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1.
成都平原几种水稻土的固定态铵及其有效性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究了成都平原几种代表性水稻土的固定态铵含量，生物有效性及表土的固铵能力。各土壤的固定态铵含量和固铵能力因母质而异，发育于紫色土沉积物的水稻土固铵能力最高，发育行岷江冲积物的土壤次之，二者固定态铵含量均较高，发育于黄壤残积物质的土壤固定态铵含量和固铵能力均最低。 相似文献
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黄土高原北部生长季土壤氮素矿化对植被和地形的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
氮素矿化是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要过程,对氮素有效性有着重要影响。本文在黄土高原北部六道沟小流域选取退耕年限相近的油松和柠条坡地,用原位培养法测定生长季节(4—10月)不同坡位冠层下和冠层外0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤氮素矿化速率,以确定该区氮素矿化的季节动态特征和主要影响因素。结果表明,研究区生长季土壤矿质氮以铵态氮为主,其含量在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层分别占矿质氮总量的61%和70%,并随生长季的推移而升高。油松林上坡位和中坡位土壤铵态氮显著高于下坡位土壤,柠条林不同坡位铵态氮差异不显著。土壤硝态氮和矿质氮不受坡位的影响,但与林型和采样位置有关,冠层下硝态氮在油松林与冠层外相近,在柠条林则高于冠层外。生长季土壤氮素矿化在0~10 cm土层由硝化作用引起,在10~20 cm土层则由硝化和铵化作用共同引起。铵化速率在生长季初期较高,中期较低,并受坡位、林型和采样位置的影响。土壤硝化和矿化速率在油松林不受采样位置影响,但是在柠条林则以冠层下较高。硝化和矿化速率在冠层下以下坡位土壤最高,在冠层外则以下坡位土壤最低。柠条林促进了冠层下土壤氮素的硝化和矿化过程,有利于矿质氮的积累;油松林对矿质氮和氮素矿化的影响不受采样位置影响。 相似文献
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通过探究三种典型土壤(黑土、潮棕壤、红壤)的固铵潜力,及其达到最大固铵量后的释放状况,比较了三种土壤固定态铵库在土壤养分管理中的重要性。结果表明:随着氮加入量(NH4Cl)的增大,黑土和潮棕壤的固定态铵含量随之提升,当NH4Cl加入量(以N量计)达到3000mg kg~(-1)时,黑土和潮棕壤达到最大固铵量,此时两种土壤分别新固定铵140.2和162.0 mg kg~(-1);然而,红壤的固定态铵含量不随加氮量的增加而提高。在连续振荡淋洗实验中,黑土新固定铵的释放率为14.8%,潮棕壤新固定铵的释放率为29.9%,红壤的固定态铵含量没有明显变化。综上,不同土壤对加入铵的固定能力不同,潮棕壤固铵能力高于黑土,且更易释放出来供植物吸收利用,该过程对农业生产具有重要意义;而红壤几乎不固定加入的铵,且原固定态铵也较难释放出来,故在此类土壤上氮素的保存与供给应更依赖于生物过程。三种土壤固定态铵库在氮素养分管理中的重要性为:潮棕壤黑土红壤。 相似文献
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《土壤通报》2015,(5):1202-1207
农田生态系统中肥料氮素施用通过改变土壤中"原有的"固定态铵和肥料来源"新"固定态铵的动态,从而影响固定态铵的有效性以及其剖面变化特征。固定态铵相对含量在垂直剖面的大小顺序为10~20 cm0~10 cm40~60 cm20~40 cm,在多年淋溶渗透作用下,土壤中黏粒和氮素养分不断向下迁移,从而随着深度增加固定态铵含量升高。在连年施肥的条件下,土壤中固定态铵的含量和碱解氮之间呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.756,p0.01),而且肥料来源部分的相关性显著高于土壤中"原有的"固定态铵。固定态铵含量与植株中氮含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.525,p0.05),同时肥料氮素在固定态铵中的残留与植株中15N含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.526,p0.05),表明固定态铵可以通过长期的固定-释放过程持续为植物供给有效氮源。肥料来源固定态铵的有效性高于土壤中原有部分。连年施肥条件下,固定态铵对作物氮素利用的调节作用十分显著。 相似文献
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氮肥与有机肥配施协调土壤固定态铵与可溶性氮的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
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【目的】固定态铵作为土壤氮素的暂存库,其含量的变化能够影响土壤的保氮供氮功能,而深入探究氮肥减施对土壤固定态铵的影响及其对秸秆还田的响应,可为优化农田氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】依托位于中国东北黑土区玉米种植系统连续9年全量玉米秸秆覆盖归还的保护性耕作试验平台,通过设置玉米秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆还田量33%(S33)和秸秆全量覆盖还田(S100)3个秸秆还田量处理,以及240 kg hm-2(N240)、190 kg hm-2(N190)、135kg hm-2(N135)、0 kg hm-2(N0)4个氮素施用水平,研究氮素减施3年后土壤固定态铵总量的变化以及不同秸秆还田量对固定态铵的影响。【结果】秸秆不还田时,土壤固定态铵总量随施氮量降低而逐渐下降,且在不施氮肥处理(N0)时显著低于施氮肥处理;在S33N190时土壤-作物系统出现氮素缺乏,并且随施氮量的下降土壤固定态铵降低量与氮素缺乏量之间具有显著的正相关关系。在所有氮肥水平,秸秆还田尤其是全量秸秆还田均有利于缓解固定态铵的释放,但在N135... 相似文献
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盆栽和田间条件下土壤15N标记肥料氮的转化 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
利用15N在盆栽条件下研究了铵的矿物固定作用对肥料氮在三种土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,红壤性水稻土不固定肥料铵,但在白土和夹沙土中,56-77%的肥料氮被土壤矿物所固定,这些“新固定”的固定态铵的有效性很高,其中90%以上在30-50天内即被水稻所吸收,或者为微生物所利用转变为生物固定态氮.生物固定态氮对当季作物的有效性远较“新固定”的固定态铵的低.田间微区试验的结果还表明,甚至第二、三季作物吸收的残留肥料氮中,20-86%的氮也系来自固定态铵.作者认为,对具有较强固铵能力的土壤来说,只有了解铵的矿物固定作用,才能正确了解肥料氮的其它转化过程. 相似文献
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连续淹水培养条件下沉积物和土壤的氮素矿化过程 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
在淹水条件下,采用连续培养法研究了后海沉积物(HH)、环科院沉积物(HK)和土壤(TR)的氮素矿化过程。结果表明:三个处理矿化趋势基本相同,都是培养前期矿化量迅速升高并达到峰值,之后逐渐降低,最后回到培养前的氨氮含量水平。两种沉积物的矿化高峰出现时间在培养的第4天,要早于TR的第7天;污染严重HH的矿化最大累积量远大于污染较轻的HK和TR。培养过程中各处理各层次有机质、总氮和固定态铵含量都表现为降低趋势。说明培养过程中,开始占主导地位的氨化微生物被其它土壤微生物所代替,这些微生物大量繁殖,生物固持作用逐渐强于矿化作用,造成矿化氮和固定态铵含量迅速下降。 相似文献
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W. R. FISCHER T. PFANNEBERG E.-A. NIEDERBUDDE R. MEDINA 《European Journal of Soil Science》1981,32(3):409-418
Two soils differing in ammonium fixation capacity were incubated for 127 days with 15N-ammonium sulphate. In a gley soil with high NH+4-fixing capacity caused by smectites with a charge up to 0.8 per formula unit, the major part of the added ammonium was first fixed by minerals and then released slowly during incubation. The proportion of labelled N in the nitrate fraction increased during the first weeks and then decreased permanently. In contrast, in a histosol with low NH+4-fixing capacity, the exchangeable fraction contained most of the labelled NH+4, this being highly available to microorganisms and therefore subject to nitrification. About 50% of the added 15NH4 was lost from the histosol in 127 days, but only about 20 per cent was lost from the gley soil. 相似文献
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Utilization of day fixed ammonium nitrogen by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) In a pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the availability of ammonium fixed by clay minerals of a soil treated with 15NH4 has been studied. The following results were obtained: After the treatment of the soil with labelled NH4+ it contained 62.7 mg fixed NH4-N/kg soil including 4.5 mg 15NH4-N/kg soil. Nitrogen uptake of ryegrass and N turnover reactions in the soil reduced this content of 15NH-N to about 0.9 mg/kg soil. This shows, that about 80 % of the fixed 15NH4+ had been released through out a growing period comprising 3 cuts, a part of which was taken up by the plants. From the native fixed ammonium 3.3 to 4.8 % were released. 相似文献
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湖南几种耕地土壤固定添加铵的动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过野外调查取样、室内培养试验和分析测定，研究了湖南省几种成土母质发育的旱地土壤和稻田土壤固定添加铵的动力学特性。结果表明，供试土壤对添加铵的固定速度很快，尤其在反应的前8～12h内速度更快，12h后速度逐渐变慢，24h以后，土壤对外源铵的固定已基本达到平衡。数学拟合表明，一级动力学方程和Elovich方程两种动力学模型能较好地拟合供试土壤固定添加铵的动力学特性，经统计均达极显著水平，抛物扩散方程也有较好的拟合效果，零级方程较差。由一级动力学方程求得的不同土壤固铵动力学参数：理论最大固铵量（A）、反应速率常数（b）以及反应半时值明显不同。耕型石灰性紫色土、耕型酸性紫色土、耕型棕色石灰土和耕型石灰岩红壤的理论最大固铵量和反应半时值分别为212．3mg kg^-1、179．0mg kg^-1、142．9mg kg^-1.13．7mg kg^-1和29．75h、25．96h、27．18h、23．49h；紫泥田、河沙泥、灰泥田和红黄泥的理论最大固铵量和反应半时值分别为86．2mg kg^-1、68．7mg kg^-1,31．8mg kg^-1、19．1mg kg^-1和14．50h、15．10h、15．51h、18．43h。耕型石灰性紫色土、耕型酸性紫色土、耕型棕色石灰土和耕型石灰岩红壤的反应速率常数分别为0．0233 h^-1、0．0267h^-1、0．0255h^-1、0．0295h^-1；紫泥田、河沙泥、灰泥田和红黄泥的反应速率常数分别为0．0478h^-1、0．0459h^-1、0．0447h^-1、0．0376h^-1.除耕型石灰岩红壤以外，旱地土壤的理论最大固铵量和反应半时值均明显大于水田土壤，而反应速率常数明显小于水田土壤。 相似文献
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The content of fixed ammonium was analyzed for 12 samples of upland soils, including Saline soils, Sols lessives, Meadow soils, Black-colored soils, and Dark-brown forest soils, collected from Jilin and Liaoning provinces, Northeast China. The content of fixed NH4 + -N ranged from 0.11 to 0.27 g kg-1 and no appreciable differences among the soil types were observed. Fixed NH4 +-N accounted for 9 to 23% of total N in the Ap horizons. 相似文献
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长期施肥对土壤固定态铵含量及其有效性影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
棕壤连续13年定位试验表明,长期施用化肥或低量有机肥对土壤固定态接含量均无显著影响;而施用高量有机肥区固定态接含量比试验前平均增加30.2％。这部分增加的固定态按主要来自土壤有机氮矿化补充。施肥后固定态铵的净增加量超过作物施氮量是土壤激发效应的结果。土壤原有固定态铵含量在113～116mg／kg,对作物无效,而新固定态按时作物有效。生长季耕层土壤固定态铵总释放量（N）对照区为43kg／hm2,化肥区平均为110kg／hm2;有机肥与化肥配合区平均为165kg／hm2。施钾对固定态铵的释放有一定抑制作用。 相似文献
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Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer forms and doses on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on three soils differing in their ammonium (NH4) fixation capacity [high = 161 mg fixed NH4-N kg?1 soil, medium = 31.5 mg fixed NH4-N kg?1 soil and no = nearly no fixed NH4-N kg?1 soil]. On high NH4+ fixing soil, 80 kg N ha?1 Urea+ ammonium nitrate [NH4NO3] or 240 kg N ha?1 ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]+(NH4)2SO4, was required to obtain the maximum yield. Urea + NH4NO3 generally showed the highest significance in respect to the agronomic efficiency of N fertilizers. In the non NH4+ fixing soil, 80 kg N ha?1 urea+NH4NO3 was enough to obtain high grain yield. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizers was generally higher in the non NH4+ fixing soil than in the others. Grain protein was highly affected by NH4+ fixation capacities and N doses. Harvest index was affected by the NH4+ fixation capacity at the 1% significance level. 相似文献
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Fate of fertilizer ammonium in soils with different composition of clay minerals in an incubation experiment In an incubation experiment with three different soils (gray brown podsolic soil from loess, alluvial gley, and brown earth, derived from basalt) the specific adsorption (fixation) and release of fertilizer NH4+ was investigated. In one treatment 120 mg NH4–N/kg soil was added, while the other treatment (control) received no nitrogen. Soils samples were taken every ten days and analyzed for nonexchangeable and exchangeable NH4+ and NO3?. The experimental results are showing that the specific adsorption of applied NH4+ was related to the type of clay minerals. While the loess soil, rich in illite, and the alluvial soil, rich in expansible clay minerals, bound about 40% of the added NH4+ specifically, the soil derived from basalt with mainly kaolinite bound only about 10 %. From the recently “fixed” fertilizer NH4+ about a half was nitrified during the incubation period of about 9 weeks. In the control there was no significant release of specifically bound NH4+. Obviously this NH4+ is located more deeply in the interlayers of the clay minerals and not available to microorganisms. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13):1606-1618
Pot experiments were conducted on three soils differing in their ammonium (NH4 +) fixation capacity [high = 161 mg NH4-nitrogen (N) kg?1 soil; medium = 31.5 mg NH4-N kg?1 soil; and no = no NH4-N was additionally fixed], and the effect of N fertilizer forms and doses on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated. Grain yields responded to almost all forms of N fertilizer with 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha?1 in the high, medium, and no NH4 + fixing soil process, respectively. Agronomic efficiency of applied N fertilizers was significantly greater in the no NH4 + fixing soil. Thousand grain weights (TGW) of wheat grown on the high and medium NH4 + fixing soil decreased with increasing N. Grain protein increased with increasing NH4 + fixation capacity. Nitrogen doses and the forms of N fertilizers affected grain protein at a significance level. The combination of urea + ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was most effective in increasing grain protein content. 相似文献
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Experiments were conducted with two typical paddy soils from China and a vermiculite to study the influence of iron oxides on the fixation and release of ammonium. Removing iron oxides, especially amorphous iron oxides, from the soils favoured the release of non-exchangeable NH4-N and stimulated the fixation of NH4-N in the presence of added (NH4)2SO4. Addition of artificial goethite and hematite to the original soils or to the soils free of iron oxides reduced the fixation of NH4+-ions. This effect was also observed with vermiculite. We conclude that the coating of clay minerals with iron oxides has an impact on the diffusion of NH4+-ions into and out of the interlayers of the clay minerals. The reduction and dissolution of iron oxides induced by low redox potential (Eh) after flooding of paddy soils is assumed to be an important mechanism controlling NH4+-fixation in paddy fields. 相似文献