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为探究不同地区蚜虫是否存在生物型差异,为大豆蚜虫生物型的划分和筛选多抗大豆资源提供参考,以上海和哈尔滨2个地区的蚜虫对P746等7个大豆资源进行选择性和非选择性蚜虫鉴定试验,比较这些大豆资源对两地蚜虫的反应.非选择性鉴定试验结果表明:P746和江西9号抗两地蚜虫；东农47感两地蚜虫；江西33、江西37和江西69抗哈尔滨蚜虫,感上海蚜虫；江西22抗上海蚜虫、感哈尔滨蚜虫.选择性鉴定试验结果表明:P746(伤害指数DI=25％)和江西9号(DI=25％)表现为抗上海蚜虫；而东农47、江西33、江西37、江西69(DI=68％～75％)表现为感上海蚜虫.选择性试验与非选择性试验结果一致,推断2个地区的蚜虫可能存在生物型的差异. 相似文献
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历经一个三年的田间试验,于冬小麦的不同生育阶段采用多种杀虫剂防治蚜虫,用所获得的蚜虫发生数量与小支产量的结果验证Entwis?le和Dixon(1987)预测蚜虫为害和种群增长模型的准确性.一般来说,麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)种群的峰值和为害预测除在施药条件下外是不太准确的.但在三年的试验中逐年修正.其中一年为暴发年,另两年为非暴发年.特别是在早期喷雾情况下,把药效估计得过高,而实际上药剂的持续期比估计的短所造成的.建议今后开展在施用杀虫剂情况下的蚜虫种群发育速率之研究. 相似文献
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蚜虫侵害对不同基因型大豆酶活性及次生代谢物含量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对大豆抗蚜品系P746和感蚜品系交大02-89蚜虫侵害后的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化物酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种酶活性及相关次生代谢物质含量变化与抗蚜性进行相关性分析.结果表明:蚜虫侵害后不同品系之间POD、PPO活性均有升高,与蚜虫的诱导存在相关性,但与抗性基因型不存在显著关联.PAL活性蚜虫侵害前抗虫的P746具有高水平表达,并与感蚜品系存在显著差异;蚜虫侵害诱导后PAL酶活性均有上升,抗蚜品系表现稳定,表明PAL酶活性与大豆的抗蚜性存在明显的相关性.HPLC分析表明蚜虫侵害前后大豆叶片组织内氨基酸、黄酮类物质、生物碱类、酚类等次生代谢产物的含量都发生了明显变化,并且在不同蚜虫侵害时间和抗性基因型之间存在明显差异,表明这类物质与大豆抗蚜性有很大关联. 相似文献
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独角莲不同提取液对大豆蚜虫的生物活性及活性浓度的筛选 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于均匀设计法研究了独角莲球根茎的不同提取液对大豆蚜虫的触杀和拒食作用.结果表明:乙醇浸提液对大豆蚜虫具有较高的触杀活性.水蒸汽蒸馏液对大豆蚜虫具有较强的拒食活性.乙醇浸提液对大豆蚜虫48h的致死中浓度(LC50)为8.71 mg·mL-1,水蒸汽蒸馏液对大豆蚜虫24、48 h的拒食中浓度(AC50)分别为8.66、7.93 mg·mL-1.乙醚浸提液对大豆蚜虫的触杀和拒食作用不显著.60 h的同时触杀和拒食活性浓度筛选的结果表明,乙醇浸提液24.1545 mg·mL-1和水蒸汽蒸馏液23.014 nag·mL-1联合使用对大豆蚜虫同时触杀和拒食活性最好,死亡率达100%. 相似文献
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聚集度指标测定、Iwao's M~·,(?)线性回归和Taylor's幂的法则分析结果表明:豆田龟纹瓢虫的空间分布型为聚集型,其基本成分是个体群,且聚集度随种群密度增加而升高。聚集的原因是由环境条件引起的。由于属聚集分布,用Iwao's资料代换法求取每块田龟纹瓢虫的相应y值。根据Iwao's抽样公式和序贯抽样公式的计算结果,为大豆蚜虫的防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
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大豆花叶病毒（SMV）主要介体及其传毒效率研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
大豆田大豆植株上繁殖危害的蚜虫,除大豆蚜、茄无网蚜外,豆蚜亦能暂居并少量繁殖危害。大豆田迁飞蚜虫种的数量,年度间和不同生境有所差异,但主要种基本一致。绿色诱盘捕获的迁飞蚜虫鉴定表明,主要迁飞蚜虫种,除以上三种,还有棉蚜、玉米蚜、禾缢蚜、桃蚜等,但大豆蚜占绝对优势。大豆植株上的翅蚜量,与绿色诱盘捕获的株冠面积着落翅蚜量,充分吻合。翅蚜迁飞频率与SMV流行速率相关密切。介体蚜虫传染SMV 83—02,得毒30—60秒的传毒效率高,以40—50秒的传毒率最高。供试得毒蚜虫,只桃蚜以2.94％的概率传毒至第二株其余均一株。最适得毒时间的传毒效率豆蚜最高58.33％、桃蚜47.66％,大豆蚜33.33％、茄无网蚜23.73％、玉米蚜12.90％、棉蚜最低4.29％。SMV主要介体为大豆蚜、豆蚜、桃蚜和茄无网蚜传染SMV亦有一定作用。 相似文献
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Summary Alate green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tested in a flight chamber during their maiden flight period displayed behaviours ranging from repeated trivial
flights to settling on the plants. The interaction of alate vector density and PVYn spread was dichotomous, virus spread was significantly related to vector density in some trials but virus spread was nil
or limited and not significantly dependent on vector density in others. The green peach aphid colony used in these experiments
provided a mixture of active and highly active alate populations. Results suggest that inactive and active vectors came from
the active and highly active alate populations, respectively. Therefore, winged aphids within a species cannot all be attributed
the same vector efficiency unless known to originate from the same population. At a 15% inoculum level the intercept for the
regression model for the spread of PVYn was 5.03% indicating that there is a significant probability of propagation at aphid densities as low as one. However, over
the range of aphid densities tested, the rate of spread per aphid was low, 0.08%, suggesting that reinfection of newly infected
plants or movement interference between aphid vectors rapidly became important factors negatively affecting virus spread.
Although these results cannot be directly transferred to field conditions they provide confirmation that lowM. persicae numbers can transmit unacceptable levels of mosaic and that low inoculum levels are required to decrease the risk of transmission
by the small aphid numbers which cannot be realistically controlled. 相似文献
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Imidacloprid is a seed-applied nitroguanidine insecticide that has both contact and long-lasting systemic properties. Its direct effects on cereal aphid populations and indirect effects on barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) incidence were examined in laboratory and field studies. Adult longevity and fecundity of three aphid species caged on various aged, imidacloprid-treated oat or wheat plants was reduced, although the quantitative efficacy of the compound differed among aphid species. The transmission efficiency of BYDV by aphids to imidacloprid-treated plants was lower, relative to nontreated plants, when plants were 10 days old, but similar to nontreated when plants were 24 days old. In three years of field trials using winter wheat and two years using spring oat, aphid populations were reduced significantly in imidacloprid-treated plots relative to nontreated plots. Although the number of alighting alate aphids did not differ significantly between imidacloprid-treated or nontreated plots, the number of apterous aphids remained significantly lower in the treated plots for the majority of the growing season. BYDV epidemics did not develop in spring oat in either of the two years. BYDV epidemics did develop in the fall in the emerging winter wheat crop. Rhopalosiphum maidis was the predominant aphid migrating into the 1991–1992 crop. The incidence of the BYDV-RMV serotype was three times higher in nontreated plots than in imidacloprid-treated plots. In the 1992–1993 and 1994–1995 seasons, R. maidis and R. padi were the predominant aphids migrating into the crop, although R. padi was the predominant colonizing aphid. The incidence of BYDV-RMV was similar in imidacloprid treated and nontreated plots in 1992–1993, but the incidence of the BYDV-PAV serotype was significantly less in the treated plots. In 1994–1995, the incidence of both BYDV-PAV and BYDV-RMV was higher in the nontreated plots than in the imidacloprid-treated plots. Imidacloprid offers several advantages both in terms of its long-lasting systemic activity and its mode of applicaiton. As a seed treatment, the amount of material applied is minimized, there is little waste and the environmental impacts are reduced. The effectiveness of the compound at reducing the fecundity or reproductive rate of several aphid species may be advantageous in controlling secondary spread of viruses. However, the contact properties of the compound, important in repelling aphids or preventing phloem feeding, may be short-lived, thus reducing its effectiveness in preventing primary spread of the virus into the crop, especially under high aphid and inoculum pressure. 相似文献
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G. Boiteau R. P. Singh R. H. Parry Y. Pelletier 《American Journal of Potato Research》1988,65(11):639-649
Field tests at three sites over a period of three to four years have shown that PVYo spread in New Brunswick starts in mid-to late July when plants reach maximum height. Some 62 different genera or species of aphids were collected in experimental plots. Only seven of these were known vector species. Of the colonizing species, the alate green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), seems to be the most important vector. However, because it is not always present when disease spread starts, non-colonizing aphids are probably responsible for the early spread of PVYo. Five of these species of aphids were tested in the laboratory to determine their vector efficiency. A list of potential vectors is presented. The impact of these findings on the management of PVYo is discussed. 相似文献
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The aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are responsible for yield reduction in potato (Solanum tuberosum) production by direct phloem feeding and by spreading viruses. Breeding resistant traits from Solanum chomatophilum into the potato germplasm provides alternative means to control aphid infestations. Integrated pest management strategy, using plant resistance, benefits from the characterization of the resistance and of its impact on aphid biology. Our objective was to characterize the resistance of S. chomatophilum by assessing the effects of accessions, plant parts on aphid performance, and by assessing the impact of the resistance factors on different aphid developmental stages and on alate morph production. Detailed aphid performance was obtained by measuring fecundity, survival, percentage of nymphs that reached adult moult, and population growth using whole plant and clip cage experimental designs. Accession and plant physiological age, but not aphid developmental stage, influenced all life-history parameters, except for alate morph production which was not induced on the resistant accessions. Plant part influence was independent of plant species and accession. Both experimental designs resulted in congruent resistance levels at the accession level for each of the two aphid species, supporting the use of any of them in S. chomatophilum resistance screening. PI243340 was resistant to both aphid species, while PI365324 and PI310990 were also resistant to M. euphorbiae and M. persicae, respectively. 相似文献
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茶梢和茶花信息物引诱有翅茶蚜效应的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用四臂嗅觉仪和昆虫触角电位仪（EAG）研究了新鲜茶梢和茶花的15种单一挥发性组分对有翅茶蚜的引诱效应。结果表明其中的顺-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇、正辛醇和己醛等组分,及茶花主要香气组分橙花醇和烯丙基异硫氰酸酯显著引诱有翅茶蚜。在嗅觉仪生测中,15种组分的10-4βg/ml和10-2βg/ml两种剂量引诱蚜数的差异明显。EAG反应还表明：①新鲜芽下第一叶气味引出的EAG值最大;②用10-2βg/ml的正己醇、正戊醇、1-戊烯-3-醇、2-戊烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯醛、顺-3-己烯-1-醇和乙酸顺-3-己烯酯按1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1比例组成“绿叶气味”,也可引起有翅蚜强烈的EAG反应;③蚜害茶梢嫩茎的气味忌避有翅蚜。认为新梢和茶花释放的绿叶气味和水杨酸甲酯可引导有翅茶蚜朝茶梢定位,严重遭受蚜害的茶梢可能释放忌避有翅蚜的信息物质。 相似文献
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Bruce L. Parker Robert H. Booth James E. Bryan 《American Journal of Potato Research》1983,60(2):65-74
Population levels ofMyzus persicae (Sulzer) were studied on potato tubers in diffuse light and dark rustic storage houses in Peru. No differences in numbers of aphids/sprouted eye on potatoes infested naturally during storage in diffuse light or darkness were observed. Significantly more alate aphids were observed on tubers stored in darkness than in diffuse light storage houses. Viral transmission was occurring during the storage period. The incidence of viral transmission was not significantly influenced by storing tubers in diffuse light or dark storages. There were significantly more plants infected with virus from tubers that had not been sprayed for aphid control than from tubers that had been sprayed 相似文献
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Control of maize pests with imidacloprid seed dressing treatment in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula) under traditional crop conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effects of treating maize seed with imidacloprid to prevent damage by soil pests, aphids, leafhoppers and the first generation of corn borers was evaluated in the field by comparing treated with untreated commercial plots in a 5-year study in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). The treatment reduced the incidence of cutworms (Agrotis segetum), wireworms (Agriotes lineatus), the first generation of the corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides and leafhoppers (Zyginidia scutellaris). However, treated plots were attacked significantly more by Ostrinia nubilalis. The treatment was effective in reducing aphid densities from maize emergence to mid June. What happened later depended on the relative abundance of aphid species. Rhopalosiphum padi seems to be more sensitive than Metopolophium dirhodum whose population can be enhanced after flowering in plots treated with imidacloprid. The treatment did not avoid aphid alate colonisation and MDMV infection was not prevented. The greater damage on untreated plants caused by wireworms, cutworms and the first generation of S. nonagrioides, and the densities achieved by aphids, was insufficient to produce yield differences between treatments, and only leafhopper damage led to economic damage. Imidacloprid favours the attack of the European corn borer, thus masking the potential increase in yield. 相似文献
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Orcial Ceolin Bortolotto Ayres de Oliveira Menezes Júnior Adriano Thibes Hoshino 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
Aphid parasitoids are common in Brazilian wheat fields, and parasitize aphids at the wheat tillering stage. However, there is little information available about when this natural enemy occurs in wheat crops. This study investigated the initial occurrence of aphid parasitoids in four commercial wheat crops in northern Paraná during the 2009 crop season. We installed two Malaise traps at each wheat farm, and 400 tillers were assessed weekly in each field for aphid abundance. During this study, we captured 4,355 aphid parasitoids and 197 aphids. Three species of braconid parasitoids were identified, including Aphidius colemani (Viereck 1912), Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson 1880), and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh 1855). The aphids species identified were Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus 1758) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius 1775). This study showed that aphid parasitoids are present in wheat crops even when aphid densities are low, and in one farm, occurred before the aphids colonization. These reports can justified the high efficiency of these natural enemies against aphids in wheat fields. 相似文献
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调查和试验结果说明：感染ＰＳｔＶ的花生是芝麻黄花叶病毒病主要初浸染源．桃蚜传毒效率最高，为３５％，豆蚜、大豆蚜和棉蚜传毒效率均很低．病害流行与蚜虫发生密切相关．供试的１０个芝麻栽培品种均不抗病，但存在一定成株期抗性。自花生条纹病毒（ＰＳｔＶ）感染的芝麻病株上收获的种子，种植后未发现病毒种传现象。 相似文献