共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
1.
不同水分管理对水稻生长与氮素利用的影响 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
应用土柱模拟法和15N示踪技术研究了长期淹水和严重渗漏条件下水稻的生长和氮肥的吸收与转化。结果表明，两种水分条件下，水稻根系生长量和地上部干物质积累量明显不同。水稻在淹水条件下因根系生长受阻，氮积累在拔节后明显变缓；而渗漏条件下水稻对氮的吸收在孕穗期仍保持较高水平。前者对肥料氮的利用率较后者显著地低，且土壤矿化氮在所吸收的氮中的贡献率也相对较高。这与水稻在两种水分管理条件下的生长状况和氮在两种情形下的转化特点密切相关。本试验条件下，水稻于拔节后对土壤矿化氮的吸收数量明显增加，似有脱肥现象，因此，应提倡追施孕穗肥。 相似文献
2.
盆栽和田间条件下土壤15N标记肥料氮的转化 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
利用15N在盆栽条件下研究了铵的矿物固定作用对肥料氮在三种土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,红壤性水稻土不固定肥料铵,但在白土和夹沙土中,56-77%的肥料氮被土壤矿物所固定,这些“新固定”的固定态铵的有效性很高,其中90%以上在30-50天内即被水稻所吸收,或者为微生物所利用转变为生物固定态氮.生物固定态氮对当季作物的有效性远较“新固定”的固定态铵的低.田间微区试验的结果还表明,甚至第二、三季作物吸收的残留肥料氮中,20-86%的氮也系来自固定态铵.作者认为,对具有较强固铵能力的土壤来说,只有了解铵的矿物固定作用,才能正确了解肥料氮的其它转化过程. 相似文献
3.
4.
移栽叶龄对水稻氮素吸收利用及~(15)N-肥料去向影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用15N示踪技术研究了不同叶龄移栽对水稻产量、氮肥吸收利用及其氮素去向的差异。结果表明,随移栽叶龄推迟,水稻产量显著降低,籽粒与秸秆氮肥吸收量、肥料利用率及其残留量也降低,而氮素损失增加。水稻所吸收的氮素约2/3来源于土壤氮,1/3来源于当季肥料施的氮。肥料利用率为20.8%~25.7%,氮肥残留率为17.9%~32.2%,有42.1%~61.3%的肥料损失。无论哪种叶龄移栽条件下,肥料主要残留在0~20cm土层中。研究表明水稻早栽能增加产量、提高肥料利用率,减少肥料损失,降低氮素对环境的污染。 相似文献
5.
不同施氮水平条件下烤烟对氮素的利用研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
大田中设置盆栽试验，采用＾１５Ｎ示踪法对不同施氮水平条件下的烤烟的氮素吸收、肥料氮素的利用和土壤ＡＮ值进行研究。试验结果表明，烤烟全生育期吸收的氮素主要来自于土壤可利用性氮。随着氮肥用量的增加，烤烟对肥料氮的吸收量增加，对土壤氮的吸收量减少，土壤对肥料氮素的固定和氮肥损失量增加。ＡＮ值有随氮素用量的增加而逐渐减小的趋势，但以处理４的（６７．５ｋｇ氮素／ｈｎ＾２）最小。肥料中的氮素利用率以处理４最高 相似文献
6.
土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
土壤C/N是土壤氮素循环的重要影响因素。本研究以2年生"富士"/平邑甜茶为试验材料, 应用15N示踪技术研究了不同土壤C/N[6.21(CK)、10、15、20、25、30、35和40]对苹果植株生长及氮素利用和损失的影响。结果表明: 随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势, C/N=15、20和25的3个处理苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重最大, 三者间无显著差异, 但均显著高于其他处理。不同C/N处理间植株15N利用率存在差异, 土壤C/N=25时, 植株15N利用率最大, 为22.87%, 与C/N=20的处理间无显著差异, 但两者均显著高于其他处理; 土壤C/N=40时, 植株15N利用率最低, 仅为15.43%, 低于CK处理的16.65%。土壤C/N处于15~25时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于肥料氮的比例较高; 而土壤C/N较低(<15)或太高(>25)时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于土壤氮的比例较高。土壤氮素残留量随土壤C/N的增大逐渐增加, C/N=40处理的土壤氮素残留量是CK的1.32倍。随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 肥料氮损失量呈先减少后增加的变化趋势, 以C/N=25时最少, 仅为施氮量的49.87%, 而对照最大, 为61.54%。因此, 综合土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素平衡状况来看, 土壤C/N为15~25时, 能促进植株的生长发育, 降低氮肥损失, 提高肥料利用率。 相似文献
7.
为探明盐渍化农田不同施氮水平下向日葵氮素吸收利用规律,采用15N同位素示踪技术进行田间微区试验,以不施氮处理(N0)为对照,设计3种施氮水平(N1=150 kg/hm2、N2=225 kg/hm2、N3=300 kg/hm2),于向日葵成熟期测定植株和0—100 cm土层土壤15N同位素丰度及总氮含量,研究各处理肥料氮素的去向及其利用机制。结果表明:向日葵氮素吸收量随施氮量的增加而增加,成熟期作物氮素吸收量在N2水平较不施氮显著增加38.7%;土壤氮和肥料氮对作物当季氮素吸收的贡献比例为84.9%和15.1%。N2水平下,肥料氮的贡献比例较N1增加35.7%,土壤氮的贡献比例较N1降低4.3%。肥料氮残留量随土层深度增加而减少,土壤中47.4%的残留肥料氮主要集中在0—20 cm土层。不同施氮水平下肥料氮去向均表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率,N2施氮水平下氮肥利用率较N1、N3显著提高22.7%和14.6%,土壤残留率较N1、N3减少8.5%和8.6%。综合考虑向日葵氮素吸收利用及土壤中氮素残留情况,225 kg/hm2施氮量下氮肥利用率为27.4%,氮肥残留率为32.3%,氮肥损失率为40.3%,是中度盐渍化农田较适宜的施氮量。 相似文献
8.
利用15_N示踪技术,采用不同追施方法研究碳铵、硫铵、尿素在碳酸盐土壤中的转化表明:在种植作物条件下,肥料氮施入土壤后所发生的矿物固定与生物固定具有负相关关系.由于施用方法不同,肥料氮的矿物固定和损失不同,深施氮素矿物固定与损失呈显著负相关(r=—0.8359)。肥料氮在土壤中转化固定有助于减弱氮素的损失。后茬作物对残留氮的利用与生物固定态氮的多少关系不大。但与矿物固定和无机氮总量之和有密切关系。 相似文献
9.
盆栽试验以混合肥料的碳氮比值为指标基施等量硫铵(15N)和不等量稻秆,在同一盆内连续植稻三季,研究稻秆对15N硫铵氮素的去向和水稻生产的影响,以及被固定氮的残效。结果表明,稻秆显著地抑制硫铵的肥效及延缓水稻生长和发育的作用仅发生于植稻的第一季,并和混合肥料的碳氮比有关。对二、三季水稻氮的贡献很小,但高碳氮比处理能回收较多的硫铵氮素并取得较大的水稻反应。植稻三季后,硫铵混合和不混合稻秆处理的水稻生物产量间及稻穗中硫铵氮素的总和间(不含最高稻秆用量处理),均没有显著差异。 硫铵氮素的固定作用在第一季作物表现十分明显。残留土壤中的硫铵氮素颇为稳定,在连续植稻过程中不易释放出来被水稻吸收,尤其是在第三季。硫铵氮素的损失主要发生于植稻的第一和笫二季,稻秆对其固定具有防止硫铵氮素损失的作用。 相似文献
10.
缓/控释尿素在稻田土壤中养分释放与转化特点及脲酶响应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用田间应用试验方法,研究利用3种生化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)或3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMP)和N丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对尿素氮转化的协同作用、结合氮肥增效剂多肽(PA)或丙烯酸树脂包膜制成的缓/控释尿素肥料在北方粳稻土壤中养分释放与转化特点,明确肥料在北方稻田土壤中的缓/控释性能。结果表明:所用肥料在水田土壤中尿素态氮都能保持到水稻灌浆期,尿素有效性至少可达82d,2种生化抑制剂结合包膜肥料可达146d,完全可以满足水稻整个生长期的氮素供给,脲酶抑制剂NBPT及包膜层具有显著的缓/控释作用效果;而多肽活性物质在稻田土壤中无明显抑制尿素转化作用。在水稻生长前、中期,土壤铵态氮含量很高,完全能满足水稻对铵态氮的吸收,硝化抑制剂DCD或DMP和水田淹水土壤生态环境共同作用使土壤中铵态氮大量存在、硝态氮较少,总体上DMP作用效果优于DCD;所有肥料对水田土壤脲酶活性影响差异不大,PA没有起到保持土壤中大量的氮素养分和减少氮素损失的显著作用。 相似文献
11.
The effects of 15N-labelled urea, (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3 on immobilization, mineralization, nitrification and ammonium fixation were examined under aerobic conditions in an acid tropical soil (pH 4.0) and in a neutral temperate soil (pH 6.8). Urea, (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3 slightly increased net mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in both soils. There was also an apparent Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI) i.e. added labelled NH4-N stood proxy for unlabelled NH4-N that would otherwise have been immobilized. So far as immobilization and nitrification were concerned, urea and (NH4)2SO4 behaved very similarly in each soil. Immobilization of NO3-N was negligible in both soils. Some of the added labelled NH4-N was rapidly fixed, more by the temperate soil than by the tropical soil. This labelled fixed NH4-N decreased during incubation, in contrast to labelled organic N, which did not decline. 相似文献
12.
土壤-根系微区养分状况的研究 Ⅵ.不同形态肥料氮素在根际的迁移规律 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
本文研究了不同形态氮肥施用后,氮素在作物根际的分布规律,及其与作物种类、土壤水分条件的关系.在淹水条件下的水稻根际土壤中,(NH4)2SO4和(NH2)2CO荨NH4+-N肥,其亏缺率随离根面距离增加呈指数相关的减小.而旱作条件下的玉米、大麦、黑麦草等作物根际NH4+-N肥料在离根面1-3毫米内存在相对累积,然后再出现亏缺梯度.试验证明,NH4+-N在旱作根际的相对累积,部分来源于根系分泌物.然而,NO3--N肥即使在淋失量较大的情况下,无论在淹水水稻还是旱作根际土壤中均未测出亏缺,仅存在累积. 相似文献
13.
The fate of added nitrogen in submerged soils was studied using 15N-labelled ammonium sulfate and alanine. After 8 weeks of incubation 25 and 22%, respectively, of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate and alanine were recovered in the soil. Under the experimental conditions used nitrogen added to presubmerged soils was lost rapidly outside of the soil-water system, regardless of whether the nitrogen was organic or inorganic. Fractionation studies revealed that the amount of tagged N incorporated into exchangeable ammonium, residual fractions, volatilized as NH3 and chemically fixed nitrogen was not enough to account for the nitrogen loss. The nitrogen loss was attributed to nitrification and subsequent denitrification during the incubation period. The effect of N-Serve [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyrimidine] on nitrification of 15N-labelled (NH4)2SO4-in submerged soils was studied. About 15% more nitrogen was recovered from non-presubmerged soils, and less nitrate was accumulated in presubmerged soils where N-Serve coated (NH4)2SO4 was applied, than from soils where (NH4)2SO4 was applied without N-Serve. Presubmerged soils provided a more favorable environment for nitrification than for denitrification under the experimental conditions used. 相似文献
14.
Four soils with a range of clay and silt contents were incubated for 5 a with 15N-labelled (NH4)SO4 and 14C-labelled hemicellulose and then fractionated according to particle size by ultrasonic dispersion and sedimentation. The distribution of labelled and native N between clay, silt and sand fractions was determined and elated to previous results on the C distributions. Between 29% and 48% of the added N was found in organic form. The 15N atom percentage excess decreased in the order: clay > whole soil > silt > sand. For both clay and silt, the enrichment factor for labelled and native N decreased with increasing fraction weight. Clay enrichment was higher for labelled than for native N, the converse being true for silt. The distribution of whole soil labelled organic N was: clay 77–91%, silt 4–11%, and sand <0.5%. Corresponding values for native N were 69–74%, 16–22%, and 1–2%, respectively. All soils had higher proportions of labelled than of native N in the clay, the converse was true for the silt. The C/N ratio of the native silt organic matter was higher and that of clay organic matter lower than whole soil C/N ratios. Differences between the C/N ratio distributions of native and labelled organic matter were small. The relative distribution of labelled N and C was very similar confirming that the turnover of C and N in soil organic matter is closely interrelated. 相似文献
15.
Immobilization of N was measured in a fumigated and in an unfumigated soil by adding (15NH4)2SO4 and following the disappearance of inorganic label from the soil solution and its simultaneous conversion to soil organic N. Calculations based on the measurement of organically-bound 15N gave more consistent values for immobilization than did calculations based on the measurement of the disappearance of label from solution. The fumigated soil immobilized 6.6 μg N g?1 N g?1 soil in 10 days at 25°C, the unfumigated control 4.8 μg. The corresponding gross mineralization rates were 34.9 and 5.6 μg N g?1 soil in 10 days.Addition of 58 μg N as (15NH4)2SO4 to the fumigated soil increased the quantity of the ynlabelled NH4-N extracted at the end of 10 days from 33.8 to 37.8 μg Ng?1 soil, i.e. there was a positive Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI). The added labelled N produced this ANI, not by increasing the rate of mineralization of organic N, but by standing proxy for unlabelled N that otherwise would have been immobilized.A procedure for calculating biomass N from the size of the flush of mineral N caused by fumigation is proposed. Biomass N (BN) is calculated from the relationship BN = F'N/0.68 where F'N is [(N in fumigated soil incubated for 10 days — (N in unfumigated soil incubated for 10 days)]. 相似文献
16.
Nitrogen fertilizers promote denitrification 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
A laboratory study was conducted to compare the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of N2 and N2O during denitrification of NO3
– in waterlogged soil. Field-moist samples of Drummer silty clay loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) were
incubated under aerobic conditions for 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, or 42 days with or without addition of unlabelled (NH4)2SO4, urea, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3 (200 or 1000 mg N kg–1 soil), or liquid anhydrous NH3 (1000 mg N kg–1 soil). The incubated soil samples were then treated with 15N-labelled KNO3 (250 mg N kg–1 soil, 73.7 atom% 15N), and incubation was carried out under waterlogged conditions for 5 days, followed by collection of atmospheric samples
for 15N analyses to determine labelled N2 and N2O. Compared to samples incubated without addition of unlabelled N, all of the fertilizers promoted denitrification of 15NO3
–. Emission of labelled N2 and N2O decreased in the order: Anhydrous NH3>urea<$>\gg<$> (NH4)2HPO4>(NH4)2SO4≃NH4NO3≃NH4H2PO4. The highest emissions observed with anhydrous NH3 or urea coincided with the presence of NO2
–, and 15N analyses indicated that these emissions originated from NO2
– rather than NO3
–. Emissions of labelled N2 and N2O were significantly correlated with fertilizer effects on soil pH and water-soluble organic C.
Received: 17 January 1996 相似文献
17.
H. W. Scherer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1984,147(1):29-36
Relationship between the N uptake of plants and the mobilization of nonexchangeable NH4-N In a pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the relationship between the release of nonexchangeable NH4+ and the N uptake of plants was studied. For this purpose the surface soil of an alluvial soil and of a grey brown podsolic soil was labelled with 15NH4-N. The following results were obtained: After treating the soil with 15-N the alluvial soil contained 4,55 mg and the grey brown podsolic soil 1,64 mg nonexchangeable 15NH4-N/100 g soil. In the alluvial soil 72% and in the grey brown podsolic soil 66% of the nonexchangeable 15NH4+ had been released during the growing season when ryegrass was planted. However, without plants there was no change in the content of labelled nonexchangeable NH4+ in the alluvial soil or only a slight decrease in the grey brown podsolic soil. A highly significant correlation was found between the 15NH4-N released and the 15N uptake of ryegrass in the alluvial soil (r = 0,78+++) as well as in the grey brown podsolic soil (r = 0,98+++). 相似文献
18.
Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A sandy loam soil was mixed with three different amounts of quartz sand and incubated with (15NH4)2SO4 (60 g N g-1 soil) and fresh or anaerobically stored sheep manure (60 g g-1 soil). The mineralization-immobilization of N and the mineralization of C were studied during 84 days of incubation at 20°C. After 7 days, the amount of unlabelled inorganic N in the manure-treated soils was 6–10 g N g-1 soil higher than in soils amended with only (15NH4)2SO4. However, due to immobilization of labelled inorganic N, the resulting net mineralization of N from manure was insignificant or slightly negative in the three soil-sand mixtures (100% soil+0% quartz sand; 50% soil+50% quartz sand; 25% soil+75% quartz sand). After 84 days, the cumulative CO2 evolution and the net mineralization of N from the fresh manure were highest in the soil-sand mixutre with the lowest clay content (4% clay); 28% fo the manure C and 18% of the manure N were net mineralized. There was no significant difference between the soil-sand mixtures containing 8% and 16% clay, in which 24% of the manure C and -1% to 4% of the manure N were net mineralized. The higher net mineralization of N in the soil-sand mixture with the lowest clay content was probably caused by a higher remineralization of immobilized N in this soil-sand mixture. Anaerobic storage of the manure reduced the CO2 evolution rates from the manure C in the three soil-sand mixtures during the initial weeks of decomposition. However, there was no effect of storage on net mineralization of N at the end of the incubation period. Hence, there was no apparent relationship between net mineralization of manure N and C. 相似文献
19.
Chemical fixation of NH3 to soil organic matter was studied in two Swedish soils with different contents of organic matter: a clay soil with 2.3% C and an organic soil with 36.6% C. 15N‐labelled urea was applied at different rates to both sterilized and non‐sterilized soils. After 10 days, the soils were extracted and washed with K2SO4 and determined for total N and atom% 15N excess. Urea N was recovered as non‐extractable N in sterilized soil corresponding to 9.7% of supplied l5N‐labelled urea in the organic soil and 2.2% in the clay soil. Since no biological immobilization is thought to occur in the sterile soil, this non‐extractable N is suggested to be chemically fixed to soil organic matter. Owing to urea hydrolysis in the clay soil, pH increased from 6.3 to 9.3 and in the organic soil from 5.7 to 6.9 and 8.8, respectively, at the low and high urea supply. 相似文献