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1.
W D Hueston K H Hoblet G Y Miller M L Eastridge 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,196(12):1956-1961
A telephone survey was conducted of 50 randomly selected Ohio-licensed veterinarians engaged in dairy practice. The survey's purpose was to determine the extent of mastitis control services offered by practitioners and to assess their utilization of milk somatic cell count (SCC) data on individual cows available from the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA). During the preceding year, 96% (48/50) of practitioners surveyed had performed bacteriologic culture of milk samples. Practitioners were twice as likely to have performed culture on milk from mastitic cows that failed to respond to treatment as they were to have performed culture for purposes of identifying pathogen trends within a herd. Veterinarians in predominantly dairy practices were more likely to have completed bacteriologic examination of milk in their own laboratories than were veterinarians who were engaged in less than 50% dairy practice (P = 0.016). Most veterinarians (83%) reported that coagulase test results were available or that Staphylococcus aureus was differentiated from other staphylococcal species. Streptococcus agalactiae was not differentiated from other streptococcal species by 35% of practitioners surveyed. For veterinarians with clients enrolled in the DHIA, 91% (43/47) reported looking at, discussing, or otherwise using the DHIA records. Eighty-one percent (35/43) of veterinarians who had clients using services from the DHIA reported that clients also received individual cow milk SCC results. Veterinarians engaged in predominantly, dairy practice expressed a greater familiarity with the linear score method of SCC reporting than did veterinarians whose practices were less than 50% dairy (P = 0.085); however, both groups reported a preference for raw SCC data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
2.
The Dairy Herd Management System. Application to dairy herd reproductive management as a bureau and on-farm system 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
W G Etherington P A Menzies K D Lissemore A H Meek 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1987,3(3):545-551
This article describes the field use of the Dairy Herd Management System Microcomputer software. The practical experiences gained from the use of the program in dairy reproductive management are discussed for operation both as a bureau service and as an on-farm system. 相似文献
3.
DHI报告解读及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DHI报告解读及应用 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(5):75-75
近年来,随着奶牛养殖业的迅速发展,DHI技术在奶牛场中的应用已经普及,依据DHI报告,可以了解牛场的饲养管理、繁殖配种、乳房保健及疾病防治等状况,进行科学的饲养管理及选种选配,有效地防治乳腺炎,合理地淘汰牛只,进而显著提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益。全面、准确解读DHI报告,在解决奶牛场的实际问题和牛群改良中,起着越来越重要的作用。主要以宁夏某奶牛场2016年2月的DHI报告为例,就DHI报告中的关键指标作一介绍,旨在使DHI报告在实际生产中发挥重要指导作用。 相似文献
4.
K H Hoblet M L Eastridge C S Hayhow P D Goldsmith J R Staubus 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,198(6):1028-1034
An 87-cow dairy herd with a history of high milk production was visited because of reduced reproductive performance and decreasing milk production. Cows that had recently delivered calves were thin, and many cows had evidence of previous episodes of laminitis. A ration that provided an unfavorable forage-to-concentrate ratio was being fed. In addition to various diagnostic efforts, management changes that were made included alteration of the ration and installation of a computer-operated feeder. After the initial visit, the herd was monitored for 30 months by the use of Dairy Herd Improvement monthly herd summary data. Several potential strengths and weaknesses of using selective production and reproduction monthly summary statistics were illustrated by this study. Milk production, as monitored by mature-equivalent production and average relative value-milk, continued to increase throughout the 30 months after intervention. Reproductive performance, as indicated by first-service conception rate, did not begin to improve until the final 6 months of the monitoring period. Overall, in addition to assisting in diagnostic efforts. Dairy Herd Improvement monthly herd summary data may be used to establish goals, provide comparisons, and maintain producer interest after practitioner intervention in herd management. 相似文献
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M.A. Kristula D.T. Galligan C.R. Curtis R.C. Bartholomew 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1992,14(3-4):251-258
This study evaluated the accuracy of a Dairy Herd Improvement Association test compared with bacterial culture to report the prevalence of chronic intramammary infections in dairy cattle. The Association classification considers a cow to have a chronic intramammary infection when her linear score is 4 or greater for more than one test in a lactation. The threshold level of linear score 6 minimized the sum of the misclassification errors. The Association test was not sensitive or specific enough compared with bacterial culture to classify individual cows accurately. 相似文献
7.
S. Akhtar H. P. Riemann M. C. Thurmond C. E. Franti 《Veterinary research communications》1993,17(2):95-107
The relationship between the antibody titres againstCampylobacter fetus and various indices of reproductive efficiency was studied in a cross-sectional study of 178 dairy cows from three California Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds. Blood samples were collected from the lactating cows during December 1986. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the antibody titres of the cow againstCampylobacter fetus, Haemophilus somnus andLeptospira hardjo and were classified as either negative or positive. The status of a cow as either negative or positive againstCampylobacter fetus andHaemophilus somnus represents serological evidence of natural exposure to the corresponding bacterial agents. However, the status againstLeptospira hardjo was assumed to reflect a vaccinal titre since all the cows studied had been routinely vaccinated against this organism in September 1986. The data on demographic and reproductive parameters pertained only to the current lactation of the cows and were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association individual cow records of December 1986. Five indices of reproductive efficiency were used, namely the recent calving interval, the calving-to-conception interval, the calving-to-last-service interval, the number of services per conception, and the number of services since last calving. The serological status againstHaemophilus somnus, Leptospira hardjo and other covariates suggested by the results of previous studies were included in modelling the relationships of interest. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to study the adjusted relationship ofCampylobacter fetus with each measure of reproductive efficiency.Multivariate analyses revealed that the adjusted relationship forCampylobacter fetus with all five measures of reproductive efficiency was non-significant (p > 0.05). Among the covariates,Leptospira hardjo had a strong and independent relationship with recent calving interval, the unstandardized partial regression coefficient being -0.77. The possible biological mechanisms of these associations are discussed.Abbreviations BMDP
biomedical computer programs
- DHIA
dairy herd improvement association
- ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ICR
individual cow record
- PSS
physiological saline solution
- SD
standard deviation; Other abbreviations are shown in Table I 相似文献
8.
A program involving greater veterinary participation in detection of estrus and artificial insemination of cattle was evaluated in a 700-cow dairy herd from January 1987 through August 1988. Previous reproductive performance was below normal. First-service pregnancy rate from artificial insemination was 42%, and mean number of nonpregnant days for the cows was 120. Between postpartum days 55 and 62, all cows with functional corpus luteum assessed by rectal palpation were administered prostaglandin each Monday morning. Return visits were made to the herd each Thursday and Friday to observe cows and to inseminate those in estrus. On the other 5 days of the week, the owner or his employees inseminated all cows in estrus. The first-service pregnancy rate for 842 cows observed in estrus and inseminated by the veterinarian was 59%. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated by the owner and his employees increased from 42% to 50%. The mean number of nonpregnant days for all 700 cows decreased from 120 to 98 days, resulting in approximately $46,000 of increased income for the dairyman or approximately a 4 to 1 return on investment in veterinary service. Results indicate that veterinarians could improve herd reproductive performance and solve chronic herd breeding problems by more actively participating with their clients in estrus detection and artificial insemination programs in cattle. The program allows practicing veterinarians an opportunity to observe cows for estrous behavior, establish their own pregnancy rate data, demonstrate to owners the importance of observing primary signs of estrus, and teach expert artificial insemination techniques. 相似文献
9.
Plasma alpha-tocopherol (vit E) and blood selenium (Se) concentrations in February were determined in samples from 314 dairy cows in Norway, selected to provide a representative subset of the Norwegian dairy cow population. Each sample was followed by a questionnaire with information about feeding of the cow at the time of sampling. The results were correlated to herd data and to calving and health data for each cow from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System and the Norwegian Cattle Health Recording System. The mean concentrations were 6.9 microg vit E per ml plasma and 0.16 microg Se per g blood. Both levels were highest in mid lactation. Plasma vit E varied with the amount of silage fed to the cow, while blood Se varied with the amount of concentrates and mineral supplements, and with geographical region. No differences in vit E or Se levels were found between cows with recorded treatments for mastitis, parturient paresis or reproductive disorders in the lactation during or immediately prior to sampling, and those without such treatments. For ketosis, a small difference in blood Se was found between the groups with or without recorded treatments. It is concluded that winter-fed lactating cows in Norway had an adequate plasma level of vit E and a marginal-to-adequate level of Se. 相似文献
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Cannas da Silva J Noordhuizen JP Vagneur M Bexiga R Gelfert CC Baumgartner W 《The Veterinary quarterly》2006,28(1):23-32
The nature of veterinary work in dairy health management in Europe has changed over the past years and will change even more dramatically in the near future. The consumers and the media show increasing concern about animal welfare, safety of products of animal origin and traceability of animal products. Farmers in Europe have to produce under strict, often expensive and laborious regulations, while still commercially competing with farmers outside the EU and not subject to the same rules. Veterinarians should adapt their knowledge and skills to the new challenges and developments of the dairy sector. Dairy farmers nowadays ask for support in areas that go beyond clinical activities: environmental protection, welfare, nutrition, grassland management, economics and business management. Bovine practitioners should be able to advise in many different areas and subjects--that is the challenge to our profession. Veterinary education with regards to cattle health management should start with individual animal clinical work, which constitutes the basis of herd health advisory programmes. The bovine practitioner should then look beyond that and regard the herd as the unit. Each diseased cow or group of cows should be detected early enough to avoid financial losses or such losses should be prevented altogether by detecting and managing risk factors contributing to disease occurrence. Herd health and production management programmes represent the first level to optimise dairy farm performance. Expansions to that should further be considered, comprising both animal health and welfare issues, as well as food safety and public health issues. The latter could be addressed by quality risk management programmes following the HACCP-principles. Cattle veterinarians should follow recent developments and invest in new skills and knowledge in order to maintain their usefulness to the modern dairy farmer. Finally we are convinced that the cattle practitioner should evolve into this direction, otherwise the veterinarian as we know him will miss the train in the next years. 相似文献
12.
I. J. Uhaa H. P. Riemann M. C. Thurmond C. E. Franti 《Veterinary research communications》1990,14(6):471-480
In a cross-sectional study to determine the possible relationship between a positive antibody test to bluetongue virus (BTV) or Mycoplasma bovis infections and reproductive performance of dairy cows, data were collected on 572 California dairy cows during December 1986 for analysis. Serum samples were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on reproduction variables were extracted from the individual cow sheets of the California Dairy Herd Improvement Association records and interfaced with the serological results for analysis.Similar data analyses for both BTV and M. bovis were performed to identify and quantitatively assess the association of the reproduction variables and each agent. These associations were evaluated unconditionally using the x
2 for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if reproduction variables with significant unconditional associations remained significant when adjusted for the effects of possible confounding factors.Both the BTV and M. bovis ELISA antibody titres indicated exposure to the agents. The results of the multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that cows seropositive for BTV were significantly older at first calving (p<0.03). For M. bovis, seropositive cows were more likely to have longer intervals from calving to last service and longer intervals from calving to pregnancy diagnosis than seronegative cows (p<0.05). The other reproduction variables examined were not significantly associated with ELISA seropositivity. 相似文献
13.
There are a number of factors that must be considered in any attempt to control animal drug residues in milk and milk products. Dairy herds vary greatly in number of cows. Milk from individual cows and farms is pooled, diluting drug residues that may be present in the milk from a single treated cow. Management techniques, including the handling, administration, and record keeping of animal drugs, vary greatly from one dairy to another. It is important that both veterinarians and nonveterinarians adhere to adequate milk discard times for animal drugs used to treat dairy animals. Observance of appropriate safeguards at the farm level, such as record keeping and clearly identifying treated animals, is critical for controlling and preventing the presence of illegal animal drug residues. Within the framework of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Public Health Service Act, the FDA is working with state and other regulatory agencies and industry to better ensure the absence of illegal animal drug residues in milk and milk products. Preventive measures concentrate on minimizing the need to administer animal drugs to lactating cows, and diverting milk containing drug residues from the human food supply. Monitoring programs concentrate on screening milk and tracing violations to the individual producer. Minimizing illegal drug residues in milk and milk products requires close cooperation between farmers, veterinarians, the dairy industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulators. 相似文献
14.
Moore DA Sischo WM Wilson DJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,217(4):479-484
OBJECTIVE: To identify the perceived market or client demand for dairy on-farm food safety services by veterinarians, the need for a food safety continuing education program, and the educational issues that might be addressed in an on-farm food safety curriculum. DESIGN: Survey. STUDY POPULATION: Consulting dairy veterinarians, government veterinarians located in California, and meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows in California. PROCEDURE: Results of a questionnaire supplied to veterinarians and telephone interviews with meat packer representatives were analyzed by use of univariate and multivariate logistic regression procedures. RESULTS: Some meat packers considered the quality of incoming cull dairy cattle as a control point for food safety hazards. More than 50% of dairy and government-employed veterinarians believed that a current market for on-farm food safety services exists; > 85% believed that a potential market exists. Duration since graduation was negatively correlated with belief in a current market. Government-employed veterinarians were more likely to believe in a current market. Veterinarians were more likely to express a strong interest in offering on-farm food safety services if they believed a current market exists, indicated that they already offer such services, or listed residues and pathogens as the most important issues facing the dairy industry. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although a potential market for on-farm food safety services is perceived, veterinarians are unsure of their role in this area. new demands of meat packers slaughtering cull dairy cows may be the motivation practitioners need to broach the subject of food safety with clients. 相似文献
15.
Effect of lameness on milk yield in dairy cows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hernandez J Shearer JK Webb DW 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(5):640-644
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between lameness and milk yield in dairy cows. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 531 dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Cows affected with lameness were classified into 1 of 3 groups on the basis of type of diseases or lesions observed, including interdigital phlegmon (foot rot), papillomatous digital dermatitis (foot warts), or claw lesions. Cows not affected with lameness were classified as healthy. From Dairy Herd Improvement Association records, 305-day mature equivalent milk yield data were collected at the end of lactation or when the cow left the herd. Milk yield was compared between cows affected with lameness and healthy cows. RESULTS: 167 (31%) cows were affected with lameness during lactation. Lame cows had claw lesions (60%), papillomatous digital dermatitis (31%), or interdigital phlegmon (9%). Milk yield in lame cows with interdigital phlegmon (mean, 17,122 lb) was significantly less, compared with healthy cows (19,007 lb). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this herd, interdigital phlegmon was associated with a 10% decrease in milk production. Lame cows with claw lesions or papillomatous digital dermatitis produced less milk than healthy cows, but the difference was not significant. 相似文献
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Bergeron R Elsener J 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2008,9(2):141-146
Several veterinarians and dairy producers elect to vaccinate dairy herds with killed combination products in the fall or spring. Postvaccinal milk drop has been reported following the use of some killed vaccines, making it important to identify vaccines that can cause milk drop and evaluate the magnitude of postvaccinal milk drop. This study compared the pre- and postvaccinal milk production levels of dairy cows vaccinated with two commercial vaccines or injected with a saline placebo. Dairy cows receiving vaccine C (Cattlemaster Gold FP5; Pfizer Animal Health, Montreal, Canada) experienced a statistically significant difference in mean postvaccinal milk drop (-1.83 kg/cow/day) compared with cows receiving vaccine T (Triangle 4+Type 2 BVD, Wyeth Animal Health, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; -0.63 kg/cow/day) or saline (-0.02 kg/cow/day). 相似文献
18.
HAO Haisheng ZHAO Shanjiang LIU Yunxiang XU Li WANG Xianjun LI Laibao ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(10):3259-3269
With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China. 相似文献
19.
Sischo WM Norman HS Kiernan NE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,214(3):344-350
OBJECTIVES: To report the results of 3 surveys evaluating the extent that the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is used by veterinarians, the profession's perception of the need for the program, barriers that prevent veterinarians from fully using the service, and the perceptions that animal production industry groups have regarding FARAD. DESIGN: Telephone and mail surveys were used to collect information using cross-sectional, case-control, and directed sample studies. SAMPLE POPULATION: Food animal veterinarians and veterinarians and nonveterinarians in allied animal industries or with special interest in production animal medicine. RESULTS: The use of FARAD was high among dairy and general practitioners, but low among beef practitioners and veterinarians with minor commitment to food animal medicine. Solo practitioners and veterinarians with less than 13 years in practice were less likely to use FARAD. Dairy practitioners who had not used FARAD were most likely to prescribe extralabel products. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results imply that dairy and general food animal practitioners have either greater need or access through educational networks and are more aware of FARAD than practitioners who work with beef and those with a minor component of their practice involving food animals. The difference in familiarity and use of FARAD between practice type is an important finding, but the root of the difference is not clear; it may be attributable to a difference in the effectiveness of knowledge transfer for the groups, or the message is ignored because the issue of drug residues is less compelling for veterinarians and their clients in the beef sector. 相似文献
20.
在过去几十年，随着奶牛育种和规模化饲养水平的快速发展，中国奶牛群单产水平大幅提高，但是奶牛，特别是高产奶牛繁殖性能呈现不断下降趋势，严重影响了奶牛养殖的盈利能力。繁殖性能的降低受多种因素影响，包括环境、畜群管理、遗传和各种疾病等。近年来，生殖器官疾病（也称繁殖疾病）降低奶牛生殖能力的情况越来越明显，其对奶牛繁殖的影响受到了越来越多的关注。文章简述了国内外生殖道疾病如子宫炎、子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等繁殖疾病发生情况。通过文献检索和数据比较，重点介绍了繁殖疾病对奶牛繁殖性能如空怀天数、产犊间隔、妊娠率、发情检出率、产后首次配种天数、配种指数等繁殖指标的影响和研究成果。同时，重点分析了繁殖疾病通过干扰生殖内分泌，损伤子宫内环境，导致卵巢功能异常影响奶牛繁殖性能的可能机制，并对奶牛繁殖疾病研究方向提出了展望，以期为改进中国规模牧场管理措施、减少繁殖疾病发生、提高奶牛群生产和生殖能力提供数据参考和理论支持。 相似文献