共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
Stephanie Sobek Teja Tscharntke Christoph Scherber Susanne Schiele Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Bees and wasps provide important ecosystem services such as pollination and biocontrol in crop-dominated landscapes, but surprisingly little information is available on hymenopteran communities in temperate forest ecosystems. Species richness and abundance of bees and wasps can be hypothesised to increase with plant diversity, structural complexity, and availability of food and nesting resources. By experimentally exposing standardised nesting sites, we examined abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees (pollinators), wasps (predators) and their associated parasitoids across a tree diversity gradient in a temperate deciduous forest habitat. In addition, spatial distribution of individuals and species across forest strata (canopy vs. understory) was tested. Abundance and species richness was high for predatory wasps, but generally low for pollinators. Species-rich forest stands supported increased abundance, but not species richness, of pollinators and predatory wasps, and also increased abundance and species richness of natural enemies. In addition, the forests showed a distinct spatial stratification in that abundance of bees, wasps and parasitoids as well as parasitism rates were higher in the canopy than understory. We conclude that particularly the canopy in temperate forest stands can serve as an important habitat for predatory wasp species and natural enemies, but not bee pollinators. Enhanced tree diversity was related to increased hymenopteran abundance, which is likely to be linked to an increase in nesting and food resources in mixed forest stands. 相似文献
2.
3.
不同森林类型物种多样性及影响因子研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数对雾灵山不同森林类型灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行了研究,并在此基础上用逐步回归方法研究影响森林物种多样性的主要因子。结果表明,在不同森林类型中灌木层和草本层物种多样性由高到低依次为:针阔混交林>落叶阔叶林>针叶林;多数森林类型草本层丰富度指数和多样性指数均高于灌木层,而均匀度指数则相反。影响灌木层物种多样性的主要因子包括林龄、郁闭度和坡向,影响草本层物种多样性的主要因子包括林分公顷株数、郁闭度和土层厚度。 相似文献
4.
5.
Thomas Cordonnier Thomas Bourdier Georges Kunstler Christian Piedallu Benoît Courbaud 《Annals of Forest Science》2018,75(4):101
Key message
In tree communities, tree size inequality reduces productivity and interacts with tree shade tolerance to modulate stand productivity, with a higher productivity in stands where shade-intolerant species dominate shade-tolerant species in size.Context
Positive diversity–productivity relationships have been reported in different plant communities, including tree communities. These effects may be strongly related to both structural diversity and functional diversity, but also to their interactions if there is a non-random distribution of species functional characteristics among canopy layers.Aims
We explore the relative effects on forest productivity of tree species diversity, tree size inequality, and species shade tolerance diversity, as well as the effect of the distribution of tree shade tolerance in the canopy.Methods
We used 11,054 mixed-species forest plots from the French Forest Inventory (IGN) distributed throughout France (2006–2011). We analyzed the effects of species richness, shade tolerance diversity, and height inequality on forest plot productivity, represented by basal area annual increment over a period of 5 years, while controlling for first-order structure characteristics (basal area and quadratic mean diameter) and environmental factors (soil water budget and sum of growing degree days). Using the covariance between tree height and shade tolerance in mixed species canopies, we also explored the effect of the distribution of species’ shade tolerance among canopy layers.Results
The results showed a positive effect of species richness (effect size, 0.02) and a negative effect of height inequality (??0.05) on mixed-forest productivity. We also showed that a negative covariance between shade tolerance and height (e.g., higher proportion of shade-tolerant species in lower height classes) increased productivity (0.01). Shade tolerance diversity did not affect productivity.Conclusion
In tree communities, as shown previously in monospecific forest stands, tree size inequality reduces productivity. This effect is modulated by the distribution of shade tolerance among canopy layers. Previous studies on species diversity effect have generally overlooked the importance of the size structure and the size hierarchy of functional characteristics. These effects are, however, crucial and deserve to be explored in greater detail.6.
Spatial distribution, abundance and assemblage of termites depend mainly on the local conditions and habitats in which they thrive. Striking differences are observed in the species richness, number of clades and functional diversity of termite assemblage between different habitats. This study aim was to examine effect of human interference in the diversity of wood destroying termite in forest areas as well as managed and unmanaged plantations in South India. Termites attacking trees and wooden logs were collected from forest areas, managed plantations and unmanaged plantations. The termites collected were identified and compared for species abundance, richness and species diversity. Results show that the species composition and species diversity of the wood destroying termites vary according to the conditions. The species diversity measures revealed that there is a significance variation among the forest fauna and plantations. The forest areas have the highest species composition compared to plantations. Species richness is high forest areas. Even though the abundance of termites are more in unmanaged plantations, there is no significant difference related to species diversity among the managed and unmanaged plantations. 相似文献
7.
Marlin Bowles Steven ApfelbaumAlan Haney Susan LehnhardtTom Post 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(11):1972-1982
Savanna vegetation is characterized by high and variable ground layer species richness regulated by functional group interactions with fire regimes and canopy cover. Frequent fire selects for C4 grasses and prairie forbs in canopy openings and C3 graminoid species and shade-adapted forbs and shrubs in canopy shade. Frequent fire also maximizes heterogeneity in partial canopy cover and species richness across the full canopy gradient. However, few studies have linked fire induced change in tree canopy cover with groundlayer vegetation dynamics in relation to this model. In 1986 and in 2007, we measured canopy cover and sampled groundlayer vegetation in 1 m2 plots along 53 transects at the Tefft Savanna, a fire managed 197 ha eastern sand savanna with strong canopy cover and elevation gradients. We analyzed temporal change in canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation, correlating percent change in canopy cover with change in ground layer functional groups. After 20 years of burning at 3 fires/decade, elevation accounted for 62% of the variation in an NMS ordination of groundlayer vegetation. However, canopy cover, which averaged 24-86% in 2007, had a significant secondary effect on the ordination. Five vegetation types classified by TWINSPAN varied significantly in elevation and canopy cover. Woody vegetation comprised 8 of the 12 species with greatest niche breadths, and tended to predominant in woodland or forest, where tree cover averaged 50% or more. Forbs had greater richness in savanna, which averaged less than 30% canopy cover. The C3 sedge Carex pensylvanica was the dominant graminoid species under woodland canopy cover, and was co-dominant with the C4 grasses Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nutans under savanna canopy cover. As in other savannas, N-fixing species sorted across shade and canopy openings, and heterogeneity among transects was maximized at mid-canopy cover. Over time, canopy cover decreased up to 50%, creating more open savanna conditions at mid to high elevations. This decrease was associated with a 20-100 % increase in species richness and was significantly correlated with increasing richness and cover of C4 grasses and summer flowering prairie and woodland forbs. These results support a canopy cover model of fire-maintained savanna vegetation, with greater abundance of C4 grasses and prairie forb species associated with lower canopy cover, greater heterogeneity at mid-canopy cover, and species richness maximized across the light gradient. They also indicate that decreasing canopy cover caused by repeated burning increases species richness and abundance of C4 and prairie forb species. 相似文献
8.
Conserving saproxylic beetles in temperate forests will require a better understanding of habitat requirements. So far, quantitative community studies have rarely considered their vertical requirements. In comparison with the tropical forest canopy, it remains to be seen whether a comparably high level of beetle diversity exists in the temperate forest canopy.We compared saproxylic beetle assemblages at two vertical levels in three temperate French forests. Two datasets originated from emergence traps of pine and oak deadwood substrates (mid-canopy and forest floor branches) in lowland forests. The third compared flying beetle fauna at mid-canopy and understory levels using pairs of flight interception traps in beech-fir mountain forests.Our study provided contrasting results regarding the contribution of each stratum to biodiversity. Whereas higher abundance and species richness were apparent in understory samples in beech-fir stands and in oak branches, no difference for richness - or even the opposite pattern for abundance - was observed in pine branches. A significant inter-strata dissimilarity was revealed in all datasets. Each stratum harbored specialist taxa. Exclusive canopy species accounted for 20-40% of all species. In accordance with dissimilarity partitioning, arboreal saproxylic beetle communities were not just nested subsets of ground assemblages.It is likely that microhabitat requirements, food availability and other non-resource-based factors (microclimate preference, species interactions) drive the stratification of beetle assemblages.Our results lend support (i) to the recommendation of a multi-strata sampling strategy for forest insects and (ii) to management practices in favour of valuable canopy micro-habitats. 相似文献
9.
[目的]探讨天然次生林和人工林及人工林树种选择对树冠层蚂蚁群落多样性的影响。[方法]运用树栖蚂蚁陷阱法调查云南省绿春县天然次生林和4种人工林的树冠层蚂蚁群落、植物多样性及植物垂直密度变化。[结果](1)共采集蚂蚁标本17 998头,隶属于6亚科29属68种。(2)树冠层蚂蚁多度:紫胶林-玉米混农林紫胶林桉树林橡胶林天然次生林。(3)树冠层蚂蚁丰富度:紫胶林-玉米混农林紫胶林天然次生林橡胶林桉树林。(4)树冠层蚂蚁ACE估计值:紫胶林-玉米混农林紫胶林天然次生林桉树林橡胶林。(5)树冠层蚂蚁多度和丰富度与枯落物盖度、300 cm处垂直密度和乔木郁闭度呈显著或极显著负相关,而与植物盖度显著正相关;ACE估计值与枯落物盖度、草本植物盖度和乔木郁闭度显著负相关,与175 199.9 cm区段内垂直密度显著正相关。[结论]人工林对蚂蚁多样性保护有一定积极作用,尤其选择乡土树种保护效果更显著,对人工林进行合理的管理有利于保护生物多样性。 相似文献
10.
关帝山植物群落物种多样性初步研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据物种多样性测度公式,对20块样地按乔木层、灌木层、草本层3个层次,分别计算物种多样数指数,结果各类群落的两种物种丰富度均表现出草本层>灌木层>乔木层的特点;多样性指数Simpson和Shannon-wiener在样地中总的趋势均为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;均匀度指数Pielou和Alatalo,在各层间表现出乔木层的均匀度偏低的规律。 相似文献
11.
Effects of reforestation by native tree species on species assemblages of carabid beetles were studied between 40-year-old regenerating plantations and 100-year naturally regenerated forests in Southwestern China. Two old naturally regenerated forest types (ca.100 years old) were chosen: hemlock-spruce forests (Tsuga chinensis and Picea brachytyla) and birch forests (Betula albo-sinensis). Three young regenerating forest types (ca. 40 years old), including spruce plantations (P. brachytyla), larch plantations (Larix kaempferi and Larix mastersian), and natural broad-leaved forests, were established after the logging of the old naturally regenerated forests. Using pitfall traps, we compared the distribution of carabid beetles in the five forest types. Three replicated plots for each forest type were chosen, and each plot was investigated with four trap sites twice each month during the growing season (May to October) in 2004. Our results showed that species richness and abundance were significantly higher in the young regenerating forests than in the old naturally regenerated forests. Analysis of complementarity in carabid species lists across the forest ages and types showed that the old naturally regenerated birch forests had the lowest similarity with the young regenerating larch plantations, and the highest similarity was shown between the two young regenerating plantations. Although PCoA ordination grouped the carabid assemblages according to forest type and forest age, the overall similarity among all forest types was high. Moreover, quantitative character species analysis did not detect significant species associated with forest types and ages. Based on the specificity and fidelity, most carabid species were abundant in all habitats, and only a few species were restricted in one or two forest types. Multiple linear regression between the species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity of carabids and of five environmental variables showed that the cover of canopy and herbaceous layer, and the depth of leaf litter had significant effects in determining richness, abundance and diversity of carabid beetles. Thus, the young regenerating forests at the mature stage could provide an appropriate habitat for most forest species of carabids survived in adjacent old naturally regenerated forests and might replace the role in part of the old-growth forests in sustaining the diversity of carabid assemblages. But some species are still restricted in old naturally regenerated forests, so in order to protect the diversity of carabid assemblages, it is necessary to sustain the intact old naturally regenerated forests when reforesting with some native tree species following natural succession. 相似文献
12.
通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林皆伐后人工和天然恢复15 a及30 a群落的调查,并以原始林群落为对照,对比分析了恢复方式和恢复时间对季风常绿阔叶林恢复群落的结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:恢复方式对科、属、物种、乔木、灌木、藤本等物种组成和多样性情况无显著影响,而恢复时间则具有显著的影响。科、属、物种、乔木及灌木物种丰富度随着恢复时间的延长呈现先减后增的趋势。所有群落物种丰富度均随径级和高度级的增加而呈现倒"J"型分布,多度则随径级增加呈现偏峰曲线,而随高度级的增加呈现倒"J"型分布。恢复方式和恢复时间与群落结构与多样性变量之间的相关性分析及回归分析表明:恢复时间与多数变量之间具有显著的相关性,而恢复方式则仅与藤本多度具有显著相关性,这说明与恢复方式相比,恢复时间是影响该地区恢复群落结构和多样性的主要因子。 相似文献
13.
Understory plant biomass, species richness and canopy openness were measured in six-year old hybrid poplar riparian buffer
strips, in the understory of two unrelated clones (MxB-915311 and DxN-3570), planted along headwater streams at three pasture
sites of southern Quebec. Canopy openness was an important factor affecting understory biomass in hybrid poplar buffers, with
lower understory biomass observed on sites and under the clone with lower canopy openness. Although tree size was an important
factor affecting canopy openness, relationships between total stem volume and canopy openness, for each clone, also support
the hypothesis of a clonal effect on canopy openness. Understory biomass and canopy openness as low as 3.6 g m−2 and 7.6% in 1 m2 microplots were measured under clone MxB-915311 at the most productive site. This reduction of understory plant growth could
compromise important buffer functions for water quality protection (runoff control, sediment trapping and surface soil stabilisation),
particularly were concentrated runoff flow paths enter the buffer. On the other hand, tree buffers that maintain relatively
low canopy openness could be interesting to promote native and wetland plant diversity. Significant positive relationships
between canopy openness and introduced species richness (R
2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) and cover (R
2 = 0.51, p < 0.001) were obtained, while no significant relationship was observed between canopy openness and native (wetland) species
richness and cover. These results suggest that planting riparian buffer strips of fast-growing trees can rapidly lead to the
exclusion of shade-intolerant introduced species, typical colonisers of disturbed habitats such as riparian areas of pastures,
while having no significant effect on native (wetland) diversity. Forest canopy created by the poplars was probably an important
physical barrier controlling introduced plant richness and abundance in agricultural riparian corridors. A strong linear relationship
(R
2 = 0.73) between mean total species richness and mean introduced species richness was also observed, supporting the hypothesis
that the richest communities are the most invaded by introduced species, possibly because of higher canopy openness, as seen
at the least productive site (low poplar growth). Finally, results of this study highlight the need for a better understanding
of relationships between tree growth, canopy openness, understory biomass and plant diversity in narrow strips of planted
trees. This would be useful in designing multifunctional riparian buffer systems in agricultural landscapes. 相似文献
14.
Ants are an important part of biodiversity and are useful bioindicators. Our aim was to determine whether ant species richness and composition differ among large clear-cuts (ca. 3000 m2), small forest gaps (ca. 400 m2), and areas of mature forest. The research was conducted in a large plantation of Picea abies in the Jizerske Mountains in the Czech Republic at an elevation of ca. 900 m a.s.l. Ants were sampled using pitfall traps in three areas, each of which had a large clear-cut, mature forest, and gaps; a randomized complete block design was used. Species richness and composition of ant assemblages differed significantly among plots in the three treatments. The results showed that ant abundance and diversity were similarly low in small gaps and in closed-canopy mature stands; in comparison, large clear-cuts supported significantly higher species richness, more complex species composition, and a higher abundance of ants. Six species were found in large clear-cuts, but only one and two species were collected in small gaps and mature forests, respectively. Our findings suggest that small-scale forest management is not suitable for maintaining ant diversity. 相似文献
15.
在对雾灵山自然保护区9个代表林分物种多样性详细调查的基础上,运用多种群落多样性指数对其群落的物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:各群落在乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数均呈现出一定的差异。乔木层物种多样性、P ielou均匀度指数和丰富度指数变化趋势呈一致性。灌木层和草本层均出现不一致性,主要是因为各林分起源不同,天然林群落是由处于不同发育阶段、具有不同组成结构、大小不同的众多斑块镶嵌而成的,是一个健康的生态系统。人工林群落的生物多样性很低,使人工林群落无论在活力、组织结构和恢复能力等诸方面,均表现出系统的不健康特点。 相似文献
16.
Josef Suchomel Luboš Purchart Ladislav Čepelka 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(6):1933-1941
Small-mammal communities were monitored over 4 years in South Moravian rural lowland forests in order to study relationships with various forest habitat types. Early successional sites (plantations) and forest edges maintained communities with higher abundance and diversity. Lowest total abundance was observed in unmanaged lowland forest and highest abundance in plantations with irregular undergrowth management. Low diversity was typical of non-fruiting monocultures. In plantations, both diversity and abundance were affected by herb layer removal, with sites subject to regular cutting, displaying lower levels. Significant differences in diversity and species richness were only detected between early and late successional sites, with the former showing higher values. Two basic small-mammal community groups were determined; (1) those inhabiting sites with a thick herb undergrowth and an open tree canopy (plantation) and (2) those inhabiting stands with sparse or no herb layer and a closed canopy (high forest). Forest stands support long-term populations of dominant small forest-dwelling mammal species and, as such, serve as reservoirs, even in rural landscapes dominated by intensive arable farming. Managed early succession lowland forests represent important refuges for a number of small open-habitat mammals negatively affected by intensive farming. 相似文献
17.
长江中下游滩地杨树林植物多样性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文以3个人工杨树林下植物群落调查样地及原始无林滩地资料为基础,从物种丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数等方面对长江中下游江河滩地抑螺防病林试验示范区林下植物群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明,人工林栽植后植物多样性升高了,且不同林龄人工林的植物种类及物种多样性存在差异——3年生的人工林多样性指数最高,8年生的人工林均匀度最高。说明滩地造林明显增加了植物群落的多样性,但随着林分的郁闭会限制其下植物的生长,导致多样性呈下降趋势,可见人工林林分郁闭度左右着林下植物的组成及分布。 相似文献
18.
埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系和结构分析(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
描述了埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系组成和植被结构。鉴定和描述了50个20m×20m的样方的植物群落类型、物种多样性、丰富度和均匀性,分析了已鉴定植物群落类型与环境因子的相关性,还描述了木本植物种群结构。每个样方内,均记录木本植物的物种、丰富度、高度和胸径以及海拔、坡度。利用PC-ORD软件对植被进行分类。用Sorensen相似性系数探测群落之间的差异性。计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、Shannon均匀性来描述各种植物群落的物种多样性。共记录了53个科的171个维管植物种。豆科植物是主要的优势植物科系,包括13个属26种(1 5%),其次依次是菊科、唇形科和槭树科,各包括8个物种(4.6%)。根据植物分类结果,识别并描述了3个植物群落(Dalbergia microphylla群落、Grewia bicolar-Acaciabrevispica群落、Combretum molle-Combretum collinum群落)。植物区系之间的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀性存在差异。物种丰富度和多样性随海拔变化呈现出贝尔型分布。群落间植物随海拔梯度有一定的变化,表明海拔是决定植物群落分布的重要因素之一。Dalbergia microphylla群落物种丰富度和多样性均最高。优势种群落结构呈现出各种模型。植被可持续利用是今后的研究方向。 相似文献
19.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(3):195-202
Pine plantations are thought to negatively impact species diversity and to irreversibly modify arid zones. However, some studies have suggested that through the application of appropriate management practices, the negative impacts of plantations may be reduced. Our aim was to study the effects of early pruning and thinning on the ground-dwelling insects found in pine tree plantations in Patagonia. We compared the abundance, species richness and composition of the beetle and ant assemblages within 16-year-old pine stands (n = 10) subjected to early pruning and thinning (i.e. before canopy closure) against a steppe habitat exposed to sheep grazing (‘control’, n = 10). To sample ground-dwelling insects, we deployed nine pitfall traps per plot (100 m2) for a 10-day period. Vegetation cover and plant species richness were significantly lower in the plantations than in the steppe. We found that beetle species richness was reduced in the managed plantations in comparison to the steppe but abundance was higher. In turn, species composition in the plantations was different from that of the controls. Ant species richness was similar among habitats but abundance was lower in the plantations. We conclude that, contrary to our expectations, management practices that lead to sparse plantations at early stages in the production cycle, do not offer a significant advantage in terms of reducing the impact of pines on ground-dwelling insects of Patagonia. 相似文献
20.
2010年通过对昆阳磷矿山损毁林地不同年度恢复及不同混交模式的林分进行调查研究,结果表明,在磷矿山恢复初期,旱冬瓜、藏柏和麻栎3个树种以旱冬瓜生长最为迅速,能快速成林;藏柏次之;麻栎最慢。由1986年、2005年、2006年、2007年恢复的林分物种及多样性指数比较可知,随着植被恢复时间的增加,灌木也逐渐增加;随着林分逐渐郁闭和土壤理化性质的改变,除受紫茎泽兰生态入侵的影响,草本组成由初期多年生草本过渡为1、2年生草本,向阳性草本过渡为耐阴性草本,种类由多到少,数量由少到多过渡,这一阶段群落的丰富度、多样性变化和均匀度变化规律不明显,但随着林分恢复时间的逐渐增加,林下灌草层会逐渐趋向于平衡,达到一个良好的层次结构。 相似文献