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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA) on cashmere shedding in cashmere goats. Thirty‐two castrated Liaoning cashmere goats were randomly allotted to four groups, with eight replicates in each group. The four groups were injected intravenously with CPA doses of 0, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Feed intake, body weight, body temperature, and sphygmus were recorded and the erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin content, and cashmere yield and length were determined. CPA has no significant effect on feed intake, body weight, body temperature, or sphygmus of cashmere goats. It was found that CPA significantly decreased the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content in cashmere goats on the days immediately following injection, but the effects on erythrocytes diminished within 6 days, with hemoglobin content returning to normal within 10 days. Cashmere fiber began to shed on about day 10 after injection with CPA. CPA had no significant effect on cashmere length but significantly increased cashmere yield. The results indicate that CPA can induce cashmere shedding and achieve the purpose of concentrated defleecing. A dose of 20 mg/kg body weight is preferable for hair removal and regrowth in cashmere goats. 相似文献
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应用组织学方法对猪延髓微血管及静脉注射呕吐毒素(DON)后在猪延髓的分布进行了初步观察.结果显示,进入延髓的动脉有较厚的弹性纤维膜,平滑肌层厚度为弹性膜的一半,向背侧延伸的分支,管壁薄,仅见内皮细胞和周细胞.在网状结构与纤维束间见有微血管,管壁未见弹性纤维.电镜免疫组化染色结果显示,延髓最后区毛细血管内皮细胞间有的部位有紧密连接,而有些部位缺失,内皮细胞与胶质细胞之间有较宽的空隙,有些部位缺少周细胞.D()N免疫阳性反应为棕褐色或棕黄色颗粒,主要分布于延髓微动脉管壁及最后区毛细血管周边神经元细胞质中,细胞核内量少或无反应.结果表明,猪延髓内不同部位的微血管的分布及结构均有差异,为猪的中枢神经系统脑血管的组织学增加了内容. 相似文献
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Iwata K Kinoshita M Susaki N Uenoyama Y Tsukamura H Maeda K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(3):379-384
Ketosis is found in various pathophysiological conditions, including diabetes and starvation, that are accompanied by suppression of gonadal activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of ketone body in the brain in regulating pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female rats. Injection of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), a ketone body, into the fourth cerebroventricle (4V) induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion in a dose-dependent manner in ovariectomized (OVX) rats with an estradiol (E2) implant producing diestrus plasma E2 levels. Plasma glucose and corticosterone levels increased immediately after the 4V 3HB injection, suggesting that the treatment caused a hunger response. The 3HB-induced suppression of LH pulses might be mediated by noradrenergic inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) because a local injection of α-methyl- p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, into the PVN blocked 3HB-induced suppression of LH pulses and PVN noradrenaline release was increased by 4V 3HB injection in E2-primed OVX rats. These results suggest that ketone body sensed by a central energy sensor in the hindbrain may suppress gonadotropin release via noradrenergic inputs to the PVN under ketosis. 相似文献
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E T Lyons J H Drudge D E LaBore S C Tolliver 《American journal of veterinary research》1975,36(6):777-780
A controlled test of the activity of 3 formulations of levamisole, at the dose level of approximately 8 mg/kg, against naturally occurring infections of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworms was made in 24 calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 calves each. Levamisole was administered to group I calves in the drinking water, to group II calves by subcutaneous injection, and to Group III calves by feeding alfalfa pellets mixed in corn silage; group IV calves were nontreated controls. Group I calves consumed the medicated water between 4 hours and 20 minutes and 9 hours and 40 minutes; group III calves consumed the medicated feed within 2 hours and 15 minutes. For calves of group I, II, and III, removals of 4th-stage Ostertagia sp were 64, 23, and 0%; of mature Ostertagia ostertagi, 90, 93, and 83%; and of mature Trichostrongylus axei, 92, 99, and 92%, respectively. For all 3 treated groups of calves, removal was 100% for 4th-stage Cooperia sp and for mature Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Removals of Dictyocaulus vivipara were 90, 90, and 94% for calves of groups I, II, and III, respectively. There was no evidence of toxicosis. At necropsy, 2 calves in group II had small areas of edema at the sites of injection of levamisole. 相似文献
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F. Rasmussen 《Veterinary research communications》1978,2(1):173-182
Tissue damage at the injection site has been described after intramuscular injection of antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, vitamins, lidocaine, diazepam and digoxin in dogs, swine, cows, sheep and hens.The damage caused by substances commonly used in drug vehicles has also been examined and compared with the effects of saline and distilled, sterile water. After intramuscular injection of saline or sterile water little or no tissue reaction has been observed, while vehicles containing glycerol formal or propylene glycol caused damage to muscle tissue.The investigations show that both the drug itself and the vehicles may cause tissue damage. In the development of drug preparations for intramuscular administration, which cause minimal tissue damage, it is therefore important to consider all the components of the preparation.From the point of view of international collaboration it will be of great importance that standard methods are generally accepted for the evaluation of new drugs and for the estimation and prediction of tissue damage after their intramuscular injection.
Kurzfassung Gewebeschäden an der Injektionsstelle liessen sich nach der intramuskulären Verabreichung von u. a. Antibiotika, chemotherapeutischen Erzeugnissen, Vitaminpräparaten, Lidokain, Diazepam und Digoxin bei Hunden, Schweinen, Kühen, Schafen oder Hühnern feststellen.Dabei wurde die irritierende Wirkung der üblicherweise in den Bindemitteln enthaltenen Substanzen untersucht und mit der Wirkung von salinem und destilliertem, sterilem Wasser verglichen. Bindemittel, die Formalglyzerin oder Propylenglykol enthalten, verursachten eine Schädigung des Muskelgewebes.Die erwähnten Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sowohl das Medikament selbst, als auch das Bindemittel Gewebeschäden hervorrufen können. Daher ist bei der Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln, deren gewebeschädigende Wirkung bei intramuskulärer Verabreichung minimal sein soll, darauf zu achten, dass alle Bestandteile des Präparates geprüft werden.Für eine internationale Zusammenarbeit dürfte es von grosser Bedeutung sein, dass die unterschiedlichen Bewertungsmethoden für neue Medikamente allgemeingültig festgelegt werden; dies gilt auch für die Einschätzung oder vorherige Bestimmung der lokalen Schädigung durch die intramuskuläre Injektion.
Resume L'effet de lésion tissulaire au point d'injection a été décrit après l'injection intramusculaire d'antibiotiques, de chimiothérapeutiques, de vitamines, lidocaine, diazepam et digoxine chez des chiens, porcs, moutons ou poules. L'effet d'irritation des substances communément utilisées dans les excipients a été examiné et comparé à l'effet de l'eau salée et distillée ou de l'eau sterile. Les excipients contenant du glycérol formaldéhyde ou du propylène glycol ont provoqué des lésions du tissu musculaire.Les études citées révèlent que le médicament lui-même comme les excipients peuvent provoquer des lésions tissulaires. Aussi fautil tenir compte, pour la mise au point de préparations pharmaceutiques pour l'administration par voie intramusculaire ne causant qu'une lésion minimale des tissus, de tous les composants entrant dans la préparation.Du point de vue de la collaboration internationale, il sera très important que les différentes méthodes d'évaluation des nouveaux médicaments soient unanimement acceptées ainsi que les méthodes utilisées pour l'estimation ou la prédiction de lésions locales après injection intramusculaire.
Riassunto Viene descritta l'azione lesiva osservata nei tessuti nel punto di inoculazione per via intramuscolare dei farmaci per uso veterinario, quali antibiotici, chemioterapici, vitamine, lidocaina, diazepam e digoxin. Le osservazioni sono state eseguite su cani, suini, bovini, ovini, o polli.L'effetto irritante di sostanze d'uso comune in eccipienti farmaceutici è stato confrontato con l'effetto dell'acqua distillata sterile e della soluzione fisiologica, pure sterile.Gli eccipienti contenenti glicerina o glicole propilenico hanno provocato lesioni nel tessuto muscolare. Dalle indagini descritte appare evidente che sia il farmaco che gli eccipienti possono provecare danni ai tessuti. Pertanto, al fine di migliorare i preparati farmaceutici per somministrazione intramuscolare che possono provocare lesioni anche minime nei tessuti, è importante prendere in considerazione tutti i componenti dei preparati stessi.Dal punto di vista di una collaborazione internazionale, è di grande importanza che i vari metodi di esame dei nuovi farmaci siano unanimente accettati, compresi i metodi untilizzati per l'esame e la prevenzione dei danni locali conseguenti alla inoculazione per via intramuscolare.相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a human adenovirus-5 vaccine for protecting weaned pigs against swine influenza virus subtype H3N2 infection when administered via 2 injection methods. ANIMALS: 76 pigs. PROCEDURE: 6 groups of weaned pigs received a 10-fold serial dilution of recombinant adenovirus expressing H3 hemagglutinin and a constant amount of recombinant adenovirus expressing nucleoprotein, either via a needle-free injection device or by traditional IM injection. In each group of 10 pigs, 1 served as a nonvaccinated contact pig to monitor whether there was spread of vaccinial virus from pig to pig. Vaccinated pigs and nonvaccinated controls were challenged or sham-inoculated 5 weeks later. After challenge, pigs were observed for clinical signs and nasal secretions were tested for virus. On day 5 after challenge, pigs were euthanatized; lungs were examined for gross lesions, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were tested for virus replication. RESULTS: A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response was elicited in a dose-dependent manner. Traditional IM administered vaccination induced consistently higher HI antibody responses than vaccination via needle-free injection, but the differences were not significant. Likewise, traditional IM administration was superior at reducing nasal virus shedding except at the highest dose, at which both methods blocked virus replication. The severity of lung lesions was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by both vaccination methods. Sentinel pigs did not seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The human adenovirus-5 vaccine at high doses prevented nasal virus shedding after challenge exposure with both methods of administration. The replication-defective vaccine virus was not transmitted to sentinel pigs. 相似文献
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Extract Sir,—Having read with interest the letter by R. H. Hiscock in the Veterinar'y Record (Vet. Rec. (1962), 74: 1140), I would like to record a similar experience, using the same product on some “tail end” Jersey calves, five to six months of age, which weighed between 100 lb and 160 lb each. They were very poor calves indeed. 相似文献
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Abstract Extract Sir:— In the 12 months since the completion of the trials reported in this Journal(1) over 3000 doses of yohimbine have been used to reverse xylazine sedation in deer at Invermay and in field trials throughout New Zealand. During this time four deer have suffered transient convulsions characterised by tetanic spasms, paddling of the limbs, inability to stand and rapid nodding of the head. This was accompanied by rapid blinking of the eyelids and grinding of the teeth. These signs abated in 5 to 10 minutes after which time the deer relaxed and regained its ftet in 10 to 20 minutes. In the 30 minutes prior to yohimbine administration these deer had received a single injection of xylazine (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) and on one occasion the xylazine was given in conjunction with Img of fentanyl and 8 mg azaperone (0.1 ml Fentaz). On each occasion the intention was to inject yohimbine at the recommended dose rate (1) (0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg) into the jugular vein and the convulsions commenced within five seconds of this injection. Normally it takes one to three minutes for reversal ofxylazine sedation to occur. Thus it is highly likely that these injections were intra- carotid, thereby resulting in a very high concentration of yohimbine in the cranial arteries. All four animals recovered and there were no apparent after effects. These convulsions occured more rapidly hut were less severe than those expcrienced with the combination of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine reported in the earlier trail.(1) 相似文献
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A single dose of a rapidly-absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the interscapular region of a 12.5-year-old cat. A mild swelling was noticed at the injection site 6 weeks later. This progressed into a 5 cm diameter mass which was removed 6 months after the injection had been given. An injection site sarcoma (ISS) was diagnosed histologically. As the cat had not been vaccinated for at least 12 years, the previous NSAID injection was considered to be a possible cause of the ISS. Inflammation is thought to be important in the development of ISS. If injection of a rapidly-absorbed NSAID can stimulate sufficient inflammation to promote the development of an ISS, other non-vaccine injections may also have the potential to influence ISS development. This suggests that injection of both vaccines and non-vaccine medications should be minimised to reduce the risk of ISS development. 相似文献
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兽药阉畜注射液是一种新型的公畜去势药物，它是通过将药物注入公畜睾丸内，致使公畜睾丸、附睾和副性腺组织变性坏死，失去产生精子和分泌雄激素的能力，从而达到去势的目的。为观察阉畜注射液的临床作用户进行了以下试验。 相似文献
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The commonly adopted technique and site for intramuscular injection in the cat are described, and the often resulting inadequacy and risk are discussed. An alternative site and technique are suggested to ensure a more reliable effect when an intramuscular injection is indicated. Résumé. On décrit la technique et l'endroit communément adoptés pour injection intramusculaire chez le chat et on discute de l'imperfection et du risque qui résultent souvent. On suggère un endroit alternatif et technique pour s'assurer d'un effet certain quand une injection intramusculaire est indiquée. Zusammenfassung. Die gewǒhnlish angewendete Technik und Stelle fur intramuskulàre Injektionen in Katzen sind beschrieben und das oft folgende Versagen und Risiko wird diskut-iert. Eine andere Stelle und Technik sind vorgeschlagen, um einer zuverlǎssigeren Wirkung sicher zu sein wenn eine intramuskulàre Injektion erforderlich ist. 相似文献