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1.
Secretoglobin and Transferrin Expression in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Horses with Chronic Respiratory Disease 
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下载免费PDF全文 M. Miskovic Feutz L.L. Couetil C.P. Riley X. Zhang J. Adamec R.E. Raskin 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1692-1699
Background
Lower expression of secretoglobin and transferrin has been found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a small number of horses with experimentally induced signs of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) compared to healthy controls.Hypothesis/Objectives
Secretoglobin and transferrin BALF expression will be similarly decreased in horses with naturally occurring clinical signs of RAO and in horses with experimentally induced clinical signs of RAO as compared to healthy controls and intermediate in horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD).Animals
Recurrent airway obstruction‐affected and control horses were subjected to an experimental hay exposure trial to induce signs of RAO. Client‐owned horses with a presumptive diagnosis of RAO and controls from the same stable environments were recruited.Methods
Pulmonary function and BALF were evaluated from control and RAO‐affected research horses during an experimental hay exposure trial (n = 5 in each group) and from client‐owned horses (RAO‐affected horses, n = 17; IAD‐affected horses, n = 19; healthy controls, n = 5). The concentrations of secretoglobin and transferrin in BALF were assessed using Western blots.Results
Naturally occurring and experimentally induced RAO horses had similar decreases in BALF transferrin expression, but secretoglobin expression was most decreased in naturally occurring RAO. Secretoglobin and transferrin expression were both lower in BALF of RAO‐affected horses than in IAD‐affected and control horses.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Secretoglobin and transferrin expression is decreased in BALF of RAO‐affected horses after both experimental and natural exposure. Secretoglobin and transferrin likely play clinically relevant roles in the pathophysiology of RAO, and may thus be used as biomarkers of the disease. 相似文献2.
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Provides an Additional Benefit to a Low‐Dust Diet in the Management of Horses with Chronic Lower Airway Inflammatory Disease 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 N. Nogradi L.L. Couetil J. Messick M.A. Stochelski J.R. Burgess 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):299-306
Background
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may benefit humans and animals with chronic inflammatory diseases.Hypothesis
Omega‐3 PUFA supplementation improves clinical signs, lung function, and airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD).Animals
Eight research horses and 35 client‐owned horses.Methods
A pilot study examined the dose of PUFA that can alter plasma PUFA composition. Then, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in horses with RAO and IAD. Horses were fed a complete pelleted diet with no hay and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 daily treatments for 2 months: 30 or 60 g of the supplement or 30 g of placebo. Clinical signs, lung function, plasma PUFA composition, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were evaluated. Data were expressed as median (25–75th percentiles). P < .05 was considered significant.Results
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation resulted in increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that peaked at 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was noted in all horses involved in the clinical trial, but the group that received PUFA had greater improvement in clinical signs (cough score improved 60%), lung function (respiratory effort decreased 48%), and BALF (neutrophils decreased from 23 to 9%) when compared to placebo (cough score improved 33%, respiratory effort decreased 27%, BALF neutrophils increased from 11 to 17%; P < .05).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Feeding horses with RAO and IAD a PUFA supplement containing 1.5–3 g DHA for 2 months provides an additional benefit to low‐dust diet. 相似文献3.
E.A. Richard M. Depecker M. Defontis C. Leleu G. Fortier P.‐H. Pitel A. Couroucé‐Malblanc 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1838-1844
Background
Multiple cytological patterns occur in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Only few data on BALF cytokine profiles are available for horses with IAD, and are limited to mRNA expression.Hypothesis/Objective
Cytological profiles of IAD are associated with different BALF immunological pathways. To investigate BALF cytokine concentrations in a large number of horses with neutrophilic IAD.Animals
One hundred and thirty‐eight client‐owned Standardbred racehorses in active training.Methods
Prospective observational study. BALF samples were obtained from left and right lungs. Interleukin (IL)‐4, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α concentrations were determined by ELISA.Results
Fourteen horses had normal BALF cytological profiles and 56 exhibited evidence of bilateral neutrophilic IAD. Twenty‐four horses showed BALF with, respectively, IAD‐ and CTL consistent cytology and were excluded; as were 44 horses because of evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. TNF‐α (56 ± 115 pg/mL; P = .034) and IFN‐γ concentrations (104 ± 247 pg/mL; P = .044) were significantly higher for IAD horses, compared with controls (respectively 19 ± 41 and 80 ± 116 pg/mL). Horses with ‘neutrophil’ subtype had significantly higher IFN‐γ concentrations (110 ± 154 pg/mL), than ‘neutrophil/metachromatic’ (56 ± 54 pg/mL; P = .028) and ‘neutrophil/metachromatic/eosinophil’ subtypes (44 ± 23 pg/mL; P = .012).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Cytokine concentrations in BALF suggested that neutrophilic IAD is associated with activation of the innate immune system and a possible T‐helper (Th)‐1 polarized response. This study also suggested that immunological pathways vary according to cytological IAD subtypes. 相似文献4.
A.P. Pacheco M.R. Paradis A.M. Hoffman P. Hermida A. Sanchez J.A. Nadeau M. Tufts M.R. Mazan 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):603-608
Background
Despite the increasing number of geriatric horses attended by veterinarians, there is a lack of understanding of aging‐related changes on the respiratory system of horses.Objective
To identify aging‐related changes on the respiratory function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology of horses.Animals
Fifteen healthy young adult (2–11 years) and 16 healthy aged (≥20 years) horses.Methods
The respiratory system was examined by measurement of arterial blood gases (ABG), use of respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) for assessment of breathing pattern and ventilatory parameters, histamine bronchoprovocation, and BALF cytology.Results
No significant differences were detected with regard to values obtained by ABG or bronchoprovocation of young adult and aged healthy horses. In aged horses, there were significant differences in mean ± SD of the following parameters when compared to young horses: prolonged expiratory time (Te) measured by RIP (3.9 ± 1.5 s versus 3.0 ± 0.6 s), decreased percentage of alveolar macrophages (40.6 ± 11.3% versus 53.5 ± 9.6%), and increased percentage of lymphocytes (53.4 ± 9.5% versus 43.9 ± 11.0%). No correlations between airway reactivity and ventilatory parameters, ABG, or BALF cytology were found in this asymptomatic population.Conclusions
These results suggest that aging does not cause changes in the results obtained by ABG, most RIP‐derived variables, and bronchoprovocation in the horse. A decreased percentage of macrophage and an increased percentage of lymphocytes in the BALF cytology may be expected in the asymptomatic geriatric horse and may be a result of aging. 相似文献5.
K.S. Woods A.M.N. Defarges A.C.G. Abrams‐Ogg L. Viel B.A. Brisson D. Bienzle 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1398-1404
Background
Different aspiration techniques to retrieve bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) affect sample quality in healthy dogs. Studies evaluating these techniques in dogs with respiratory disease are lacking.Objectives
To compare sample quality of BALF acquired by manual aspiration (MA) and suction pump aspiration (SPA).Animals
Eighteen client‐owned dogs with respiratory disease.Methods
Randomized, blinded prospective clinical trial. Manual aspiration was performed with a 35‐mL syringe attached directly to the bronchoscope biopsy channel and SPA was performed with a maximum of 50 mmHg negative pressure applied to the bronchoscope suction valve using the suction trap connection. Both aspiration techniques were performed in each dog on contralateral lung lobes, utilizing 2 mL/kg lavage volumes per site. Samples of BALF were analyzed by percentage of retrieved infusate, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), differential cell count, semiquantitative assessment of slide quality, and diagnosis score. Data were compared by paired Student''s t‐test, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, chi‐squared test, and ANOVA. Cohen''s kappa coefficient was used to assess agreement.Results
The percentage of retrieved BALF (P = .001) was significantly higher for SPA than MA. Substantial agreement was found between cytologic classification of BALF obtained with MA and SPA (kappa = 0.615). There was no significant difference in rate of definitive diagnosis achieved with cytologic assessment between techniques (P = .78).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Suction pump aspiration, compared to MA, improved BALF retrieval, but did not significantly affect the rate of diagnostic success of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in dogs with pulmonary disease. 相似文献6.
S. Bosshard V. Gerber 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):618-623
Background
It is often assumed that horses with mild respiratory clinical signs, such as mucous nasal discharge and occasional coughing, have an increased risk of developing recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).Hypothesis
Compared to horses without any clinical signs of respiratory disease, those with occasional coughing, mucous nasal discharge, or both have an increased risk of developing signs of RAO (frequent coughing, increased breathing effort, exercise intolerance, or a combination of these) as characterized by the Horse Owner Assessed Respiratory Signs Index (HOARSI 1–4).Animals
Two half‐sibling families descending from 2 RAO‐affected stallions (n = 65 and n = 47) and an independent replication population of unrelated horses (n = 88).Methods
In a retrospective cohort study, standardized information on occurrence and frequency of coughing, mucous nasal discharge, poor performance, and abnormal breathing effort—and these factors combined in the HOARSI—as well as management factors were collected at intervals of 1.3–5 years.Results
Compared to horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease (half‐siblings 7%; unrelated horses 3%), those with mild respiratory signs developed clinical signs of RAO more frequently: half‐siblings with mucous nasal discharge 35% (P < .001, OR: 7.0, sensitivity: 62%, specificity: 81%), with mucous nasal discharge and occasional coughing 43% (P < .001, OR: 9.9, sensitivity: 55%, specificity: 89%); unrelated horses with occasional coughing: 25% (P = .006, OR = 9.7, sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 76%).Conclusions and Clinical importance
Occasional coughing and mucous nasal discharge might represent an increased risk of developing RAO. 相似文献7.
Thoracic Ultrasonography and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Analysis in Holstein Calves with Subclinical Lung Lesions 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 T.L. Ollivett J.L. Caswell D.V. Nydam T. Duffield K.E. Leslie J. Hewson D. Kelton 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1728-1734
Background
Thoracic ultrasonography (US) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis are antemortem methods used to identify the lung lesions associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Accuracy of US and the cell distributions in BALF have not been characterized in calves with subclinical disease.Objectives
To evaluate the accuracy of US and BALF and describe BALF characteristics in calves with subclinical lung lesions.Animals
Twenty‐five Holstein calves, 1–12 weeks old.Methods
In this prospective study, calves with low respiratory scores underwent US, BALF and postmortem examination (normal US, n = 5; comet‐tails, n = 5; consolidation, n = 15). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected and analyzed for total and differential cell counts. Lung lesions were assessed by gross and histopathologic examination. Data were analyzed using nonparametric methods and relative risk analysis. The accuracy of US and BALF were estimated relative to postmortem examination.Results
The sensitivity and specificity of US for detecting lung lesions was 94% (95% CI, 69–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 64–100%), respectively. A cut‐point of ≥4% BALF neutrophils was associated with the highest BALF sensitivity and specificity, 81% (95% CI, 56–94%) and 75% (95% CI, 36–95%). The presence of consolidation on US increased the risk of having a BALF neutrophil proportion ≥4% (RR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.13–13.45; P = .003).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Ultrasonography accurately detects lung lesions in calves with subclinical disease. Clinicians should use a cut‐point of ≥4% BALF neutrophils to diagnose subclinical respiratory disease. 相似文献8.
Serum Surfactant Protein D and Haptoglobin as Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 M. Bullone M. de Lagarde A. Vargas J.‐P. Lavoie 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1707-1711
Background
The identification of serum biomarkers of lung inflammation would facilitate the diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses.Hypothesis
Horses with IAD have higher serum concentrations of markers of inflammation compared to controls.Animals
Twelve horses with IAD and 10 control horses.Methods
This was a prospective case–control study. Blood and BALF were collected from horses with IAD and controls. Serum concentration of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and of the soluble form of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) was measured using commercial ELISA tests.Results
Horses with IAD had higher serum concentration (log‐transformed values) of SP‐D (mean ± SD: 1.773 ± 0.51), haptoglobin (6.657 ± 0.202) and SAA (0.128 ± 0.396) compared to controls (0.942 ± 0.226, 6.38 ± 0.22, −0.398 ± 0.319, respectively; P < .01 for all). Furthermore, the concentrations of SP‐D and haptoglobin combined allowed differentiating the 2 groups (IAD: 8.43 ± 0.564, controls: 7.322 ± 0.249, P < .0001) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% when a cut‐off of 7.70 (log value) was employed.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Surfactant protein D and haptoglobin serum concentrations could be a diagnostic aid in IAD. Further studies are necessary to establish the specificity of our findings before they can be applied in everyday practice. 相似文献9.
E.H. Hooijberg R. van den Hoven A. Tichy I. Schwendenwein 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1587-1593
Background
A wide spectrum of laboratory tests is available to aid diagnosis and classification of equine inflammatory disease.Objectives
To compare diagnostic efficacy and combined predictive capability of the myeloperoxidase index (MPXI), and plasma fibrinogen, iron and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations for the diagnosis of inflammation.Animals
Twenty‐six hospitalized horses with systemic inflammation (SI), 114 with local inflammation (LI) and 61 healthy horses or those with noninflammatory disease (NI) were included.Methods
A retrospective study was performed; clinicopathologic data from horses were compared between groups. Receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy; classification and regression tree analysis (CART) and logistic regression analysis were used to generate diagnostic algorithms.Results
Horses with SI had significantly higher SAA than horses with LI (P = .007) and NI (P < .001) and lower iron concentrations than horses with LI (P < .001) and NI (P < .001). Fibrinogen concentration was higher in horses with inflammation than in those without inflammation (P = .002). There was no difference between the SI and LI groups. White blood cell count, neutrophil count and MPXI were similar between groups. SAA had the highest accuracy for diagnosing inflammation (area under ROC curve [AUC], 0.83 ± 0.06) and iron and SAA concentration had the highest accuracy for differentiating SI from LI (AUC, 0.80 ± 0.09 and 0.73 ± 0.10 respectively). Predictive modeling failed to generate useful algorithms and classification of cases was moderate.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Very high SAA and low iron concentrations may reflect SI, but diagnostic guidelines based on quantitative results of inflammatory markers could not be formulated. 相似文献10.
J.H. Rose M. Kwiatkowska E.R. Henderson N. Granger J.K. Murray T.R. Harcourt‐Brown 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(4):1199-1202
Background
Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is an inflammatory disease of dogs that is suspected to be immune‐mediated. The development of other immune‐mediated diseases has been linked to vaccinations, time of the year, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Hypothesis/Objectives
To identify if the development of SRMA is associated with time of year, vaccination, geographic location, sex, neuter status, and breed.Animals
Sixty SRMA cases and 180 controls, all ≤24 months of age and matched for year of presentation, from a referral hospital population in the United Kingdom.Methods
Retrospective case‐control study with unconditional logistic regression analysis.Results
Beagles (P = .001), Border Collies (P = .001), Boxers (P = .032), Jack Russell Terriers (P = .001), Weimaraners (P = .048), and Whippets (P < .001) had significantly greater odds of developing SRMA in this population of dogs. Vaccination, time of year, geographic category, sex, and neuter status did not increase the odds of developing SRMA.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Only breed increased the odds of developing SRMA. It would be prudent to investigate the genetics of the identified breeds to help elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SRMA. 相似文献11.
L. Wang E.A. Pawlak P.J. Johnson J.K. Belknap D. Alfandari S.J. Black 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(1):215-222
Background
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are hypothesized to degrade structurally important components of the laminar extracellular matrix (ECM) in horses with laminitis.Objective
To compare levels of expression of stromelysin‐1 (MMP‐3), collagenases (MMP‐1, ‐13), and membrane type‐MMPs (MMP‐14, ‐15, ‐16), and the distribution of their ECM substrates, in laminae of healthy horses and horses with carbohydrate overload laminitis.Animals
Twenty‐five adult horses.Methods
Gene and protein expression were determined in extracts of laminae using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting after sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Distribution of MMP‐13 and ECM components was determined using indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of nonfixed frozen sections. ECM morphology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results
Of the genes studied, only those encoding MMP‐1 and ‐13 were upregulated in CHO‐induced laminitis; MMP‐1 at Obel grade (OG)1 lameness and MMP‐13 at OG3 lameness. Laminar MMP‐1 was present as 52 kDa proenzyme only. MMP‐13 was present as pro‐ (61 kDa) and processed (48 kDa) enzyme. MMP‐13 localized to the basal epithelium of the secondary epidermal laminae and its increased expression were accompanied by the appearance in secondary dermal laminae (SDL) of multiple foci that were devoid of collagen I, fibronectin, chondroitin and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, and eosin‐staining material.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
MMP‐13 is upregulated in laminae of horses with CHO‐induced OG3 lameness and, by degrading components of the ECM, may contribute to the formation of ECM‐free lesions (gaps or tears) that appear in the SDL with OG3 lameness. 相似文献12.
K.J. Hughes E.H. Laidlaw S.M. Reed J. Keen J.B. Abbott T. Trevail G. Hammond T.D.H. Parkin S. Love 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1860-1870
Background
Sagittal ratio values (SRVs) of cervical vertebrae are used for ante‐mortem diagnosis of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, but intraobserver and interobserver variability in measurement may influence radiographic interpretation of vertebral stenosis in horses with neurological disease.Objectives
To determine intraobserver repeatability in SRVs, intra‐ and interobserver agreement in SRVs and whether or not agreement was influenced by animal age.Animals
Forty‐two horses (>1 year old) with neurological disease from which laterolateral computed radiographic images of C2–C7 were obtained.Methods
Four observers made measurements from C2 to C7 for each horse and interobserver agreement for intra‐ and intervertebral SRVs was determined using Bland–Altman analysis (acceptable agreement: limits of agreement [LOA] ≤ 0.05) on all horses and those ≤3 (n = 25) and >3 (n = 17) years old. Each observer also made repeated measurements for 10 horses and intraobserver repeatability and agreement were determined.Results
Adequate intraobserver repeatability was achieved for 6 sites. Within observers, paired measurements had a median difference ≤5.7%, but a large range in differences often occurred, most frequently at intervertebral sites. For C5, C6, C7, and C3–4, LOA ≤ 0.05 were achieved by at least 1 observer. With the exception of C5 for 1 pair, LOA were >0.05 for interobserver agreement, regardless of animal age. LOA were largest at intervertebral sites.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Within and between observers, measurement error may limit the diagnostic accuracy of SRVs and result in discrepancies of diagnosis and treatment and warrants consideration when used clinically in horses with neurological disease. 相似文献13.
Detection of Clinically Relevant Pain Relief in Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease Associated Pain
M.E. Gruen E. Griffith A. Thomson W. Simpson B.D.X. Lascelles 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):346-350
Background
Detection of clinically relevant pain relief in cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD) is complicated by a lack of validated outcome measures and a placebo effect.Hypothesis/Objectives
To evaluate a novel approach for detection of pain relief in cats with DJD.Animals
Fifty‐eight client‐owned cats.Methods
Prospective, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, stratified, randomized, clinical study. Enrolled cats were 6–21 years of age, with owner‐observed mobility impairment, evidence of pain in at least 2 joints during orthopedic examination, and overlapping radiographic evidence of DJD, and underwent a 2‐week baseline period, 3‐week treatment period with placebo or meloxicam, and 3‐week masked washout period. Outcome measures were evaluated at days 0, 15, 36, and 57.Results
Both groups significantly improved after the treatment period (day 36) on client‐specific outcome measures (CSOM) and feline musculoskeletal pain index (FMPI) (P < .0001 for both); there was no difference between the groups on CSOM or FMPI score improvement. After the masked washout period, more cats that received meloxicam during the treatment period had a clinically relevant decrease in CSOM score (P = .048) and FMPI score (P = .021) than cats that received placebo.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Using both a client‐specific and a general clinical metrology instrument, owners of cats with DJD were able to detect evident recurrence of clinical signs after withdrawal of active medication than after withdrawal of placebo, and that this study design might be a novel and useful way to circumvent the placebo effect and detect the efficacy of pain‐relieving medications. 相似文献14.
A.C. Freeman S.R. Platt M. Kent E. Huguet C. Rusbridge S. Holmes 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1551-1559
Background
Although Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs.Objectives
To characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed.Animals
Eighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited.Methods
Prospective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student''s t‐test, Spearman''s correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate.Results
Chiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Syringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal. 相似文献15.
R. Suzuki H. Matsumoto T. Teshima Y. Mochizuki H. Koyama 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):386-392
Background
Systolic dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. However, assessment of systolic variables by conventional echocardiographic methods is difficult in these dogs because of mitral regurgitation (MR).Hypothesis
We hypothesized that assessment of systolic function by dobutamine stress may identify systolic dysfunction in dogs with MR, and that 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2D‐STE) could quantitatively evaluate myocardial function.Animals
Anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced MR.Methods
Dogs were examined for systolic myocardial deformations using 2D‐STE during dobutamine infusion before and 3 and 6 months after MR induction. We evaluated peak systolic rotation and rotation rate in each basal and apical view; peak systolic torsion and torsion rate were also calculated.Results
Invasive peak positive first derivatives of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) were significantly decreased in dogs 6 months after induction of MR compared with pre‐MR results. After 3 and 6 months of MR, dogs had diminished peak systolic torsion values and torsion rates in response to dobutamine infusion compared with pre‐MR results (3 months, P < .001 and P = .006; 6 months, P = .003 and P = .021). These results were significantly correlated with overall invasive dp/dt (r = 0.644, P < .001; r = 0.696, P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Decreased torsion during dobutamine infusion in dogs with MR may reflect latent systolic dysfunction. Dobutamine infusion, therefore, may be useful for the assessment of systolic function in dogs with MR. 相似文献16.
T.A. Burns M.R. Watts P.S. Weber L.J. McCutcheon R.J. Geor J.K. Belknap 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(4):1280-1288
Background
In EMS‐associated laminitis, laminar failure may occur in response to energy failure related to insulin resistance (IR) or to the effect of hyperinsulinemia on laminar tissue. 5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a marker of tissue energy deprivation, which may occur in IR.Hypothesis/Objectives
To characterize tissue AMPK regulation in ponies subjected to a dietary carbohydrate (CHO) challenge.Animals
Twenty‐two mixed‐breed ponies.Methods
Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting for total AMPK and phospho(P)‐AMPK and RT‐qPCR for AMPK‐responsive genes were performed on laminar, liver, and skeletal muscle samples collected after a 7‐day feeding protocol in which ponies stratified on body condition score (BCS; obese or lean) were fed either a low‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 7% DM; n = 5 obese, 5 lean) or a high‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 42% DM; n = 6 obese, 6 lean).Results
5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was immunolocalized to laminar keratinocytes, dermal constituents, and hepatocytes. A high‐CHO diet resulted in significantly decreased laminar [P‐AMPK] in lean ponies (P = .03), but no changes in skeletal muscle (lean, P = .33; obese, P = .43) or liver (lean, P = .84; obese, P = .13) [P‐AMPK]. An inverse correlation existed between [blood glucose] and laminar [P‐AMPK] in obese ponies on a high‐CHO diet.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Laminar tissue exhibited a normal response to a high‐CHO diet (decreased [P‐AMPK]), whereas this response was not observed in liver and skeletal muscle in both lean (skeletal muscle, P = .33; liver, P = .84) and obese (skeletal muscle, P = .43; liver, P = .13) ponies. 相似文献17.
M. Campos R. Ducatelle H.S. Kooistra G. Rutteman L. Duchateau I. Polis S. Daminet 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(2):564-570
Background
Thyroid carcinoma is a common endocrine tumor in the dog. Local invasive growth frequently precludes surgical excision and, in up to 38% of dogs, the tumor has already metastasized by the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to investigate new treatment modalities that may be useful for the large number of dogs with inoperable tumors or metastatic disease.Hypothesis/Objectives
To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of potential therapeutic targets in canine thyroid tumors.Animals
74 dogs with thyroid neoplasia.Methods
Immunohistochemistry was performed for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p53, cycloxygenase‐2 (cox‐2), and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp).Results
Fifty‐four (73%) tumors were classified as follicular cell thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and 20 (27%) as medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs). Eighty percent of FTCs and all MTCs had a high percentage (76–100%) of neoplastic cells immunopositive for VEGF. Thirteen percent of FTCs and 50% of MTCs expressed cox‐2. Seven percent of FTCs and 70% of MTCs expressed P‐gp. No tumor was immunopositive for p53 expression. Expression of VEGF (P = .034), cox‐2 (P = .013), and P‐gp (P < .001) was significantly higher in MTCs compared to FTCs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
VEGF is a potential therapeutic target in both FTC and MTC in dogs. Cox‐2 and P‐gp may be useful molecular targets in canine MTC. 相似文献18.
Y. Merbl A. Sommer O. Chai I. Aroch G. Zimmerman A. Friedman H. Soreq M.H. Shamir 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1775-1781
Background
Idiopathic and acquired epilepsy are common in dogs. Up to 30% of these dogs are refractory to pharmacological treatment. Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that brain immune response and presence of inflammatory mediators decrease the threshold for individual seizures and contribute to epileptogenesis.Hypothesis
Dogs with seizures have higher cerebrospinal interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations compared to dogs with no seizures.Methods
A prospective double blinded study; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL‐6, TNF‐α and total protein (TP) concentrations were measured by a blinded investigator for the study group and CSF IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels and TP concentrations were measured in the control group (CG).Animals
Dogs presented with seizures that had enough CSF collected to allow analysis were included in the study group. Twelve apparently healthy, quarantined, stray dogs served as control (CG).Results
Cerebrospinal fluid TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher (P = .011, P = .039) in dogs with seizures (0 ± 70.66, 0.65 ± 10.93 pg/mL) compared to the CG (0 ± 19, 0.73 ± 0.55 pg/mL). When assessing cytokine concentrations of specifically the idiopathic epilepsy (IE) dogs compared to the CG, only TNF‐α concentrations (8.66 ± 62, 0 ± 19 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P = .01). CSF TP concentrations were not significantly higher in the study dogs compared to the CG.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Higher TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentration in the CSF of dogs with naturally occurring seizures. The higher supports the hypothesis that inflammatory processes through certain mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of seizures in dogs. 相似文献19.