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1.
抗赤霉病小麦优异新种质的分子标记辅助选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赤霉病(Fusarium head blight,FHB)是危害全球小麦生产安全的重要病害。创制抗赤霉病优异新种质是培育抗病新品种的首要任务。本研究以979-5(中感赤霉病)和苏麦3号(高抗赤霉病)杂交后代为材料,采用系谱育种法,综合利用农艺性状选择、SSR标记选择和赤霉病菌单花接种鉴定等技术,进行抗赤霉病新种质选育。结果表明:(1)用13个分别与苏麦3号3BS上主效抗赤霉病基因 Fhb1、6B上微效基因 Fhb2和5AS上微效基因 Fhb5紧密连锁的SSR标记对双亲进行分析,发现其中的6个标记在979-5和苏麦3号间扩增呈单态,另7个标记在双亲间扩增呈多态,表明979-5与苏麦3号在这3个基因位点具有较高的遗传相似性;(2)创制出中抗新品系13个,高抗赤霉病新品系7个,这20个新品系均携带有苏麦3号的 Fhb1基因位点,其中7个高抗新品系还兼具 Fhb2或 Fhb5标记位点的优异等位变异;(3)20个新品系不仅越冬抗寒性好,且株高较矮,生育期与亲本979-5相近,产量性状好,蛋白质含量、出粉率、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间等籽粒品质性状较优,其中,k15、k32和k40三个新品系的四项品质指标均达到国家中强筋品种标准。育成的新品系可用作黄淮冬麦区抗赤霉病品种改良的优异育种材料。 相似文献
2.
为获得农艺性状较好且抗赤霉病的种质资源、加快小麦抗赤霉病育种进程,以禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)菌株F15为致病菌,分别以苏麦3号与09X15作为抗病与感病对照,于2015-2017年对收集自南京农业大学等7个研究单位的45个小麦材料进行了大田赤霉病抗性鉴定与农艺性状调查,利用分子标记检测小麦种质所携带的 Fhb1基因。结果表明,在用微量移液器进行单花滴注接种鉴定的三年试验中,NMAS001、苏麦3号、P48等13个小麦材料至少有两年表现抗病。利用抗赤霉病主效QTL的SSR标记Xgwm493、 Xgwm533和Xbarc147对45个小麦材料进行 Fhb1基因的分子检测表明,苏麦3号、NMAS020、苏夫等20个小麦材料含有 Fhb1基因。抗赤霉病小麦材料一般主要农艺性状如株高、穗粒数、千粒重等表现不良;15HN018、15HN200和宁麦9号的抗赤霉性和农艺性状均较好。 相似文献
3.
为寻找小麦赤霉病抗性基因及可用于分子标记辅助育种的抗性连锁标记．对中国的三个小麦赤霉病抗源苏麦3号、望水白和宁894037进行了抗性QTL的定位研究。SSR、AFLP分析与QTL分析结果表明，尽管三个抗源的来源和遗传背景并不同，但均在3B染色体短臂上发现抗性主效QTL，不同遗传群体所获得的QTL位点所处的染色体区段略有差异，位于QTL两翼的SSR标记也有所不同。苏麦3号的赤霉病抗性主效QTL位于3B染色体上的标记区间Xgwm533～Xgwm493内；宁894037的抗性位点分布于3B和6B染色体上。分别定位于标记Xgwm493～Xbarcl33和Xgwm644-Xgwm518之间；望水白的抗性主效QTL也位于3B染色体上．定位于标记Xgwm493～Xbarc147之间。微效QTL由于遗传群体的不同，分别住于1B、3B和2A染色体上。研究还表明，寻找抗性QTL在3B染色体以外的新抗源十分必要。 相似文献
4.
黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质的创制和筛选 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了创制和筛选黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病新种质,以济麦22为受体,采用分子标记辅助选择与连续回交相结合的方法,将小麦赤霉病抗源苏麦3号抗病主效QTL导入黄淮麦区小麦品种济麦22;对黄淮麦区育成的564份品种（系）采用单花滴注方法进行连续3年赤霉病抗性鉴定和筛选。结果创制含苏麦3号抗赤霉病主效QTL的材料18份,其中4份农艺性状与济麦22相仿,赤霉病抗性明显提高;通过筛选获得赤霉病抗性水平达中感以上的材料18份,分子标记和 Fhb1基因鉴定结果表明,其中9份材料不含有 Fhb1基因,其抗赤霉病主效基因可能与苏麦3号不同。这些创制和筛选获得的抗赤霉病种质材料将为提高黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性提供有益帮助。 相似文献
5.
小麦赤霉病的抗性遗传分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为给小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良提供参考,利用苏麦3号及5个当地推广小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合,以赤霉病病小穗率为抗性指标,研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明,在6个小麦品种中,苏麦3号和扬麦9号赤霉病抗性的一般配合力最好,能极显著地提高杂种后代的赤霉病抗性。小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传符合加性显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,且加性效应更重要,显性程度为部分显性。控制赤霉病遗传的增效等位基因为显性,增减效等位基因频率在亲本中的分配存在显著差异。苏麦3号具有最多的控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因,而宁麦8号则具有控制赤霉病抗性遗传最多的隐性基因。小麦赤霉病抗性可能受2~3对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力较高,早代选择有效。论文最后还就小麦抗赤霉病育种进行了探讨。 相似文献
6.
扬麦13抗赤霉病品系的分子标记辅助选育 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过分子标记辅助选择技术和回交育种方法,以苏麦3号为抗赤霉病基因Fhb1和Fhb2的供体亲本,以弱筋感病品种扬麦13为受体和轮回亲本,对扬麦13进行赤霉病抗性改良。利用抗性基因紧密连锁的SSR标记筛选和田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,获得8个农艺性状似轮回亲本且含有目标基因的品系。通过分子标记对其进行遗传背景分析,获得3个与轮回亲本基本相同的品系。对这3个品系和扬麦13进行赤霉病接种鉴定和主要品质指标检测与比较,最终培育出携带赤霉病抗性基因且保持轮回亲本优良农艺性状及弱筋品质的品系R扬麦132、R扬麦137和R扬麦138,赤霉病病小穗率降低了78.82%~84.58%,产量提高了17.24%~26.72%,完全可以替代当前生产上高感赤霉病的扬麦13品种进行推广应用。这表明利用与抗性基因紧密连锁的分子标记辅助育种是一种有效的途径,可以实现小麦赤霉病抗性改良的目标。 相似文献
7.
赤霉病是由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦穗部病害,严重危害小麦生产,抗赤霉病品种选育是减轻其危害的重要途径之一。本研究以湖北省不同时期审定的59个小麦品种和选育的7份优异品系为材料,采用喷雾接种对其进行田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,并利用抗性基因Fhb1功能性分子标记和主效抗性基因(Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5和QFhs.crc-2DL)连锁分子标记对供试材料进行检测,分析其遗传分布和利用状况;同时分析湖北小麦品种(系)赤霉病抗性、株高和小穗密度等性状年代间的差异。结果表明,16份供试材料赤霉病抗性水平达到中抗,占比24.2%,以810619品系抗性最好,病情指数略低于苏麦3号;42份材料达到中感,占63.6%。分子检测结果显示,仅鄂T45048携带Fhb1;鄂麦11、鄂麦18和810619等29份材料(43.9%)可能携带Fhb5和QFhs.crc-2DL单个或2个抗性基因,说明这2个抗性基因在湖北小麦赤霉病抗性育种中得到了较多应用。赤霉病抗性与株高的相关性分析结果显示,近15年湖北小麦品种株高持续降低,但其与赤霉病抗性无显著相关。研究结果为明确湖北小麦品种赤霉病抗性水平和分子遗传基础提供了参考。 相似文献
8.
为筛选出黄淮麦区抗赤霉病优异品种（系）,以黄淮麦区71个主栽小麦品种（系）为材料,于2016-2017和2017-2018两年度采用单花滴注接种的方法,以苏麦3号、郑麦9023、淮麦22和济麦22分别作为抗、中抗、中感和感赤霉病对照品种,在赤霉病重发病区扬州对供试品种（系）进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用与抗赤霉病基因位点 Fhb1、 Fhb2、 Fhb4、 Fhb5和 QFhs.crc-2DL紧密连锁的分子标记进行基因型分析。结果显示,西农511等5个品种（系）的赤霉病抗性均达到中抗水平,淮麦30等17个品种（系）表现为中感,其他49个品种（系）表现为感病。对照品种苏麦3号同时携带 Fhb1、 Fhb2基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;淮麦40和徐麦DH9可能同时携带 Fhb1基因和 QFhs.crc-2DL位点;太麦198可能携带有 Fhb4基因;明麦16、皖麦32可能携带有 QFhs.crc-2DL位点。有17个赤霉病抗性较好的品种（系）均不携带本研究所检测的抗病基因/QTL。 相似文献
9.
为了创制小麦抗病、优质育种的重要中间材料,加速丰产、优质、综合抗逆性好的小麦新品种选育进程,以抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦3号和优质面包小麦安农94212、扬麦158等为亲本配置杂交组合,利用覆盖苏麦3号抗赤霉病主效QTL (Qfhs. ndsu-3BS)的4个SSR标记和优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基5 10特异分子标记在杂交F<,3代进行标记辅助选择,F<,4代选育到纯合的含有Qfhs. ndsu-3BS和5 10亚基的聚合体2个(J3316-8和J3316-10).经田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,J3316-8自交后代的8个株系赤霉病抗性表现优于苏麦3号,J3316-10自交后代的2个株系赤霉病抗性与苏麦3号相当.两个聚合体农艺性状比苏麦3号有明显的改良,加之它们含有优质面包小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基,因此可以作为小麦抗病和优质育种的中间材料.本研究结果进一步证明,将现代分子标记技术与传统育种方法相结合可以大大提高育种效率. 相似文献
10.
为了从分子水平上了解黄淮麦区部分骨干品种(尤其是西农系列品种)的春化和光周期特性、矮秆基因、抗赤霉病基因类型及全基因组优异位点的分布,以西农979、西农511等近年黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种(共64份)为材料,采用分子标记及小麦35K芯片对供试品种进行检测。结果表明,13份材料含有显性春化基因 Vrn-D1(20.3%),3份材料含有显性基因 Vrn-B1(4.7%),未检测到显性基因 Vrn-A1和 Vrn-B3;除中国春和宁春45外,其余62份材料均含光周期不敏感基因 Ppd-D1a;9份材料携带矮秆基因 Rht-B1b,28份材料携带矮秆基因 Rht-D1b,35份材料携带矮秆基因 Rht8;15份材料同时含有 Rht-D1b和 Rht8;苏麦3号和兰考198含抗赤霉病基因位点 Fhb1。芯片检测结果发现,西农系列品种亲缘关系较近,共含有1 049个特异SNP,集中在2A和6B染色体上,这些位点可能是决定西农系列品种区别于其他品种的重要遗传位点;所有参试材料共含有1445个相同的SNP位点,集中在2D和3B染色体上。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献