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1.
The applicability of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in the cultivated rubber tree, Hevea, was evaluated using 43 decamer oligonucleotide primers in a set of 24 clones selected in different South-East Asian countries. A total of 220 0.35–3.5 kb DNA fragments were amplified, of which 111 were polymorphic. Of these, 80 fragments (RAPD markers) which were repeatable and clearly scorable across all genotypes were used to estimate genetic distances among the clones tested. The estimated genetic distances ranged from 0.05 (RRII 308 and PB 5/51) to 0.75 (RRIC 100 and SCATC 88–13). A mean genetic distance of 0.5 indicates a rather high genetic variability among the tested clones. As expected, because of the breeding history of Hevea, UPGMA cluster analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) indicated the absence of a distinct geographical grouping. The possible application of RAPD markers for clone identification and also for analysis of genetic relationships among Hevea clones is discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Summary DNA polymorphism among five Asparagus officinalis L. cultivars-Imperial, Snow, Steline, UC-157 and Larac, as detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), is reported. Thirty one decamer primers were tested. and twenty six of them yielded amplification products. Fourteen primers gave products with at least one polymorphic DNA fragment. Among a total of 119 amplified fragments 33 were polymorphic. These RAPD markers enabled the identification of asparagus cultivars. Unique markers for cultivars were: Snow-bands 475 bp, 772 bp, 412 bp, 935 bp and 820 bp amplified by primers D5, OPA-07, OPA-09, OPA-10 and OPA-18, respectively. Steline-bands 645 bp, 680 bp and 997 bp amplified by primers A32, OPA-03 and OPA-09, respectively. A band 903 bp, amplitied by primer OPA-12, is a marker for Imperial, and a band 420 bp, amplified by primer D52, is a marker for Larac. Cultivar UC-157 could be identified by a combination of shared polymorphic bands. The pairwise marker difference between cultivars ranged from 0.08 to 0.17. A phenogram of the genetic relationship based on RAPD fits with the known origin of the cultivars.  相似文献   

3.
Diseases cause significant losses in cotton production throughout the US Cotton Belt. Growing resistant cultivars can significantly improve cotton yields and effectively reduce production inputs. Disease resistance (R) genes have been isolated in numerous plant species and the R genes with domains of nucleotide binding sites (NB) and leucine rich repeats (LRR) represent the largest R gene family. Degenerate primers designed based on conserved motifs of plant disease resistance genes were used alone or in combination with AFLP primers to analyze disease resistance gene analogs (RGAs) in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Pima (Gossypium barbadense) 3–79 and Upland cotton (G. hirsutum) line NM 24016. Eighty-eight polymorphic RGA markers were amplified by 8 pairs of RGA degenerate primers, while 131 polymorphic RGA-AFLP markers were produced from six pairs of RGA-AFLP primer combinations. Of the 219 polymorphic RGA and RGA-AFLP markers that were identified, 212 were assigned to 18 chromosomes and linkage groups based on existing SSR markers that are on known chromosomes. However, the RGA and RGA-AFLP markers are not evenly distributed among chromosomes in that 189 RGA and RGA-AFLP markers (88%) are assigned onto three “giant” chromosomes, i.e., C6, C12, and C15, suggesting RGA clusters in the cotton genome. Several RGA and RGA-AFLP markers were mapped to the same linkage group carrying a root-knot nematode resistance gene. The identification and mapping of RGA and RGA-AFLP markers provide a framework to facilitate marker-assisted selection of disease resistance in cotton breeding and to understand the physical relationship of cotton resistance genes.  相似文献   

4.
T. Markussen    J. Krüger    H. Schmidt  F. Dunemann 《Plant Breeding》1995,114(6):530-534
The availability of molecular markers linked to mildew resistance genes would enhance the efficiency of apple-breeding programmes. This investigation focuses on the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Pl1 gene for mildew resistance, which has introgressed from Malus robusta into cultivated apples. The RAPD marker technique was combined with a modified ‘bulked seg-regant analysis’ mapping strategy. About 850 random decamer primers used as single primers or in combinations were tested by PCR analysis on the basis of resistant and susceptible DNA pools. Selected primers producing RAPD fragments were applied in an additional selection step to M. robusta and genotypes representing intermediate breeding stages of the breeding population 93/9, for which a 1:1 segregation could be observed for the resistance trait. Seven RAPD markers, all representing introgressed DNA sequences from M. robusta, were identified and arranged with the Pl1 locus in a common linkage group. The two most tightly-linked RAPD markers, OPAT20450 and OPD21000 were mapped with a genetic distance of 4.5 and 5 cM, respectively, from the Pl1 gene. Both markers are suitable for marker-assisted selection in apple breeding. The polymorphic DNA fragment OPAT20450 was cloned and sequenced, and longer primers for the generation of a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker have been constructed; this marker was easier to score than the original RAPD marker.  相似文献   

5.
Rye (Secale cereale L. and S. strictum) offers potential to increase the genetic variability and to introduce desirable characters for wheat improvements. Cytogenetic techniques have been used to screen wheat lines containing rye chromatin. These techniques are not adequate since they are highly technical and time consuming. They are not suitable for breeding programs that require rapid screening of large numbers of genotypes. The main objective of this study was to develop and characterize ISSR and SCAR markers that can distinguish wheat from rye genome. Total DNA from wheat, rye, and triticale accessions from different provenances were amplified with ISSR primers in PCR assays. Three wheat-diagnostic sequences were identified. In addition three rye-diagnostic ISSR markers of which, one marker specifically diagnostic for Secale strictum were characterized. Pairs of primers flanking these specific sequences were designed to produce SCAR markers. Two SCAR markers were rye genome-specific. One SCAR was present in all the seven rye chromosome, and another was specific to rye chromosomes two, three, four, and seven. These newly developed ISSR and SCAR markers should be useful to wheat breeders screening genotypes that may contain rye chromatins.  相似文献   

6.
One‐hundred and twenty‐four amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and 49 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used to distinguish between 20 and 23 commercial chicory cultivars, respectively. These were all Cichorium intybus var. foliosum F1 hybrids, currently used in hydroponic forcing. Five‐hundred and twenty RAPD primers (OPERON) were tested, of which 156 resulted in reproducible patterns and 26 yielded polymorphisms. Two‐hundred and fifty‐six AFLP primer‐combinations were tested and six combinations were selected for identification purposes. Similarity indices were measured and clustering has been done using pairwise comparison. Both types of marker provide similar conclusions. Two major clusters are formed, representing late and early cultivars. All cultivars were identified using 10 informative RAPD primers or three AFLP primer combinations. A low degree of polymorphism was detected between some early cultivars, suggesting a narrow genetic base in their breeding strategy.  相似文献   

7.
The genetic relationship among 42 genotypes of finger millet collected from different geographical regions of southern India was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Ten RAPD primers produced 111 polymorphic bands. Five ISSR primers produced a total of 61 bands. Of these, 23 bands were polymorphic. The RAPD and ISSR fingerprints revealed 71.3 and 37.4% polymorphic banding patterns, respectively. Thirty-six SSR primers yielded 83 scorable alleles in which 62 were found to be polymorphic. Out of 36 SSR primers used, 14 primers (46.6%) produced polymorphic bands. The SSR primer UGEP7 produced a maximum number of six alleles. Mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of RAPD, ISSR and SSR were 0.44, 0.28, and 0.14, respectively. Molecular variances among the population were 2, 11, and 1% for RAPD, ISSR, and SSR markers, respectively. SSR produced 99% molecular variance within individuals. RAPD and ISSR markers produced a low level of molecular variance within individuals. The STRUCTURE (model-based program) analysis revealed that the 42 finger millet genotypes could be divided into a maximum of four subpopulations. Based on the Bayesian statistics, each RAPD and SSR marker produced three subpopulations (K=3), while ISSR marker showed four subpopulations (K=4). This study revealed that RAPD and SSR markers could narrow down the analysis of population structure and it may form the basis for finger millet breeding and improvement programs in the future.  相似文献   

8.
Similar to SCAR, an extended random primer amplified region (ERPAR) marker is a PCR amplified genomic DNA fragment at a single genetically defined locus. However, ERPAR uses specific primer pairs derived from RAPD primers by adding bases sequentially to their 3′-ends. As an example, an ERPAR marker was derived from a RAPD marker (OT11900) linked to a dominant male sterility gene in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). After two cycles of base adding and primer pair screening, a primer pair (5′-TTCCCCGCGACT-3′and 5′-TTCCCCGCGAGA-3′) amplified a single intense band with the same size as OT11900. The identity of the new marker and OT11900 was verified by segregation analysis. The new marker amplified by this extended primer pair was named as EPT11900. The development of ERPAR exploits the importance of 3′-end bases of primers in PCR ERPAR shares advantages of SCAR, but eliminates the need for cloning and sequencing. It is a fast and universal way of converting RAPD markers into stable markers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

9.
Summary We have used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to study genetic variation in Alstroemeria. The first objective was to examine the discriminatory power of RAPD markers in different genotypes of Alstroemeria obtained by traditional breeding. All genotypes examined, including commercial Alstroemeria varieties, could be distinguished on the basis of their RAPD profiles. Progeny plants could be distinguished from their parents. A second objective of this study was to investigate whether RAPD markers can be used as a routine tool to detect mutant plants, as an alternative to glasshouse testing. To address this objective, we analysed Alstroemeria plants that carried phenotypically visible mutations that either were induced by irradiation using X-rays or were the result of somaclonal variation. In eight out of a total of 13 mutant Alstroemeria plants obtained after irradiation or tissue culture we detected no polymorphisms when compared to control plants that were considered to be non-mutated. Only in five of the mutant plants analysed we detected one to two polymorphisms. These results suggest that frequent genome rearrangements had not occurred in the mutant plants analysed. These results also demonstrate that the RAPD technique is an inappropriate tool for the rapid screening of Alstroemeria for induced variation. It that the RAPD technique is an inappropriate tool for the rapid screening of Alstroemeria for induced variation. It seems probable that this conclusion would be equally applicable in other plant genera in which induced variation has occurred. However, the RAPD technique is a simple and effective tool for genetic fingerprinting of Alstroemeria varieties, provided their differences are due to sexual propagation.  相似文献   

10.
This research was conducted to study the genetic diversity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using agro-morphological traits and RAPD markers. Sixteen selected lines derived from landraces growing in various agro-climatic regions of Iran along with four exotic genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Days to emergence, days to initial flowering, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, branches per plant, capitula per plant, seeds per capitulum, 1,000-seed weight, seed yield per plant, seed yield, and reaction to powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica Arnaud) were evaluated in this study. Genetic diversity of the genotypes was assessed by RAPD markers. The results indicated significant differences among genotypes for the agro-morphological traits and clustering based on these traits classified the genotypes into five groups. Analysis of the RAPD markers revealed 15 polymorphic primers out of 50 used primers. Based on RAPD data, the highest genetic similarity was observed between the cultivars of “AC Sunset,” “AC Sterling” from Canada and the lowest relatedness observed between a local breeding line “E2428” and genotype “GE62923” from Germany. Cluster analysis based on RAPD markers and 54% coefficient of similarity divided the genotypes into five distinct groups. Comparing the clusters based on agro-morphological traits with those from molecular markers showed slight similarities. The finding of high genetic variation for agro-morphological traits and polymorphism at DNA level reveal that agronomic traits can be improved by selection programs.  相似文献   

11.
A collection of 11 coloured cotton Gossypium hirsutum genotypes and four white linted genotypes of different origin were evaluated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. These 15 cotton genotypes were evaluated using 32 different 10‐mer primers of arbitrary sequences. All 32 primers were polymorphic ‐ in total, 287 amplified fragments were observed in these patterns. Out of the 287 fragments, 219 were polymorphic accounting for 76.31% of the total number of fragments. Similarity indices were calculated using the Dice coefficient and a dendrogram showing relationships between genotypes was obtained by Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. Cluster analysis showed clear‐cut separation of the coloured and white linted genotypes and thus formed three clusters (I, II and III). Among the coloured linted genotypes, all except ‘Parbhani American’ and ‘Lousiana brown’ clustered together. Cluster II contained white linted genotypes orginating from the same breeding station. The results indicate that RAPDs may constitute a relatively simple and efficient method for analysing genetic variation in coloured and white linted G. hirsutum collections.  相似文献   

12.
Y. Minamiyama    S. Kinoshita    K. Inaba  M. Inoue 《Plant Breeding》2005,124(3):288-291
The complete tack of pungency in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is controlled by a single recessive gene (c). To develop a molecular marker linked to the C locus, two segregating F2 populations (TM2 and TF2) derived from crosses between occasionally pungent and non‐pungent peppers in C. annuum were used. Using the RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique in combination with a bulked segregation analysis, two RAPD markers, OPD20‐800 and OPY09‐800, were obtained. Of the two markers, the more closely linked marker. OPY09‐800, was converted into a codominant CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) marker using data from the alignment of the two allelic sequences. This CAPS marker was linked to the C locus (3.6 cM in the TF2 population), and polymorphism was detected among accessions within C. annuum. This marker might be helpful for the selection of a c gene in backcross and progeny tests in a conventional breeding system.  相似文献   

13.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to characterize genetic relationships among 46 accessions in two C. melo L. subsp. melo (Cantalupensis, Inodorus) and subsp.agrestis (Conomon, and Flexuosus) groups. Genetic distance (GD) estimates were made among and between accessions in four melon market classes [Galia, Ogen, Charentais, and Shipper (European and U.S. types)] of Cantalupensis, one market class of Inodorus (Cassaba and Honey Dew), one accession of Conomon, and one accession of Flexuosus by employing three GD estimators; simple matching coefficient, Jaccard's coefficient, and Nei's distance-D. Differences detected among 135 RAPD bands and 54 SSR bands (products of 17 SSR primers) were used to calculate GD. Band polymorphisms observed with 21 RAPD primers and 7 SSR primers were important (p =0.01) in the detection of genetic differences. Estimators of GD were highly correlated (p 0.0001; rs = 0.64 to0.99) when comparisons were made between estimation methods within a particular marker system. Lower correlations (rs = 0.17 to 0.40) were detected (P > 0.001) between marker systems using any one estimator. The GD of the Conomon and Flexuosus accessions was significantly different (p> 0.001)from the mean GD of all the market classes examined. The mean GD (Jaccard's coefficient) among accessions of Ogen, Galia, Cassaba, Charentais, European shipper, and U.S. shipper groups was 0.11 ± 0.04, 0.33± 0.09, 0.21 ± 0.04, 0.26 ± 0.10, 0.17± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.08, respectively. Market classes were distinct (p > 0.001), such that GDs between Galia and other accessions were the largest(mean GD 0.34 to 0.35), and GDs between Ogen and other accessions were the smallest (mean GD 0.29 to 0.30). Contrasts between the U.S. shipper cultivar Top Mark and accessions within any market class was relatively large (mean GD = 0.42 ± 0.06). Empirical estimations of variances associated with each marker type in the accessions examined indicated that, per band, lower coefficients of variation can be attained in the estimation of GD when using RAPDs compared to SSRs. Nevertheless, the genetic relationships identified using these markers were generally similar. The disparity between the analyses of the two markers made may be related to the amount of genome coverage which is characteristic of a particular marker system and/or its efficiency in sampling variation in a population. Results of RAPD marker analysis suggest that 80 marker bands were adequate for assessing the genetic variation present in the accessions examined. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
A collection of 28 Osteospermum clones and cultivated varieties of different origin were evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All the clones were identified by 12 decamers selected from a set of 30. This is the first characterization by molecular markers of the genetic material of Osteospermum. The level of genetic diversity among genotypes was assayed and all the accessions tested were then classified into six groups by UPGMA cluster analysis; the clustering of genotypes using the RAPD data proved to be in accordance with their breeding group origin. RAPD analysis can therefore be a useful tool for evaluating genetic variability in other Osteospermum germplasm collections for breeding purposes and for protecting intellectual property rights of improved varieties.  相似文献   

15.
Anthracnose, one of the destructive foliar diseases of sorghum growing in warm humid regions, is incited by the fungus Colletotrichum graminicola.The inheritance of anthracnose resistance was studied using the parental cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, HC 136 (susceptible to anthracnose) and G 73 (anthracnose resistant). The F1 and F2 plants were inoculated with the local isolates of C. graminicola cultures. The F2 plants showed a segregation ratio of 3 (susceptible): 1(resistant) indicating that the locus for resistance to anthracnose in sorghum accession G 73 segregates as a recessive trait in a cross to susceptible cultivar HC 136. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker OPJ 011437 was identified as marker closely linked to anthracnose resistance gene in sorghum by bulked segregant analysis of HC 136 × G73 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of sorghum. A total of 84 random decamer primers were used to screen polymorphism among the parental genotypes. Among these, only 24 primers were polymorphic. On bulked segregant analysis, primer OPJ 01 amplified a 1437 bp fragment only in resistant parent G 73 and resistant bulk. The marker OPJ 011437 was cloned and sequenced. The sequence of RAPD marker OPJ 011437 was used to generate specific markers called sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs). A pair of SCAR markers SCJ 01-1 and SCJ 01-2 was developed using Mac Vector program. SCAR amplification of resistant and susceptible parents along with their respective bulks and RILs confirmed that SCAR marker SCJ 01 is at the same loci as that of RAPD marker OPJ 011437 and hence, is linked to anthracnose resistance gene. Resistant parent G 73 and resistant bulk amplified single specific band on PCR amplification using SCAR primer pairs. The RAPD marker OPJ 011437 was mapped at a distance of 3.26 cM apart from the locus governing anthracnose resistance on the sorghum genetic map by the segregation analysis of the RILs. Using BLAST program, it was found that the marker showed 100 per cent alignment with the contig{_}3966 located on the longer arm of chromosome 8 of sorghum genome. Therefore, these identified RAPD and SCAR markers can be used in the resistance-breeding program of sorghum anthracnose by marker-assisted selection.An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

16.
Summary A linkage map for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was constructed on the basis of RADP, ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), isozyme, and morphological markers using F1BC1. A segregating population of 78 individuals was the result of a backcross of a cultivated inbred line (H-7; Citrullus lanatus; 2n=22) and a wild form (SA-1; C. lanatus; 2n=22), in which the latter was the recurrent (male) parent. A total of 69 RAPD, one RFLP, one isozyme, and three morphological markers was found to segregate in the BC1 population. Linkage analysis revealed that 62 loci could be mapped to 11 linkage groups that extended more than 524 centimorgans (cM), while 12 loci segregated independently of all other markers. The locus for exocarp color was linked to two RAPD markers within a region of 5 cM on linkage group 4. The locus for flesh color was linked to a RAPD marker within a region of 30 cM on linkage group 6. The isozyme marker GOT was located on the linkage group 1. Linkage group 2 contained a locus for ribosomal DNA within 5 cM of a RAPD marker. Half of the RAPD markers on the linkage group 7 displayed severely distorted segregation. The construction of linkage map using molecular markers is necessary for the breeding of watermelon to introduce useful gene of wild watermelon efficiently. However the linkage map that was constructed for the most part on the basis of RAPD markers could not cover significant parts of the genome, the linkage map provides breeders of watermelons the possibility of tagging useful agronomic traits, as well as the gene for exocarp color.Abbreviations RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA - RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism - GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - MDH malate dehydrogenase - ACP acid phosphatase - 6PGH 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase  相似文献   

17.
This paper describes the relative efficiency of three marker systems, RAPD, ISSR, and AFLP, in terms of fingerprinting 14 rice genotypes consisting of seven temperatejaponica rice cultivars, three indica near-isogenic lines, three indica introgression lines, and one breeding line of japonica type adapted to high-altitude areas of the tropics with cold tolerance genes. Fourteen RAPD, 21 ISSR, and 8 AFLP primers could produce 970 loci, with the highest average number of loci (92.5) generated by AFLP. Although polymorphic bands in the genotypes were detected by all marker assays, the AFLP assay discriminated the genotypes effectively with a robust discriminating power (0.99), followed by ISSR (0.76) and RAPD (0.61). While significant polymorphism was detected among the genotypes of japonica and indica through analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), relatively low polymorphism was detected within the genotypes of japonica rice cultivars. The correlation coefficients of similarity were significant for the three marker systems used, but only the AFLP assay effectively differentiated all tested rice lines. Fingerprinting of backcross-derived resistant progenies using ISSR and AFLP markers easily detected progenies having a maximum rate of recovery for the recurrent parent genome and suggested that our fingerprinting approach adopting the ‘undefined-element-amplifying’ DNA marker system is suitable for incorporating useful alleles from the indica donor genome into the genome of temperate japonica rice cultivars with the least impact of deleterious linkage drag.  相似文献   

18.
A. Bellamy    F. Vedel  H. Bannerot 《Plant Breeding》1996,115(2):128-132
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to distinguish between several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white witloof inbred lines, three red witloof experimental inbred lines and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Amplification conditions and reproducibility of RAPD patterns were examined. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products obtained by using 100 10-mer arbitrary primers allowed identification of all the lines analysed. With several primers, we defined line-specific RAPD markers, while with others polymorphism was more extensive, revealing several RAPD markers for several lines. All the differences were confirmed both on individual heads and young seedlings for each genotype. Because of the Mendelian segregation of these molecular markers, this method was applied to evaluate the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seed samples.  相似文献   

19.
DNA polymorphism among nine cultivars of Asparagus officinalis L. was measured using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Of 69 reproducible amplification products from 12 arbitrary decamer primers, 49 RAPD markers were polymorphic and could be used to distinguish six German and three Dutch asparagus cultivars. Even with very small sample sizes, genetic similarity measurements based on the RAPD data allowed accurate grouping of the nine cultivars into distinct clusters, with the exception of two individuals which clustered to closely related varieties. Two German cultivars showed high genetic similarity and were distinct from the remaining German varieties. The German and Dutch cultivars were clearly separated by a relatively large genetic distance.  相似文献   

20.
The first genetic linkage map of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is presented. The map is based on 56 F1 progeny of cultivars ‘Keauhou’ and ‘A16’. Eighty-four percent of the 382 markers analysed segregated as Mendelian loci. The two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy allowed construction of separate parental cultivar maps. Ninety bridging loci enabled merging of these maps to produce a detailed genetic map of macadamia, 1100 cm in length and spanning 70–80% of the genome. The combined map comprised 24 linkage groups with 265 framework markers: 259 markers from randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF), five random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and one sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS). The RAF marker system unexpectedly revealed 16 codominant markers, one of them a putative microsatellite locus and exhibiting four distinct alleles in the cross. This molecular study is the most comprehensive examination to date of genetic loci of macadamia, and is a major step towards developing marker-assisted selection for this crop. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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