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大麦赤霉病抗性研究及其抗源开拓 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
用禾谷镰刀菌 (Fusarium graminearum)培养的病麦粒接种与分生孢子液喷雾接种相接合的方法 ,对加拿大东西部 2 4 31份大麦材料进行了抗性鉴定。结果表明 ,不同基因型品种之间的抗性存在显著差异 ,大麦赤霉病抗性与棱型存在显著的正相关 ,与生育期存在显著的负相关。通过抗性鉴定 ,筛选到 14 5份高抗赤霉病的大麦材料 ,为大麦抗赤霉病育种提供抗源 ,并提出了大麦大面积鉴定赤霉病抗性的比较合理的接种方法 相似文献
2.
为了研究大麦赤霉病抗性的遗传机制,应用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型对抗赤霉病大麦品种盐96157与感病品种浙97-23构建的六家系群体(P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2)的赤霉病抗性进行了多世代联合分析.结果表明,盐96157×浙97-23组合赤霉病抗性受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因(E模型)控制,B1、B2和F2群体赤霉病抗性主基因的遗传率分别为44.67%、68.01%和83.87%,多基因遗传率为3.53%～20.23%,环境方差占总方差的10.26%～51.80%,说明大麦赤霉病抗性的表达受基因型和环境双重影响,主效基因的存在意味着可通过杂交育种将盐96157大麦的抗性基因向其他栽培品种中转移. 相似文献
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为有效降低赤霉病对我国黄淮麦区小麦生产的影响，培育抗赤霉病小麦新品种，以自主创制的13个抗赤霉病稳定的小麦新品系为材料，利用赤霉病菌地表接种和单花滴注法接种鉴定、分子标记检测等技术，鉴定其抗病性、主要农艺性状及赤霉病抗性相关的遗传基础。结果表明：（1）品系Xn12-2和Xn13-2对赤霉病表现为抗，平均病小穗率为11.5%和13.4%，严重度为1.9；其余11个品系表现中抗，平均病小穗率均小于30%，严重度均小于3.0，其中4个品系（Xn12-2、Xn10-2、Xn12-3和Xn12-7）兼抗条锈病；（2）参试新品系的越冬抗寒性较好，株高较矮（67~82 cm），穗较长（9.6~11.3 cm），千粒重高（39.2~50.2 g）；（3）11个品系携带有苏麦3号的Fhb1基因，部分品系兼具苏麦3号的Fhb2、Fhb5或QFhs.crc-2DL位点的优异等位变异。综上所述，参试部分品系不仅具有良好的赤霉病和条锈病抗性，其主要农艺性状基本满足黄淮南部麦区的主要育种目标要求，可作为小麦抗赤霉病改良的材料。 相似文献
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198 4年以来 ,承接了全国小麦育种攻关中的小麦抗赤霉病性鉴定任务 ,对来自全国 10个麦区 12 6 4 8份小麦育种材料抗赤霉病性进行田间自然鉴定。结果表明 ,至今仍未发现免疫的小麦材料。长江中下游冬麦区、华南冬麦区及东北春麦区的供鉴小麦抗性较强 ,全国R级小麦材料均分布在这些赤霉病频繁流行的麦区 :西南冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区及北部春麦区的供鉴小麦抗性较弱 :北部冬麦区、青藏春冬麦区、西北春麦区及新疆冬春麦区的供鉴小麦抗性最差。我国现有小麦材料的抗病性与丰产性仍存在较大矛盾 ,至今仍缺乏可应用于生产的抗赤霉病高产小麦新品种。对我国小麦抗赤霉病育种尚未取得较大突破的原因进行了分析 ,并探讨了相应的解决办法 ,提出在病区建立小麦抗赤霉病穿梭育种开放试验基地的设想 相似文献
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为了明确小麦抗赤霉病主效QTL的抗病效应,基于分子标记辅助选择,将来源于抗病品种苏麦3号的Fhb1、Fhb2和望水白的Fhb4、Fhb5回交导入感病品种矮抗58中,构建出30个不同QTL组合的株系,分别采用单花滴注和喷洒孢子悬浮液接种法,对其开展抗侵入、抗扩展和综合抗性鉴定。结果表明,携带Fhb1和Fhb2的株系表现出显著的抗扩展能力,Fhb1的效应显著高于Fhb2,但二者都没有抗侵入效应;携带Fhb4和Fhb5的株系表现出明显的抗侵入性,二者累加后效应更显著,但均没有明显的抗扩展能力;不同抗性类型的QTL聚合后,其综合抗病性比单个QTL更显著。说明在育种中,将不同抗性类型的QTL聚合后比单个QTL的抗赤霉病效果更佳。 相似文献
7.
为筛选小麦抗赤霉病优异种质,探究不同抗源的亲缘关系,以苏麦3号、扬麦158和矮抗58分别作为高抗、中抗和高感对照,2017-2018年采用病麦粒土表接种法从345个小麦育成品种（系）中初步筛选出94个抗赤霉材料,2018-2019年在此基础上对这94个品种（系）再次进行病麦粒土表接种和单花滴注接种鉴定,并进行SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析,同时对综合鉴定表现抗赤霉病的品种（系）进行农艺性状调查。结果表明,初选的94个品种（系）中分别有51、41和2个品种（系）中抗、中感和高感赤霉病。 包括3个对照在内的97个品种（系）间遗传距离为0.02~0.74,平均为0.42;通过UPGMA聚类将97个品种（系）划分为7个类群,51个中抗品种（系）分布在Ⅰ至Ⅶ类群中,其数量分别为15、13、14、2、1、1和5个,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群中的分布数量占品种（系）总数的82.4%;51个中抗品种（系）的农艺性状变异较大,Y608、庆丰188、宁丰518、明麦7号、宁麦资15116、金运麦4号、zhb003、科运麦1611和华鉴麦3号等9个品种（系）的综合农艺性状表现良好,生育期适中,株高在74.67~84.67 cm,单株产量和千粒重分别都在7.5和45 g以上。 相似文献
8.
为获得农艺性状较好且抗赤霉病的种质资源、加快小麦抗赤霉病育种进程,以禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)菌株F15为致病菌,分别以苏麦3号与09X15作为抗病与感病对照,于2015-2017年对收集自南京农业大学等7个研究单位的45个小麦材料进行了大田赤霉病抗性鉴定与农艺性状调查,利用分子标记检测小麦种质所携带的 Fhb1基因。结果表明,在用微量移液器进行单花滴注接种鉴定的三年试验中,NMAS001、苏麦3号、P48等13个小麦材料至少有两年表现抗病。利用抗赤霉病主效QTL的SSR标记Xgwm493、 Xgwm533和Xbarc147对45个小麦材料进行 Fhb1基因的分子检测表明,苏麦3号、NMAS020、苏夫等20个小麦材料含有 Fhb1基因。抗赤霉病小麦材料一般主要农艺性状如株高、穗粒数、千粒重等表现不良;15HN018、15HN200和宁麦9号的抗赤霉性和农艺性状均较好。 相似文献
9.
赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质。为发掘赤霉病的抗性种质资源和抗性基因,本研究分别以苏麦3号、扬麦158、扬麦15和安农8455为高抗、中抗、中感和高感赤霉病对照品种,于2016-2017和2017-2018连续2年对来自江苏的59份小麦品种（系）采用单花滴注接种法进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与 Fhb1 、 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 、 Fhb5 和 QFhs.crc-2DL 连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行检测,并对赤霉病表现为稳定中抗及以上水平品种（系）的千粒重、株高、穗粒数等农艺性状进行调查。结果表明,59份供试小麦品种（系）中,19份在两个年度均表现为中抗。分子标记检测发现,9份小麦品种（系）仅携带 Fhb1 ,平均病小穗率为22.21%;10份小麦品种（系）仅携带 QFhs.crc-2DL ,平均病小穗率为27.82%;携带 Fhb2 、 Fhb4 和 Fhb5 基因的品种（系）较少。镇麦12号、宁麦1529、宁麦27、镇麦13322、宁麦17110、镇麦13、宁麦17108和宁麦17396的赤霉病抗性和综合农艺性状均较好,可以作为小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良的种质资源。 相似文献
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为了研究小麦品种抗赤霉病性的遗传规律,以病小穗率为评价指标,运用单花滴注对安农8455/望水白重组自交系(R IL)群体的2001年F6代、2003年F8代、2004年F9代进行了赤霉病抗性评价,采用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法,研究了该群体抗赤霉病的遗传规律。结果表明,安农8455/望水白重组自交系群体3年的抗赤霉病性分别符合E-2-6模型(两对主基因 多基因的加性-加性模型)、E-1-8模型(两对主基因 多基因,主基因间为重叠作用)、E-1-8模型(两对主基因 多基因,主基因间为重叠作用)。主基因的遗传率较高,分别为63.8%、69.02%、73.66%,多基因的遗传率分别为21.80%、21.38%、16.80%。说明望水白的抗赤霉病性由2对主基因控制,且符合两对主基因 多基因模型。还对望水白与另一感病品种A londra构成的重组自交系的抗性进行了比较。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
15.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
16.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
18.
Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
19.
Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
20.
Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献