,应用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤反硝化和N2O的排放特征。研究表明:冬小麦和夏玉米整个生育期反硝化速率和N2O排放通量均表现出明显的季节性变化,且均与土壤水分和无机氮浓度呈显著正相关。小麦季和玉米季的反硝化损失量及N2O排放量均表现出随施肥量的降低而降低,夏玉米季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季。小麦季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量习惯施肥处理是氮肥减量后移处理的1.62和1.67倍,玉米季分别为2.01和2.00倍。氮肥减量后移可能是通过改变土壤无机氮浓度而降低反硝化损失量和N2O排放量。  相似文献   

2.
Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) on N2O emission, evolution of CO2 and consumption of O2. A flush of N2O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH4+ compared to NO3- applications. The increase in N2O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O2 limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH4+ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO3- and a C source significantly enhanced N2O emissions. In soils treated with NH4+, N2O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N2O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.  相似文献   

3.
以典型半干旱区干湿砂质新成土（Ust-Sandic Entisols）为供试土壤进行田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、施氮及补充灌水量对春玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤矿质氮（NO3--N和NH4+-N）及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,0—100 cm土体范围内,随着土层加深,播前和收获后土壤NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,NH4+-N有所增加,但变幅不大;总矿质氮量（NO3--N和NH4+-N）表现为下降。说明地膜覆盖和施氮并没有使NO3--N深层累积量增加,这可能与土壤本身供氮能力严重不足有关。与不施氮相比,施氮各处理氮肥表观损失量增加;与不覆膜相比,作物氮素累积量比不覆膜显著增加（P0.05）。在低灌（80 mm）覆膜和高灌（160 mm）覆膜条件下,玉米的氮肥利用率均比不覆膜均提高了18.8%,说明覆膜低灌在相同施氮条件下,可节约80 mm灌水。但低灌（80 mm）与高灌（160 mm）不覆膜间氮肥利用率差异不显著,表明在相同施氮条件下,覆膜可有效提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,“覆膜+补灌80 mm+施氮90 kg/hm2”可能为本试验条件下较优的栽培模式。  相似文献   

4.
In a 3-year field experiment, the effect of the nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the release of N2O, CO2, and on CH4 oxidation, was examined in comparison to that of dicyandiamide (DCD) on N-fertilized and unfertilized experimental sites. Soil samples were analysed simultaneously for the concentrations of N2O retained in the soil body, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, and for the degradation kinetics of DMPP as well as DCD. DMPP decreased the release of N2O on fertilized plots by 41% (1997), 47% (1998) and 53% (1999) (on average by 49%) while DCD reduced N2O emissions by 30% (1997), 22% (1998) and 29% (1999) (on average by 26%). In addition, the NIs seemed to decrease the CO2 emissions of each fertilized treatment. DCD reduced the release of CO2 by an average of 7% for the 3 years (non-fertilized 10%), and DMPP reduced it by an average of up to 28% (non-fertilized 29%). Furthermore, both NIs failed to affect CH4 oxidation negatively. The plots that received either DCD or DMPP even seemed to function as enhanced sinks for atmospheric CH4. DMPP apparently stimulated CH4 oxidation of N-fertilized plots by ca 28% in comparison to the control. In total, DCD and DMPP reduced the global warming potential of N-fertilized plots by 7% and 30%, respectively. Further, DCD and DMPP diminished the amount of N2O retained in the soil by 52% and 61%, respectively. The concentrations of NH4+ remained unaffected by both NIs, whereas the amounts of NO2- diminished in the plots treated with DCD by 25% and with DMPP by 20%. In both NI treatments NO3- concentrations in the soil were 23% lower than in the control. DMPP and DCD did not affect the yields of summer barley, maize and winter wheat significantly. DCD was mineralized more rapidly than DMPP.  相似文献   

5.
Animal manures may differ strongly in composition and as a result may differ in the emission of N2O following application to soil. An incubation study was carried out to assess the effects of type of mineral N fertilizer and manure, application technique and application rate on N2O emission from a sandy soil with low organic matter content. Fluxes of N2O were measured 30 times over a 98-day period. The total N2O emission from mineral N fertilizer ranged from 2.1 to 4.0% of the N applied. High emissions were associated with manures with high contents of inorganic N, easily mineralizable N and easily mineralizable C, such as liquid pig manure (7.3-13.9% of the N applied). The emission from cattle slurries ranged from 1.8 to 3.0% and that of poultry manures from 0.5 to 1.9%. The total N2O emission during the experimental period tended to increase linearly with increasing N application rate of NH4NO3 and liquid pig manure. The N2O emission from surface-applied NH4NO3 was significantly smaller than that following the incorporation of NH4NO3 in the soil. The N2O emission from pig manure placed in a row at 5 cm depth was significantly higher than from surface-application and other techniques in which manure was incorporated in the soil. The results show that modification of the composition and application technique may be tools to mitigate emission of N2O.  相似文献   

6.
There is growing interest in N2O and CH4 transport through rice plants, but very little information is available on the effects of inhibitors on these gaseous emissions during rice growth and through rice plants. The closed chamber technique was used to study the effect of the urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) and the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on N2O and CH4 emissions. As rice plants grew, the N2O emission through rice plants was significantly reduced in all treatments; N2O emissions were always lower in the presence than in the absence of inhibitor(s). These variations paralleled those in NO3--N content of fresh rice plants. During the rice growth period, increasing NO3--N content in rice plants paralleled the increase in the N2O emission through rice plants. Hence, NO3--N in young rice plants can substantially contribute to the plant-mediated N2O flux. A substantial CH4 emission through rice plants occurred at their vigorous growth stage; CH4 emissions were always lower in the presence than in the absence of inhibitor(s). Under the experimental conditions, application of DCD, especially of DCD+HQ, could significantly improve the growth of rice, and reduce the emissions of N2O and CH4 during rice growth.  相似文献   

7.
长白落叶松幼苗对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收的动力学特征   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
采用养分吸收动力学原理并利用溶液培养法研究了不同生长期的长白落叶松苗木对NH+4和NO-3的吸收特点。结果表明,单一氮源条件下,苗木根系吸收NH+4、NO-3的速率均随着苗木的生长呈下降趋势,并且苗木对于NH+4的吸收速率整体上高于NO-3。与无NO-3时相比,在速生期加入NO-3会影响载体与NH+4的亲和力,从而大幅度降低苗木对于NH+4的吸收速率,但不会明显影响苗木在生长初期和木质化期对于NH+4的吸收速率。与单一NO-3为N源时相比,NH+4的加入会降低苗木在速生期对于NO-3的载体亲和力,从而影响其吸收速率,但是会明显提高根系在生长初期吸收NO-3的载体数量和速率。在长白落叶松苗木的养分培育过程中,为了提高苗木对于氮的利用效率,建议以铵态氮肥为主,但是在其生长初期可以适当增施硝态氮肥。  相似文献   

8.
不同硝铵比对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用沙培试验,设置了等氮条件下5种不同硝铵比营养液处理,探讨了氮形态对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响。结果表明,霞多丽幼苗的生长量以硝铵比70/30时最大,全铵营养时最低;植株根系氮的平均吸收量在硝铵比为70/30时为最大值,达到70.89%,全铵营养时为最低值;叶片中的氮浓度和总氮量以全硝营养最大,全铵营养最低,后者仅是全硝营养的61.8%和19.46%。霞多丽幼苗根系内NH4+-N浓度与营养液中NH4+-N的浓度成极显著正相关(r=0.9805),且当铵态氮比例超过30%时根系中NH4+浓度显著增加。叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性以硝铵比70/30最高,当铵态氮比例大于30%,再继续增加铵态氮的比例时,显著抑制了叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性;而对根的硝酸还原酶活性无明显影响。试验证明,硝铵比70/30是霞多丽较适宜的氮素形态配比,较高比例的铵态氮增加了植株器官中NH4+的浓度,抑制了霞多丽幼苗的生长及对氮素的吸收积累。  相似文献   

9.
不同水分条件下氮肥形态配比对苋菜品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水分条件下氮肥形态配比对苋菜品质的影响。结果表明,在同一水分条件下,苋菜生物量随着硝态氮比例的增加而增加,苋菜的Fe、Vc、可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NH4+-N比例的增大而增加;硝酸盐含量随NH4+-N比例的增大而降低。同一施肥条件下,苋菜的Fe含量随水分的增加而增加;可溶性糖、氨基酸和硝酸盐含量随水分的增加而减少。苋菜的生物量、Vc含量以中等水量处理最高;硝态氮与铵态氮比例为5:5时苋菜的品质最好。  相似文献   

10.
茶树控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  
采用田间试验方法研究控释氮肥不同施用量和施用次数条件下土壤养分释放动态,以及对茶树养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量,茶叶产量和品质变化的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能明显延长氮在土壤中的留存时间,与普通尿素相比,NH4+-N浓度明显提高并能持续较长时间;而NO3--N变化不大,使NO3--N占总无机态氮含量的比例降低。控释氮肥在土壤中的这种动态变化与茶树对氮素的吸收规律基本同步,这不仅明显促进了茶树对氮素的吸收,而且对钾和锌等矿质元素的吸收也有所增强;茶树叶片叶绿素含量提高。与普通尿素相比,控释氮肥可减少30%氮肥用量而不影响茶叶产量和品质;相同的施肥量和施肥次数或施肥次数减少一次,茶叶仍增产6.6%～24.1%,平均12.9%;茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量也有明显提高。  相似文献   

11.
在陕西渭北旱塬冬小麦产区麦收后对提前深耕一次深施肥料的肥水效应进行了研究。结果表明,夏收后在7月15日、8月15日、9月15日结合深耕把小麦所需肥料一次深施20 cm土层下,比播种时深耕一次浅施6 cm土层下、分二次施和分三次施明显提高了小麦产量、肥料利用率和水分利用效率;增加了麦收后土壤NO3--N的积累量和水分贮存量。同时还发现,NO3--N含量分布呈 y=a-b·logx对数曲线模型,这可能是NO3--N在旱地土壤中分布的一种特征曲线;试验中没有产生NO3--N的淋失。文中还对提前深耕一次施肥的理论作了讨论和分析,并提出了“秋雨—冬储—春用”和“秋肥—冬储—春用”的理论概念,把两者结合起来,可达到肥水协调供应的状态。这为建立旱地施肥技术体系提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

12.
通过冬小麦－夏玉米轮作下3年6季的田间试验,研究纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料对氮素利用率和硝态氮淋溶损失的影响。结果表明,与普通氮磷钾化肥配施相比,4种纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料提高小麦对氮素的利用率2.80～23.38个百分点,玉米对氮素的利用率1.01～21.63个百分点。在0―80 cm土层,PS、BC208和306处理下土壤硝态氮含量高于普通氮磷钾化肥配施处理,而F208处理低于普通氮磷钾化肥配施处理;在80―160 cm土层,均低于普通氮磷钾化肥配施处理;在接近地下水水位土层（140―160 cm）,减少硝态氮1.61～2.42 mg/kg。4种纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料损失出土壤－作物系统的氮素比普通氮磷钾化肥配施处理减少2.00～24.90个百分点。结果表明,纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料能有效的提高氮素利用率和减少硝态氮的淋溶损失。  相似文献   

13.
An incubation study investigated the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs), dicyandiamide (DCD), and neem oil on the nitrification process in loamy sand soil under different temperatures and fertilizer rates. Results showed that NIs decreased soil nitrification by slowing the conversion of soil ammonium (NH4+)-nitrogen (N) and maintaining soil NH4+-N and nitrate (NO3?)-N throughout the incubation time. DCD and neem oil decreased soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission by up to 30.9 and 18.8%, respectively. The effectiveness of DCD on reducing cumulative soil N2O emission and retaining soil NH4+-N was inconsistently greater than that of neem oil, but the NI rate was less obvious than temperature. Fertilizer rate had a stronger positive effect on soil nitrification than temperature, indicating that adding N into low-fertility soil had a greater influence on soil nitrification. DCD and neem oil would be a potential tool for slowing N fertilizer loss in a low-fertility soil under warm to hot climatic conditions.  相似文献   

14.
丛枝菌根根外菌丝对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收能力的比较   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
采用空气隔板分室法并结合15N标记技术,以玉米为宿主植物并接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices,比较了这两种真菌根外菌丝对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收传递能力的差异。结果表明,丛枝菌根根外菌丝吸收传递氮的能力因菌种和氮素形态而异。两种真菌根外菌丝吸收传递NH4+-N能力均高于NO3--N;G. intraradices根外菌丝吸收传递氮的能力高于G. mosseae,这可能与两种真菌根外菌丝生长量有关。  相似文献   

15.
元素硫和双氰胺对菜地土壤铵态氮硝化抑制协同效应研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用好气培养法,研究了双氰胺（DCD）、元素硫（S0）和元素硫分解中间物（S2O32-）及其组合对蔬菜地土壤氮素硝化抑制作用。结果表明,在培养试验72 d内,DCD+S0、DCD、DCD+ Na2S2O3处理土壤NH4+-N总量分别是N处理的5. 8、5.1、5.9倍;S0、Na2S2O3处理分别是N处理的1.8、1.4倍;而所有硝化抑制剂（DCD、S0、S2O32-）处理土壤NO3--N含量显著低于N处理,表明DCD、S0和S2O32-均能抑制菜地土壤铵态氮硝化。培养试验开始8 d后,Na2S2O3和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制产生协同效应,16 d后S0和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制也产生协同效应,这可能是由于S0 氧化中间体S2O32-、S4O62-具有抑制DCD降解作用,延长了DCD硝化抑制作用时间。建议蔬菜生产上推荐使用DCD+S0组合,以提高氮素利用率。  相似文献   

16.
3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) is a new nitrification inhibitor with highly favourable properties. It has undergone thorough toxicology and ecotoxicology tests and application-technology experiments, and has been shown to have several distinct advantages compared to the currently used nitrification inhibitors. Application rates of 0.5-1.5 kg ha-1 are sufficient to achieve optimal nitrification inhibition. DMPP can significantly reduce NO3- leaching, without being liable to leaching itself. DMPP may reduce N2O emission, apparently without a negative effect on CH4 oxidation of the soil. The use of DMPP-containing fertilizers can improve yield. This offers the possibility of saving mineral fertilizer N, reducing the number of N-application rounds, and obtaining higher crop yields with current fertilizer-N rates.  相似文献   

17.
铵、硝营养对水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase和质子泵活性的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
用两相法分离铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)培养的水稻苗期叶细胞膜,并测定了细胞膜H+-ATPase水解活性和质子泵活性,以期阐明铵、硝营养对水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase的影响。结果表明,叶细胞膜H+-ATPase活性最佳pH值均为6.2。 NO3--N培养的水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase的水解活性、Vmax和Km均显著高于NH4+-N培养的水稻叶;Western Blot分析结果看出,NO3--N培养的水稻叶细胞膜H+-ATPase酶浓度也高于NH4+-N培养的水稻叶,说明NO3--N培养的水稻叶中单位细胞膜上的H+-ATPase酶分子数量大于NH4+- N培养的水稻叶,这与细胞膜上H+-ATPase蛋白的表达量升高有关。此外,NO3--N培养的水稻叶质子泵初速度和膜囊体内外H+浓度梯度均高于NH4+- N培养。由于NO3-的跨膜运输是与细胞膜上H+-ATPase紧密联系的主动运输过程,NO3--N培养的水稻叶片细胞膜H+-ATPase活性和质子泵活性高可能与水稻叶细胞吸收大量NO3-有关。  相似文献   

18.
N2O emissions from soils treated with NH4+-N under aerobic conditions in the laboratory were 3- to 4-fold higher than those from controls (no extra N added) or when NO3?-N was added. Although the emission of N2O-N in these field and laboratory experiments represented only 0.1–0.8% of the applied fertilizer NH4+-N and are therefore not significant from an agronomic standpoint, these studies have conclusively demonstrated that the oxidation of applied ammoniacal fertilizers (nitrification) could contribute significantly to the stratospheric N2O pool.Like N-serve, acetylene was shown to be a potent inhibitor of nitrification as it stopped the oxidation of NH4+-N to (NO3+-N + NO2?)-N and hence reduced the evolution of N2O from nitrification within 60 min after its addition.Although high amounts of NO3?-N were present, the rate of denitrification was very low from soils with moisture up to 60% saturation. The further increase in the degree of saturation resulted in several-fold increase of denitrification which eventually became the predominant mechanism of gaseous N losses under anaerobic conditions.  相似文献   

19.
为探讨CO2浓度升高能否减缓高浓度NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用,本试验在营养液栽培条件下,以番茄为材料,在CO2生长箱中研究2个CO2浓度与5个不同NH4+/NO3-配比的交互作用对生长介质的pH、根系生长及根系活力的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进与CO2浓度的升高,pH变化幅度增大。两个CO2浓度均表现为全NO3--N含量营养液的pH呈上升趋势,其它处理营养液的pH均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,下降的幅度随NH4+/NO3-比例的增加而增加;而且全NH4+-N引起pH值下降的程度大于全NO3--N引起pH增加的程度。CO2浓度升高增加了低NH4+/NO3-比例供应处理的蕃茄幼苗冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积。这些指标对CO2的响应随NH4+/NO3-比例的降低而加强,冠干重、根干重、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积增加分别高达65.8%、78.0%、18.9%、12.9%与18.9%。说明在CO2浓度升高条件下,番茄幼苗根生长潜力在全NO3--N处理中最大,但不能减弱全NH4+-N对番茄根系的毒害作用。  相似文献   

20.
外加碳、氮对土壤氮矿化、固定与激发效应的影响   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  
本文利用14C和15N对中国生黄绵土(坡地黄绵土)、菜园黄绵土和瑞典耕作草甸土的土壤氮矿化、固定与激发效应进行了研究。结果表明,外加碳、氮能促进土壤氮的矿化、固定与激发效应;促进作用的大小次序为外加NH4-15N大于外加NO3-15N,外加葡萄糖+NH4-15N大于外加葡萄糖+NO3-15N,外加麦秸+NH4-15N大于外加麦秸+NO3-15N,外加葡萄糖+NH4-15大于外加麦秸+NH4-15,外加葡萄糖+NO3-15N大于外加麦秸+NO3-15N;低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤。在本文中提出了土壤净矿化氮的激发效应、土壤生物固定氮激发效应和土壤总矿化氮的总激发效应的概念,认为土壤氮的总激发效应更能反映土壤氮激发效应的实质。  相似文献   

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