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1.
The aim of this study was to evaluate fertility and sex ratios after artificial insemination in dogs under field conditions. Semen was cryopreserved as unsorted (control) or was separated into X‐ and Y‐chromosome‐bearing sperm using a cell sorter. Sixty female dogs were inseminated with frozen–thawed spermatozoa of 100 × 106 unsorted (a dose in practice) and 4 × 106 sorted (X and Y group, respectively). A total of 20 dogs became pregnant and 126 puppies were born from the three groups. The percentage of parturition was similar for the X (5/20; 25.0%) and Y (4/20; 20.0%) group (P > 0.05), but lower than controls (11/20; 55.0%) (P < 0.05). Ultimately 28 out of the 32 puppies produced from X group were female (87.5%) and 19/22 (86.4%) puppies of Y group were male. In contrast, sex ratio (51.4% to 48.6%) in the control was significantly different from the X, Y group (P < 0.05). However, male and female puppies in the control had similar birth weights and weaning weights to those from the X and Y groups. This preliminary information indicated that normal puppies of predicted sex can be produced with low numbers of sorted cryopreserved dog spermatozoa at a farm level, making sperm‐sexing technology potentially applicable for elite breeding units.  相似文献   

2.
Artificial insemination (AI) is poorly developed in camelids owing to the difficulty in collecting high quality semen and the highly viscous nature of the semen. Semen collected by artificial vagina (AV) is often of low quality and must be improved before any further development of AI technology can occur. The present study investigated the effects of adding a cervix‐like stricture to the AV, presence of females, collecting semen into Androhep®, skim‐milk or Tris diluents, and catalase supplementation (0, 100, 200 or 600 units/ml) of Tris diluent on alpaca semen quality parameters. The addition of a cervix‐like stricture increased mating length (p < 0.05), whilst the presence of females during semen collection did not improve semen quality parameters (p > 0.05). Collection of semen into Tris diluent improved sperm motility (58.0 ± 11.9%) compared with the control (34.0 ± 10.8%; p < 0.05), Androhep® (33.5 ± 10.7%) and skim‐milk diluents (28.2 ± 10.4%). Semen viscosity was reduced by collection into Androhep® (4.6 ± 1.7 mm) and skim‐milk diluents (3.6 ± 1.3 mm) compared with Tris diluent (5.7 ± 2.1 mm) and no collection medium (9.3 ± 3.5 mm; p < 0.05). Tris diluent supplemented with 100, 200 or 600 units/ml catalase increased semen viscosity (5.0 ± 3.2 and 4.9 ± 3.2 mm). Collection of alpaca semen by AV into Tris diluent increased semen quality facilitating further development of AI technology in alpacas.  相似文献   

3.
Flow cytometry sorting of spermatozoa using fluorescence dye Hoechst 33342 is the only effective sex selection methodology validated in numerous laboratories. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Hoechst 33342 on the motility and fertility of stained boar spermatozoa. Experiment 1 evaluated motility parameters (percentage of motile spermatozoa, velocity, angularity and oscillation) of boar spermatozoa stained with Hoechst 33342 by a computer‐aided sperm analysis (CASA) instrument. Spermatozoa (30 million/ml) were divided into five treatment groups and stained during 1 h at 35°C with 9, 18, 27, 60 and 90 μM of H33342. There were no differences in sperm motility patterns nor percentages of motile spermatozoa incubated in the presence of 9, 18 or 27 μM. Percentage of motile spermatozoa and motility parameters decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 60 μM of Hoechst 33342. Spermatozoa were immotile at concentration of 90 μM. In experiment 2, pregnancy rates, farrowing rates and litter size from sows (n = 275) artificially inseminated (AI) with either Hoechst 33342 stained (27 μM) or unstained (control) spermatozoa were determined. Sows inseminated with stained spermatozoa had no significant lower pregnancy rate (88.33%) as compared with controls (90.32%). Staining neither affected farrowing rates (85.0 vs 87.7%) nor total number of piglets born (10.56 ± 0.32 vs 10.47 ± 0.24, stained and controls, respectively). No phenotypical abnormalities were registered among the newborn piglets. The data suggest that incubating spermatozoa with Hoechst 33342 at levels required for X‐ and Y‐bearing chromosome sperm sorting, does not impair sperm viability or their fertility after AI.  相似文献   

4.
With the advancement of assisted reproductive biotechnologies, preselecting the sex of offspring has become an important goal for cattle and other livestock breeding as well as for research. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of producing enriched pools of X‐ or Y‐chromosome‐bearing sperm by vertical swim‐up through a long, narrow column. Sperm recovered from the top portion of the column was predominantly Y‐bearing (60%, p < 0.05), which were capable of fertilizing matured oocytes and produce significantly more male embryos compared with standard swim‐up protocol.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Hoechst 33342 (H‐42) concentration and of the male donor on the efficiency of sex‐sorting procedure in canine spermatozoa. Semen samples from six dogs (three ejaculates/dog) were diluted to 100 × 106 sperm/ml, split into four aliquots, stained with increasing H‐42 concentrations (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 μl, respectively) and sorted by flow cytometry. The rates of non‐viable (FDA+), oriented (OS) and selected spermatozoa (SS), as well as the average sorting rates (SR, sorted spermatozoa/s), were used to determine the sorting efficiency. The effects of the sorting procedure on the quality of sorted spermatozoa were evaluated in terms of total motility (TM), percentage of viable spermatozoa (spermatozoa with membrane and acrosomal integrity) and percentage of spermatozoa with reacted/damaged acrosomes. X‐ and Y‐chromosome‐bearing sperm populations were identified in all of the samples stained with 7.5, 10 and 12.5 μl of H‐42, while these two populations were only identified in 77.5% of samples stained with 5 μl. The values of OS, SS and SR were influenced by the male donor (p < 0.01) but not by the H‐42 concentration used. The quality of sorted sperm samples immediately after sorting was similar to that of fresh samples, while centrifugation resulted in significant reduction (p < 0.05) in TM and in the percentage of viable spermatozoa and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the percentage of spermatozoa with damage/reacted acrosomes. In conclusion, the sex‐sorting of canine spermatozoa by flow cytometry can be performed successfully using H‐42 concentrations between 7.5 and 12.5 μl. The efficiency of the sorting procedure varies based on the dog from which the sperm sample derives.  相似文献   

6.
Objective – To describe the successful management of an alpaca with severe hypoventilation and hypercapnia, suspected to be secondary to an anesthesia‐related event. Case Summary – A 3‐year‐old, female alpaca underwent a routine eye enucleation under general anesthesia after traumatic globe perforation. Severe hypoventilation and associated hypercapnia developed postoperatively resulting in a severe primary respiratory acidosis. The awake alpaca was supported with positive‐pressure ventilation for approximately 20 hours before successful weaning. Recovery to hospital discharge occurred over the subsequent 5 days with the alpaca regaining apparently normal respiratory function. New or Unique Information Provided – To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report describing positive‐pressure ventilation of an alpaca in the veterinary literature. In this case of severe hypoventilation, ventilatory support was essential to the positive outcome. As South American camelids continue to increase in popularity there may be an increased demand for high‐quality and sophisticated veterinary care for these animals. Mechanical ventilation can be used to help restore and maintain normal PO2, PCO2, and respiratory acid‐base status in alpacas with ventilatory dysfunction.  相似文献   

7.
The study objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of an extended‐release 5% eprinomectin formulation (Longrange®) following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection in healthy (n = 6) and mange‐infected (n = 4) adult alpacas. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze plasma samples obtained at regular intervals for 161 days following a single 5 mg/kg injection s.c. in healthy alpacas, and for 5 days following each dose (3 treatments, 2 months apart) in mange‐affected animals. Skin scrapings and biopsies were performed pre‐ and post‐treatment at two comparable sites in alpacas with mange. Four alpacas served as healthy controls. Eprinomectin plasma concentrations showed a biphasic peak (CMAX‐1: 5.72 ± 3.25 ng/mL; CMAX‐2: 6.06 ± 2.47 ng/mL) in all animals at 3.88 ± 5.16 days and 77 ± 12.52 days, respectively. Eprinomectin plasma concentrations remained above 1.27 ± 0.96 ng/mL for up to 120 days. Hematocrit (35.8 vs. 31.3%, P < 0.003) and albumin (3.5 vs. 2.8 g/dL P < 0.006) reduced significantly over 6 months in multidose animals, while fecal egg counts did not differ between groups. Self‐limiting injection site reactions occurred in 9 of 10 animals. Pre‐ and post‐treatment skin biopsies showed reduced hyperkeratosis, but increased fibrosis, with 1 of 4 alpacas remaining positive on skin scraping for mange. In conclusion, alpacas require a higher eprinomectin dose (5.0 mg/kg s.c.) than cattle, to reach comparable plasma concentrations.  相似文献   

8.
Although computer‐assisted systems for sperm morphometry and morphological analysis are important tools in the study of male fertility, their use in extensive systems in alpacas is limited by factors such as the expense of equipment and the high altitudes of the Andean region. The objectives of this study were to evaluate alpaca sperm head morphometry using a nonautomated digital method and determine the frequency of sperm abnormalities based on strict criteria for sperm morphology in fertile male alpacas. Ejaculates (n = 15) from seven alpacas were collected, and sperm smears stained with modified Papanicolaou were processed. For morphometric analysis, 3,000 sperm (200 cells/sample) images were captured at 400× magnification and Quick Photo MICRO 3.0 software was used for manual measurement of basic (sperm head length, width, perimeter and area) and derived variables (ellipticity, shape factor, elongation and regularity). For morphology assessment, smears were observed at 1000× magnification according to WHO and strict criteria. Average morphometric parameters were length 5.48 μm, width 2.99 μm, perimeter 13.62 μm, area 12.43 μm2, ellipticity 1.86, shape factor 1.20, elongation 0.29 and regularity 1.05. Significant between‐individual and within‐individual differences were found in morphometric parameters. Based on morphometric study, sperm heads were classified as elliptical or normal (49%), long (18%), short (2%), pyriform (12%), round (9%), large (6%) and small (4%). Morphological analysis found no additional sperm head defects in 49% of normal sperm obtained by morphometry, although a 4% incidence of neck/mid‐piece defects and a 16% incidence of principal‐piece defects were found. We conclude that sperm head morphometry assessment in fertile alpacas using a nonautomated digital method is feasible, and that defects in sperm heads constitute the main morphological alteration (>50% of the sperm population), based on WHO and strict criteria.  相似文献   

9.
In cattle, separation of X‐ and Y‐bearing sperm cells by flow‐sorting technology makes it possible to predetermine the sex of calves. Due to high costs and decrease in fertilization, the extensive use of sexed semen in livestock depends heavily on sorting purity of sperm cells. Validating the accuracy of sperm sexing requires reliable procedures, therefore a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was established to calculate the male cell proportion in the sexed semen based on the relationship between the amplification of a SRY fragment and an autosomal gene (MSHR) fragment. Our results showed stable amplification of SRY for 100–1 ng of genomic DNA, which allows detection of 1% of male cells if 100 ng of target DNA is used. To account for the discrepancy in the efficiency of the MSHR and the SRY amplification correction of the difference of the mean values was performed. The ratio of male to female sperm cells in unsexed semen cells was very accurately determined. The fractions of the sexed samples, however, were different from the expected range appearing lower than estimated. Thus, the study reveals that real‐time PCR provides a good basis for the examination of sexed sperm cells, but needs to be optimized for the samples.  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this study was to compare different extenders for post‐thaw in vitro sperm function and in vivo fertility of buffalo semen. Accordingly, sperm of 30 ejaculates extended in egg yolk (TRIS with 20% egg yolk; EY), two soya lecithin‐based (SL‐1; AndroMed® and SL‐2; Bioxcell®) and a liposome‐based extender (LS; OptiXcell®) were tested. The post‐thaw semen was evaluated for computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), sperm viability, membrane and acrosome integrity, DNA integrity and acrosome reaction and first service pregnancy rate (FSPR) in a fixed‐time artificial insemination programme. Total motility and VCL were the only CASA‐based parameters that exhibited significantly higher (p < .05) percentage in LS among these extenders. Post‐thaw percentage of acrosome integrity (55.9 ± 1.4, 58.1 ± 2.0, 55.8 ± 2.0, 56.6 ± 2.3) and DNA integrity (68.8 ± 2.0, 69.2 ± 2.3, 71.3 ± 2.1, 69.1 ± 2.1) did not differ (p > .05) in EY, SL‐1, SL‐2 and LS extender, respectively. However, a variable response in terms of efficacy of different extenders for sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity was observed. Assessment of inducibility of acrosome reaction showed significant differences between extenders (51.9 ± 2.1, 44.3 ± 2.4, 46.1 ± 2.3 and 58.1 ± 3.1%, respectively, for EY, SL‐1, SL‐2 and LS). Furthermore, field trials revealed significantly higher (p < .05) FSPR of LS‐extended semen as compared to that for EY, SL‐1 and SL‐2 extender (46.3%, 41.2%, 31.2% and 29.7%, respectively). It is concluded that the liposome‐based extender is more effective than egg yolk‐ and soya lecithin‐based extenders and may be used for cryopreservation of buffalo semen in the future.  相似文献   

11.
The standard procedure of artificial insemination with fresh equine spermatozoa involves short‐term storage (to 48 h at 5°C). This procedure is accompanied by a gradual loss of sperm viability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the X/Y ratio of equine spermatozoa is affected by short‐term storage and the swim‐up procedure. We used a standard protocol, for short‐term storage (0, 24 and 48 h at 5°C) of stallion semen diluted in the commercial extender EquiPro? (Minitüb GmbH, Tiefenbach, Germany). After each set‐up storage period, the motile fraction of sperm cells was selected by the swim‐up method. The X/Y ratio was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the fresh, non‐selected sperm, and in motile spermatozoa selected after each of the storage periods. Molecular probes for the equine chromosomes X and Y were used. The X/Y ratio in all sperm samples analysed in this study (fresh and stored) was not different from the theoretical 1 : 1 value. The incidence of chromosomally abnormal sperm cells in the fresh (0.28%) and motile (0.13%) sperm samples was not significantly different. The two approaches (sperm storage up to 48 h and the swim‐up procedure) applied to this study did not affect the X/Y ratio in the motile fraction of equine spermatozoa. This finding does not conform to phenomena described for human and cattle. For this reason, the finding may imply species‐related differences.  相似文献   

12.
利用流式细胞仪建立牦牛X、Y精子分选体系的研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
旨在探索与优化牦牛精子分选条件,建立高效的牦牛X、Y精子分选技术体系。本研究制备了牦牛精液细胞悬液,采用不同量的DNA染料Hoechst33342和诱惑红共孵育精子细胞。利用流式细胞仪分选牦牛X、Y精子,通过比较分选效率、分选后精子活力及发育潜能,优化分选条件。运用RT-PCR检测分选精子的纯度,利用精子分析系统检测分选后精子的活力。将分选后的精子与体外成熟的卵母细胞进行体外受精,统计分选后精子的发育潜力,并采用SRY片段的PCR法检测早期胚胎的性别。结果显示,10 μL Hoechst33342染色40 min后的分选效果最佳,其分选产物的准确度和分选效率显著优于其他组,分选后的X、Y精子活力与20 μL Hoechest33342染色20 min组相当,显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。添加5 μmol·L-1的诱惑红对分选的纯度无显著影响（P>0.05）,但能显著提高分选后精子的活力（P<0.05）。分选后X、Y精子分别与卵母细胞进行体外受精,受精率和囊胚形成率与未分选组差异不显著（P>0.05）,且胚胎性别比例与分选后精子纯度吻合。综上,本研究建立并优化了流式细胞仪分选牦牛X、Y精子的方法,添加诱惑红有助于改善分选后牦牛精子的活力,为后期牦牛性控精液的制备及生产奠定了基础。  相似文献   

13.
South American camelids show high embryo loss rate, during the first 60 days of pregnancy. One of the factors which may be related to this situation is that over 98% of the embryos implant in the left uterine horn (LUH) even though both ovaries contribute similarly to ovulation. There is scarce information about the uterine environment of female camelids at any physiological state that could explain the capability of the LUH to attract the embryo and maintain pregnancy. We describe, for the first time, the biochemical and protein profile of uterine fluid (UF), addressing the right and LUH environment in non‐pregnant and pregnant alpacas. Different substrates, electrolytes and metabolites were assayed in both uterine horn fluids. Small changes were observed in glucose and total protein levels, which were more noticeable during pregnancy. In addition, 10 specific proteins were found in the left horn fluid in 5‐week‐pregnant alpacas, and two protein bands were identified in non‐pregnant alpaca right horn fluid. These results would provide basic information for identification of possible markers for pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive diseases and hormone‐treated animals evaluation and hence contributing to improve the pregnancy rate.  相似文献   

14.
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of age on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in eight young‐adult (<4 years) and eight aged (≥14 years) healthy alpacas, receiving a single 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin injection. Heparinized plasma samples were obtained at designated time points following drug administration and frozen at ?80°C until assayed by a validated immunoassay (QMS ®). Compartmental and noncompartmental analyses of gentamicin plasma concentrations versus time were performed using WinNonlin (v6.4) software. Baseline physical and hematological parameters were not significantly different between young and old animals with the exception of sex. Data were best fitted to a two‐compartment pharmacokinetic model. The peak drug concentration at 30 min after dosing (23.8 ± 2.1 vs. 26.1 ± 2 μg/ml, p = .043 ) and area under the curve (70.4 ± 10.5 vs. 90.4 ± 17.6 μg hr/ml, p = .015 ) were significantly lower in young‐adult compared to aged alpacas. Accordingly, young alpacas had a significantly greater systemic clearance than older animals (95.5 ± 14.4 and 75.6 ± 16.1 ml hr?1 kg?1; p = .018 ), respectively). In conclusion, a single 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin injection achieves target blood concentrations of >10 times the MIC of gentamicin‐susceptible pathogens with MIC levels ≤2 μg/ml, in both young‐adult and geriatric alpacas. However, the observed reduction in gentamicin clearance in aged alpacas may increase their risk for gentamicin‐related adverse drug reactions.  相似文献   

15.
Flow cytometry has been shown to be an accurate and highly reproducible tool for the analysis of sperm function. The main objective of this study was to assess sperm function parameters in ejaculated alpaca sperm by flow cytometry. Semen samples were collected from six alpaca males and processed for flow cytometric analysis of sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity using SYBR‐14?PI staining; acrosomal membrane integrity using FITC‐conjugated Pisum Sativum Agglutinin?PI labelling; mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) by staining with JC‐1 and DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) by TUNEL. The results indicate that the mean value for sperm viability was 57 ± 8 %. Spermatozoa with intact acrosome membrane was 87.9 ± 5%, and viable sperm with intact acrosomal membrane was 46.8 ± 9%, high mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was detected in 66.32 ± 9.51% of spermatozoa and mean DFI value was 0.91 ± 0.9%. The DFI was inversely correlated with high Δψm (p = 0.04; r = ?0.41) and with plasma membrane integrity (p = 0.01; r = ?0.47). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the assessment on the same sample of several parameters of sperm function in ejaculated alpaca sperm by flow cytometry.  相似文献   

16.
The Beltsville sperm sexing technology is currently the only effective means of altering the sex ratio of offspring in livestock. The method is based on the flow-cytometric separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm based on X/Y DNA content difference. It is an effective means of producing progeny of predetermined sex in cattle, swine, sheep, and laboratory animals. The method involves treating sperm with a DNA-binding fluorochrome, Hoechst 33342, and flow-cytometrically sorting them into separate X and Y populations that can subsequently be used for surgical intratubal or intrauterine insemination, deep-uterine insemination, regular artificial insemination in some cases, in vitro fertilization to produce sexed embryos for transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection of ova. Skewed sex ratios of 85 to 95% of one sex or the other have been repeatably achieved in most species. The method has been used worldwide to produce several hundred morphologically normal animal offspring of the predicted sex. It has also been validated in the laboratory using DNA reanalysis of the sorted sperm populations and by fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR of individual sperm. We developed a new orienting nozzle that we have fitted to both conventional and high-speed cell sorters that have been modified for sperm sorting. Recently we completed the adaptation of the new orienting nozzle to a Cytomation MoFlo high-speed cell sorter modified for sperm. This adaptation of the nozzle has increased the overall production rate of sorted X and Y sperm from about .35 million/h to 5 or 6 million sperm/h (each population). Calves have been born from cows artificially inseminated using conventional technique and sexed sperm. In addition, numerous litters of pigs have been born after transfer of embryos produced from X or Y sorted sperm.  相似文献   

17.
Flow cytometry is considered the only reliable method for the separation of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa in equines. The MoFlo SX DP sorter is highly efficient, allowing the production of foals of the desired sex. However, to achieve acceptable pregnancy rates the currently used protocol requires working with fresh semen obtained close to, or at, the sorting facility. An alternative protocol was tested during two consecutive breeding seasons. Fresh stallion semen was cooled for 20 h, during which staining with Hoechst 33342 took place. On the following day, this sample was flow sorted and compared with spermatozoa from the same ejaculate that had been sexed on the previous day. All sperm parameters evaluated remained unchanged when fresh sorted and refrigerated sorted semen were compared. Pre‐sorting storage at 5°C did not alter sperm velocities nor kinetics, viability or membrane permeability, production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential or DNA fragmentation index of the sorted sample. The findings open for the possibility of using semen from stallions housed far from the sorting facilities. Processed and stained sperm could be shipped refrigerated on the previous day, sorted and inseminated on the next day.  相似文献   

18.
Straws of sex‐sorted sperm are usually packaged at a low concentration (e.g., ~2.1 × 106 sperm/ml) and cost significantly more than unsorted conventional semen from the same sire. In order to maximize the efficiency of using sex‐sorted sperm under in vitro fertilization conditions, the selection of an appropriate sperm separation technique is essential. In this study, the effect of using different silane‐coated silica colloid dilutions and layering configurations during centrifugation of sex‐sorted sperm was examined over an extended period of incubation time. Sperm recovery and viability after centrifugation using the colloid separation technique were measured along with several sperm motility parameters using CASA. For this purpose, frozen and thawed sex‐sorted sperm samples were centrifuged using mini‐volume single‐layer (40%, 60% and 80%) and mini‐volume two‐layer (45%/90%, 40%/80% and 30%/60%) separation configurations using PureSperm®. A single layer of 40% PureSperm® recovered significantly more sex‐sorted sperm (78.07% ± 2.28%) followed by a single layer of 80% PureSperm® (68.43% ± 2.33%). The lowest sperm recovery was obtained using a two‐layer PureSperm® dilution of 45%/90% (47.57% ± 2.33%). Single‐layer centrifugation recovered more sorted sperm (68.67% ± 1.74%) than two layer (53.74% ± 1.74%) (p < .0001). A single layer of 80% PureSperm® exhibited the highest sorted sperm viability (72.01% ± 2.90%) after centrifugation (p < .05). The mini‐volume single layer of 80% PureSperm® was determined to be an effective alternative to a two‐layer centrifugation configuration for sex‐sorted sperm selection. In addition, single‐layer colloid dilution of 80% performed either as well as or significantly outperformed the other treatments, as well as the control, with regard to motility (MOT) for all time periods of analysis.  相似文献   

19.
In order to identify X‐ and Y‐bearing spermatozoa in water buffalo by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), some available probes of closely related species were examined. An X‐ and Y‐specific probe set, made from flow sorted yak chromosomes, labelled in somatic metaphases of water buffalo the whole X and Y, respectively, except their centromere regions. A cattle Y‐chromosome repeat sequence (BC1.2) showed strong signal on the telomere region of the buffalo Y‐chromosome, demonstrating the evolutionary conservation of this locus in water buffalo. In hybridization experiments with spermatozoa from five buffaloes, the yak X‐Y paint set demonstrated clear signals in more than 92% (46.8% X and 45.8% Y) of the cells. Using the cattle Y‐chromosome specific BC1.2 probe, clear hybridization signal was detected in more than 48% of the cells. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between bulls or from the expected 50 : 50 ratio of X‐ and Y‐bearing cells. The probes presented here are reliable to assess separation of X‐ and Y‐bearing spermatozoa.  相似文献   

20.
Background: Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pantoprazole in camelids is not available. Objectives: To examine the pharmacokinetics of both IV and SC pantoprazole and to determine whether pantoprazole administration would increase 3rd compartment pH in alpacas. Animals: Six healthy adult alpacas. Methods: Alpacas were fitted with a 3rd compartment cannula for measuring gastric pH. After recovery, alpacas received 1 mg/kg pantoprazole IV, q24h for 3 days or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 3 days. Alpacas received both IV and SC pantoprazole, with a minimum of 3 weeks between treatments. Third compartment pH was recorded and plasma samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis. Results: Pantoprazole induced a slow but sustained increase in 3rd compartment pH when given by both the IV and SC routes. Third compartment pH was significantly increased as compared with baseline values (1.81 ± 0.7; mean ± SD) at 24 (2.47 ± 0.8), 48 (3.53 ± 1.0) and 72 hours (4.03 ± 1.3) after daily IV administration of pantoprazole. Third compartment pH increased from 1.73 ± 0.6 at baseline to 3.05 ± 1.1, 4.02 ± 1.4, and 3.61 ± 1.6 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after SC administration, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that pantoprazole had a short elimination half‐life (0.47 + 0.06 h) and a high clearance rate (12.2 ± 2.9 mL/kg/min) after both IV and SC administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Based on the results of this study, pantoprazole represents a safe and effective drug for increasing 3rd compartment pH in camelids. Either IV or SC administration is likely to be an effective treatment for gastric ulcers.  相似文献   

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