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磺酰脲类除草剂及其安全剂研究进展 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
本文简述了磺酰脲类除草剂的概况、长残留药害以及使用安全剂缓解残留药害的研究进展,并展望了磺酰脲类除草剂及其安全剂的发展前景。 相似文献
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乙草胺等酰胺类除草剂是一种选择性芽前除草剂。它具有选择性高、对作物安全、除草效果好等优点。为使该类除草剂进一步得到合理、经济、有效地应用,选择了乙草胺、丁草胺、敌草胺三种酰胺类国产除草剂,在油菜田进行效果比较试验。一、材料与方法 (一) 供试材料 1.供试药剂:50％乙草胺乳油(江苏昆山化工厂产);60％丁草胺乳油(江苏昆山化工厂产);20％敌草胺乳油(江苏如东农药厂产)。 相似文献
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Sulfur assimilation in plants and weed control: Potential targets for novel herbicides and action sites of certain safeners 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sulfur is an indispensable element for plants. It is found in sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, and in various other important biochemical components and processes. Inhibitors of sulfur assimilation, or cysteine and methionine synthesis, could be potential herbicides. In the present paper, the sulfur assimilation pathway in plants is described, followed by the introduction of several compounds (inhibitors and safeners) acting on this pathway. Uptake of inorganic sulfate through the roots is the first step of sulfur assimilation in plants. Sulfate is reduced mainly in chloroplasts to sulfide by a multistep process, and sulfide is then incorporated into cysteine. Cysteine is converted to cystathionine, homocysteine and methionine. Cysteine is incorporated into glutathione (GSH) by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. Three enzymes involved in cysteine and methionine biosynthesis, cysteine synthase, cystathionine γ-synthase and cystathionine β-lyase, have been investigated as target sites for herbicides. Several inhibitors of these enzymes (e.g. rhizobitoxine and propargylglycine) were also phytotoxic, suggesting that the synthetic pathway of sulfur-containing amino acids could be a new target site for herbicides. Some safeners for herbicides were found to act on the sulfur assimilation pathway and on GSH synthesis to increase GSH, which can be involved in herbicide metabolism and detoxification. Several safeners elevate GSH levels by increasing the activities of enzymes involved in sulfur assimilation and GSH synthesis. Further studies on plant sulfur metabolism may lead to the discovery of new herbicides and to the comprehensive understanding of the mode of action of safeners. 相似文献
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除草剂安全剂作用机理研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
除草剂安全剂是一类可在不影响除草剂对靶标杂草活性的前提下,有选择性地保护作物免受除草剂伤害的特殊用途化合物,有关安全剂作用机理的研究对新安全剂的开发具有重要意义。目前关于除草剂安全剂的作用机理主要有4种观点:1）影响除草剂在作物体内的吸收和转运;2）与除草剂竞争靶标位点;3）影响靶标酶的活性;4）增强作物对除草剂的代谢。文章对近年来安全剂作用机理及安全剂对杂草的影响等研究进展进行了综述,并分析了当前存在的问题及未来的研究方向,旨在为深入研究安全剂的作用机理及新安全剂开发提供参考。 相似文献
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KRITON K. HATZIOS 《Weed Research》1984,24(4):249-254
In greenhouse studies, the efficacy of the herbicide safeners NA(1,8-naphthalic anhydride), R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), cyometrinil and CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)imino-benzeneaceto-nitrile] in protecting grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. ‘Funk G623’) against injury from pre-emergence or early post-emergence applications of the herbicides chlorsulfuron, fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim was examined. NA as a seed dressing at 0·5 or 1·0% (w/w) was the most effective of the four safeners and offered partial to good protection to sorghum against injury from the lower rates of pre-emergence applications of all three herbicides. R-25788 was totally ineffective as a sorghum protectant against fluazifop-butyl injury but it did antagonize partially the injurious effects of the lower rates of sethoxydim and chlorsulfuron on sorghum. Cyometrinil and CGA-92194 offered partial protection to sorghum against injury from the lowest rate of all herbicides but their efficacy against higher rates of the three herbicides was very limited. None of the four safeners was effective in protecting grain sorghum against injury from post-emergence applications of the three herbicides tested. 相似文献
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An overview is given of the CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) methodologies that are established ligand-based molecular design tools widely used by medicinal and pesticide chemists. In the absence of a three-dimensional structure of the target biopolymer, CoMFA and CoMSIA often provide a practical solution to an otherwise intractable problem of proper characterization of ligand-receptor interactions. These techniques are especially important in agrochemistry, where the number of known molecular structures of pesticide targets is limited. The use of CoMFA and CoMSIA in the agrochemical field for modelling the interactions of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and herbicide safeners with their target binding sites is illustrated by using some selected published work. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models developed have been used successfully to map the properties of unknown receptors, construct hypotheses for ligand-receptor interactions, optimize lead structures, design novel active compounds, and predict biological activities. The application of CoMFA by the present authors for deriving a binding site hypothesis for dichloroacetamide-type herbicide safeners is described in somewhat more detail. 相似文献
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Theodoulou FL Clark IM He XL Pallett KE Cole DJ Hallahan DL 《Pest management science》2003,59(2):202-214
Herbicide safeners are known to protect monocotyledonous crops from herbicide injury by accelerating the metabolism of herbicides. We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocetmexyl, which protects small-grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop-propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up-regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet-mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet-mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop-propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species. This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide-metabolising enzymes. 相似文献
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The adsorption of metolachlor, acetochlor, pretilachlor and butachlor, as a group of acetanilide herbicides, on eight soils with various physical and chemical properties was studied. The adsorption isotherms fit the Freundlich equation well. The extent of adsorption increased in the order: metolachlor < acetochlor < pretilachlor < butachlor. The product of the Freundlich adsorption constants, Kf(1/n), showed good correlation with organic matter content (OM) of soils for each of these herbicides, suggesting that the latter is the main factor controlling the adsorption process of these acetanilide herbicides. Multivariant correlation regression between Kf(1/n) and two factors, water solubility (Sw) of herbicides and OM, was also performed. Kf(1/n) correlated well with 1/Sw and OM/Sw, showing that high Sw corresponds to a weak tendency to adsorb on soils. IR spectra and ESR parameters confirmed that multifunctional H bonds and charge-transfer bonds between humic acids (HA) and the herbicides were the main adsorption mechanisms of the latter. The ability of herbicides to form these adsorption bonds with HA increased in the same order as the extent of adsorption. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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C. FEDTKE 《Weed Research》1987,27(3):221-228
inhibitory activities of existing graminicides on root regeneration from monocotyledonous (oat) and dicotyledonous (soybean) plant cuttings in the light, in the dark and on algal growth were compared with the respective inhibitory activities of the new herbicide 2-(2-benzothiazo-lyl-oxy)-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide (mefenacet). The mefenacet activity spectrum resembled that of the α-chloroacetamide herbicides. Herbicide groups of other structure-activity can be distinguished by their distinct activity spectrum. The mono-oxygenase inhibitors piperonyl but-oxide (PBO) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) were found to antagonize the inhibitory activities of herbicides from the thiolcarbamate, α-chloroacetamide, and oxyacetic acid amide structure groups in the oat rooting and leaf growth tests. The critical evaluation of the presently available information on graminicide and safener mode of action suggests the concept that lipid biosynthesis on the physiological level and mono-oxygenase type enzymes on the biochemical level may hold the target sites for many of the graminicides and safeners discussed. 相似文献