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1.
A relay cropping system of cereals, whereby winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was undersown in two‐row spring barley (Hordeum distichum L.), was established in a field trial in central Sweden in 1999 and continued until 2000. The purpose of the study was to examine crop and weed responses to different plant densities of the undersown winter crop. Winter wheat was sown at four seed rates (187, 94, 47 and 0 kg ha?1) immediately after the sowing of barley. Barley was harvested in the first autumn after sowing and winter wheat in the second autumn. The grain yield of barley was not affected by the seed rate of wheat, and averaged 4580 kg ha?1. Winter wheat did not vernalize during the first growing season but remained at the vegetative stage. The grain yield of wheat was 1990 kg ha?1 for the lowest and 5610 kg ha?1 for the highest seed rate of wheat. Whilst the undersowing process itself stimulated weed emergence in this experiment, increasing the undersowing seed rate reduced the population of perennial weeds by 40–70 %. In the second growing season, the total biomass of weeds was 66 % higher at the highest seed rate compared with the lowest seed rate. 相似文献
2.
晋南旱垣春季低温对不同播种期小麦冻害的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为有效抵御春季低温对小麦冻害的不利影响,提高小麦的抗冻能力,在山西临汾采用大田随机区组方法研究了春季低温对不同播种期小麦叶片、节间、穗部冻害的影响。结果表明：单株叶片冻害率随着播期的推迟而提高,变幅为3.0%~55.4%,单株分蘖叶片冻害率高于单株主茎叶片冻害率,二者相差16.6%,单株鲜重、单株绿叶与单株冻叶率相关性高于其它生物学性状;节间冻害呈现随着播期的推迟而趋重,表现出第1节间轻于第2节间;冻穗率在试验播期范围内则呈现两端轻中间重的现象,以播期10月22日最轻,10月12日最重,变幅为11.58%;同时对形成处理间冻害差异的原因进行了研究,提出培育冬前壮苗是有效缓解和防御春季低温冻害的关键措施。 相似文献
3.
Two series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig-Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m2) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m2). Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m2 (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m2) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m2, tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m2 in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m2. Variation between 15–30 plants/m2 due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m2. The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m2 differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m2 were generally evident. Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established. 相似文献
4.
The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems. 相似文献
5.
为探明冬小麦和春小麦产量形成差异,2016年10月-2017年6月以冬小麦品种济麦22和春小麦品种津强8号为材料,在大田条件下研究了冬小麦和春小麦生育期、叶面积指数、干物质积累及产量构成。结果表明,春小麦出苗比冬小麦延长8d,营养生长期缩短77~78d,灌浆期延长1~2d,全生育期缩短143~144d。拔节期和开花期,春小麦和冬小麦的叶面积指数无显著差异,但灌浆期春小麦叶面积指数比冬小麦叶面积指数增加6.34%~7.67%,不同生育时期春小麦和冬小麦干物质积累量无差异。春小麦收获穗数和千粒重比冬小麦分别增加2.35%~5.29%和4.28%~5.13%,但穗粒数比冬小麦少1.4~2.3,春小麦与冬小麦理论产量和实际产量均无显著差异。综上所述,春小麦可通过增加播量,增加穗数,保持稳定的叶面积指数和干物质积累量,实现小麦稳产,可为区域变革麦-玉种植制度,实现麦-玉周年双机收子粒提供理论支撑。 相似文献
6.
C. Royo A. Ramdani M. Moragues D. Villegas 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2006,192(4):257-266
This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of seed size on the growth and yield of durum wheat. Four field experiments, composed of six durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) varieties and three seeding sizes were conducted in north‐east Spain in 2000 and 2001 in randomized complete block designs. The growth of seedlings was dramatically affected by seed size. Large seeds produced greater plot stands, but the plants had fewer tillers, leaves and spikes and less green area and dry weight than plots from small seeds. Grain yield was 16 % greater in plots from large seeds, which resulted in greater biomass, green area index, spikes per m2 and heavier kernels than in plots from small seeds. Kernel weight was the yield component most related to grain yield in the three seed sizes. The percentage of yield variation explained by kernel weight increased as the weight of kernels increased. This was a consequence of the use of larger seeds, the same effect being observed when the comparison was made between varieties with different kernel weights. Selection for heavy kernel varieties may help to improve the yield of durum wheat in Mediterranean environments similar to that prevailing in north‐east Spain. 相似文献
7.
The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m−2: ) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m−2 . In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m−2 while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m−2 . Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m−2 in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m−2 in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield. 相似文献
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield. 相似文献
8.
(方法)本试验在宽幅播种条件下,以大穗型冬小麦品种泰农18为材料,设计常规播期10月10日和适期晚播10月20日2个播期处理,各播期下分别设置225、375和525万/公顷3个种植密度,(目的)研究了播期和密度互作对冬小麦产量及产量形成、茎秆重心高度、基部节间机械强度和茎秆抗倒指数的影响,以期明确适期晚播对密植高产冬小麦产量和茎秆抗倒性能的调控效应。(结果)研究结果表明,播期和种植密度显著影响冬小麦的产量和抗倒性能。各播期间适度密植(375万/公顷)可通过提高穗数获得高产,且在两播期间无显著差异。适度晚播显著提高各密度冬小麦抗倒指数;在晚播条件下,随种植密度增加,小麦重心高度提高的幅度、基部节间机械强度降低的幅度显著低于常规播期,从而使得适期晚播密植小麦的抗倒能力仍可维持在较高水平。(结论)适度密植小麦可通过适期晚播平衡其产量和抗倒能力,本试验条件下,采用375万/公顷的种植密度,在10月20日播种,可协同实现高产、稳产。 相似文献
9.
播期播量对不同穗型冬小麦群体及子粒产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为明确不同播期播量处理对两种穗型小麦群体结构和产量构成要素的影响,以大穗型品种山农23号和多穗型品种济麦22为材料,研究了小麦群体动态、花后叶面积指数、子粒灌浆进程及产量构成要素的变化规律。结果表明,10月10日播期处理有利于两个品种小麦群体的构建,延迟播期后,即使增大播量也不能获得高产。山农23号在延迟播期后,有效叶面积减少,子粒灌浆速率减慢,单位面积穗数和穗粒数降低,差异显著,加大播量后,穗粒数减少,千粒重降低;济麦22延迟播期后单位面积穗数和千粒重下降,加大播量后,单位面积穗数不升反降,花后叶片衰老加剧。本试验条件下,两个品种的最适播期均为10月10日,山农23号的适宜播量为180kg/hm 2,济麦22的适宜播量为105kg/hm 2。 相似文献
10.
不同矮秆基因小麦农艺性状的遗传差异 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
对含有不同主效矮秆基因（Ｒｈｔ１，Ｒｈｔ２和Ｒｈｔ１＋Ｒｈｔ２）的三组春小麦进行了两年，两地试验。结果表明，具有半矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１的小麦表现出较高的生物产量，穗粒数和容重，它们以此获得较高的籽粒产量；具有矮秆基因Ｒｈｔ１和Ｒｈｔ２的小麦，则表现出较高的千粒重，通过半大收获指数获得高产；在两个半矮秆组内，籽粒产量与株高之间，粒数／ｍ＾２与千粒重之间均为显著负相关，就矮秆组而言，在籽粒产量与粒数／ｍ＾ 相似文献
11.
There is a lack of knowledge about factors contributing to the chilling‐induced alleviatory effects on growth of plants under salt stress. Thus, the primary objective of the study was to determine whether chilling‐induced changes in endogenous hormones, ionic partitioning within shoots and roots and/or gaseous exchange characteristics is involved in salt tolerance of two genetically diverses of wheat crops. For this purpose, the seeds of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, MH‐97 (salt intolerant) and Inqlab‐91 (salt tolerant) were chilled at 3°C for 2 weeks. The chilled, hydroprimed and non‐primed (control) seeds of the two wheat cultivars were sown in both Petri dishes in a growth room and in the field after treatment with 15 dS m?1 NaCl salinity. Chilling was very effective in increasing germination rate and subsequent growth when compared with hydropriming and control under salt stress. Results from field experiments clearly indicated the efficacy of chilling over hydropriming in improving shoot dry biomass and grain yield in either cultivar, particularly under salt stress. This increase in growth and yield was related to increased net photosynthetic rate, greater potential to uptake and accumulate the beneficial mineral elements (K+ and Ca2+) in the roots and reduced uptake and accumulation of toxic mineral element (Na+) in the shoots of both wheat cultivars when grown under salt stress. Salt‐stressed plants of both wheat cultivars raised from chilled seed had greater concentrations of indoleacetic acid, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and spermine when compared with hydropriming and control. Therefore, induction of salt tolerance by pre‐sowing chilling treatment in wheat could be attributed to its beneficial effects on ionic homeostasis and hormonal balance. The results presented are also helpful to understand the chilling‐induced cross adaptation of plants in natural environments. Moreover, efficacy of pre‐sowing chilling treatment over hydropriming suggested its commercial utilization as a low risk priming treatment for better wheat crop production under stressful environments. 相似文献
12.
组合播种方式对小麦群体及产量形成的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了提高玉米秸秆还田后小麦播种质量,为广大麦玉轮作区小麦生产提供技术支撑,通过采用将不同小麦播种方式进行组合的研究方法,对小麦群体发育及产量结构进行分析。结果表明：在播量相同情况下,“撒播+宽幅播”的组合播种方式可以显著降低田间缺苗断垄单元的分布,提高田间群体生物量积累。通过试验研究得出：在适宜播量条件下,“撒播+宽幅播”的组合播种播量比例以1:2为宜。‘舜麦1718’在播量为135.0 kg/hm2时,播量比例为1:2的“撒播+宽幅播”的组合播种方式,产量显著高于传统条播、宽幅播及撒播等单一播种方式。 相似文献
13.
气温变化和分期播种对获嘉县小麦生长发育及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了分析气温变化和分期播种对获嘉县小麦生长发育及产量的影响,利用线性分析方法,依据1960—2010年的气温资料统计显示,平均气温和最高气温在冬春季有明显变暖,夏季反而有降低的趋势,最低气温全年都表现为变暖的趋势。同时,通过2010—2011年冬小麦的分期播种试验,从气象因子对小麦生育发育期的影响分析研究,确定小麦适宜播种期,并找出影响获嘉县小麦关键生育期的主要气象因子温度的适宜指标,同时找出影响小麦后期产量的灌浆期的主要气象因子。日照是影响灌浆速度的主导气象因子,温度是限制因子,其他气象因素的影响一般为间接作用,为在生产中提高小麦产量方面制定相应的科学措施提供依据。 相似文献
14.
In a 2‐year experiment on Typic Ustochrept soils of the North Plain Zone of India, the effect of different row ratios (3 : 1, 6 : 2, 4 : 1 and 8 : 2) and staggered sowing of mustard (simultaneous and 15 days later) was studied in intercropping of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Nodule number, dry weight, grain yield, protein content and yield were higher in monocrop chickpea compared with intercropping. Among row ratios, except for protein content in grain, all the above parameters were significantly higher in the 4 : 1 intercropping of chickpea + mustard. Similarly, delayed sowing of mustard by 15 days also gave higher plant dry weight (1.80–2.36 g plant?1), nodule number (0.41–1.56 and 0.5–3.0 at 55‐ and 70‐day stages, respectively), protein yield (63 kg ha?1), grain yield (290 kg ha?1) and biological yield (1104 kg ha?1) than sowing with chickpea. Widening the row ratio and pairing of the rows of mustard were also found to be beneficial in increasing chickpea growth and yield. Like chickpea, sowing of mustard as a monocrop gave higher growth and yield. Delayed sowing by 15 days reduced the growth and yield of mustard drastically. Productivity, measured in terms of land equivalent ratio, was higher for intercropping of chickpea and mustard in the 4 : 1 row ratio than for sowing of chickpea and mustard in sole stands. Interestingly, the land equivalent ratio was also higher in the simultaneously sown crop than for staggered sowing. 相似文献
15.
16.
淮北地区晚播麦的生育特性研究及配套栽培技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以不同类型品种小麦为研究对象,通过设置不同播期处理,研究了江苏淮北地区小麦播期推迟对冬前麦苗素质、全生育期及生育进程及产量构成的影响.结果表明：随着播期的推迟,小麦均出现了全生育期缩短,生育进程推迟,穗分化时间缩短的趋势.晚播麦产量构成表现为亩穗数增加,每穗粒数和千粒重减少,最终产量下降,其中每穗粒数的减少是产量下降的主要因素.通过选用穗粒中间型品种,提高播种质量,注重返青期及剑叶露尖期的田间管理,晚播麦仍可获得380kg/667m2左右的产量. 相似文献
17.
超晚播条件下密度和追氮时期对淮北地区小麦产量及品质的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为了实现安徽淮北地区晚播小麦高产优质栽培,以目前该地区种植面积最大的强筋小麦品种‘烟农19’为材料,采用两因素随机区组设计,研究了小麦超晚播（11月21日,较适宜播期晚30天左右）条件下,密度、追氮时期对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明：密度和追肥时期对超晚播小麦籽粒产量影响差异显著,以密度450×104株/hm2、孕穗期追肥处理的产量最高,为7846.5 kg/hm2。密度对穗数和穗粒数影响显著,每公顷穗数随着密度的增加而增加;穗粒数随密度的增加而减少。追氮时期对千粒重影响显著,随追氮时期的推迟而增加。增加密度和推迟追氮时期,旗叶叶片光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的活性(Fv/Fo)提高,增大了PSⅡ的潜在活性,有利于叶片所吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用。追氮时期对小麦品质的影响差异显著,随着追氮时期的延迟,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值呈增加趋势,试验结果表明推迟追肥至孕穗期可以改善超晚播条件下强筋小麦的籽粒品质。 相似文献
18.
The influence of sowing date, seed rate, and variety on agricultural characteristics of winter wheat in a low external input system
Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are very different compared to conventional agriculture (mineral nutrition, impact of diseases, competition of weeds). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 the influence of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production was studied with two varieties of winter wheat in field experiments in Northern Hessia.
Drilling after the first decade of October decreases grain yield of both varieties significantly. The decrease was due to poor emergence, low plant densities, and low grain weights. Tillering could not compensate low plant densities, presumably because of low mineralization of nutrients in cold soils during respective growth stages.
Variation of seed rate (350, 500, and 650 viable seeds/m2 ) had little influence on grain yield. Low plant densities and low numbers of ears per nr after sowing in the end of October could not be improved satisfactorily by increased seed rates.
The ability of varieties of winter wheat to compensate unfavourable growth conditions due to "late" sowing varies considerably. Cultivars which are able to develop a high plant density seem to be more suitable for delayed sowing dates, as compared to varieties which own a high grain weight.
Further investigations concerning wheat production are needed to optimize agricultural low external input systems. Especially sandy soils with quick response to increased ambient temperature, and sites with favourable growth conditions in late autumn and early spring should be considered. 相似文献
Growth conditions of winter wheat in agricultural low external input systems, e.g. ecological agriculture, are very different compared to conventional agriculture (mineral nutrition, impact of diseases, competition of weeds). In 1986, 1987, and 1988 the influence of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production was studied with two varieties of winter wheat in field experiments in Northern Hessia.
Drilling after the first decade of October decreases grain yield of both varieties significantly. The decrease was due to poor emergence, low plant densities, and low grain weights. Tillering could not compensate low plant densities, presumably because of low mineralization of nutrients in cold soils during respective growth stages.
Variation of seed rate (350, 500, and 650 viable seeds/m
The ability of varieties of winter wheat to compensate unfavourable growth conditions due to "late" sowing varies considerably. Cultivars which are able to develop a high plant density seem to be more suitable for delayed sowing dates, as compared to varieties which own a high grain weight.
Further investigations concerning wheat production are needed to optimize agricultural low external input systems. Especially sandy soils with quick response to increased ambient temperature, and sites with favourable growth conditions in late autumn and early spring should be considered. 相似文献
19.
不同播期和品种小麦小花结实的粒位差异 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
确定小麦不同小穗位和小花位发育与结实特性是实现大穗多粒的重要前提，本文通过对冬，春性小麦品种分期播种试验得出，较高的小穗结实力是增加穗粒数的重要因素，不同播期，品种之间，小穗粒重和粒数呈现相同的变化趋势，中部以及基部小穗粒重与穗粒重之间呈高度正相关，体现环境差异的播期效应以对中部小穗发育的影响为主，而冬，春性品种的基因型差异可反映在各个小穗位上，第2小花粒的子粒发育状况反映整个小穗的生产能力，结果表明，促进中部优势小穗（第5－15小穗）结实和第1－3小花位子粒发育是提高小花结实率和穗粒重的关键。 相似文献
20.
不同播期和播种量对冬小麦生长特征和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究播期和播种量对冬小麦生长和产量的影响,设置3个播期和3个播种量,研究小麦干物质积累转运、叶面积和群体光能截获以及产量的变化特征。结果表明,随播期的推迟,干物质积累量降低,每推迟1个播期,干物质积累降低0.13~0.37t/hm2,花前干物质转运量随播期的推迟呈降低趋势,随播种量增加而增加。花后光合同化物积累量则随播期的推迟呈先升高后降低的趋势,随播种量的增加逐渐降低。光能利用率随播期推迟和播种量增加均呈先增加后减小的趋势。在10月4日播种,播种量160kg/hm2时,花后干物质同化物较多,光能利用率达到最大值,2年平均产量达到最大值,为8257.84kg/hm2,是适合当地的播期和播种量种植组合。 相似文献