Mechanische Fruchtbehangsregulierung bei Apfel verbessert Fruchtgröße,Fruchtfestigkeit, Fruchtausfärbung und die Source: Sink – Verhältnisse mit mehr Einzelfruchtständen (Singlets) bei ‘Gala’     

Claudia Seehuber  Lutz Damerow  Achim Kunz  Michael M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2014,56(2):49-58

The objective of the MSc project was to improve fruit quality, i.e. fruit firmness, colour and size, by mechanical blossom thinning. Ten-year-old slender spindle apple cv. ‘Gala, Mondial’ trees at Campus Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany with an intense flowering of 7–8 on the 0–9 scale were blossom-thinned on 21 April 2009; unthinned trees served as control. Rotor speeds were 360 rpm or 420 rpm at 5 or 7.5 km/h tractor speed using the new mechanical thinning device developed at the University of Bonn in 2004–2006. Therein, a vertical mast supports three horizontal rotors, whose vertically rotating tines remove excessive flowers; the device was mounted on the front three point hitch of the tractor with the following results:

1. Mechanical thinning reduced the number of apple fruit from 18 per branch section in the un-thinned control, 12–13 in the medium to 8 fruit in the strongest thinning (420 rpm, 5 km/h).
2. Similarly, the number of singlets (one fruitlet/flower cluster) nearly doubled from ca. 2 per branch in the control to 3–4 after mechanical thinning, as intended.
3. The natural June drop after mechanical thinning resembled that in the un-thinned control.
4. Mechanical thinning increased fruit mass by 20 g—48 g relative to the un-thinned control.
5. Mechanical thinning with 420 rpm increased the portion of premium fruit >?70 mm (class I) by 43?% (7.5 km/h) and 63?% (5 km/h); combined mechanical and hand-thinning yielded the largest portion of fruit >?70 mm (70?%), but with a dramatic loss in yield (55?%).
6. Mechanical and manual thinning improved the portion of well coloured fruit (75–100?% coloured) (78–98?%) when compared to the un-thinned control fruits with 55?%, probably due to selective removal of shaded fruits from the inner tree canopy.
7. Overall, mechanical thinning alone gave better results than hand thinning alone or its combination with hand-thinning in cv. ‘Gala’; mechanical thinning waived the need for hand thinning in this experiment.
8. Mechanical thinning improved fruit firmness from 9.4 kg/cm² in the un-thinned control to 10.4 kg/cm².
9. Neither vegetative growth nor subsequent fruit drop were stimulated by this type of mechanical thinning.
10. The risk of both alternate bearing and over-sized fruit was waived due to the variety employed.
11. An economic evaluation showed a net profit of € 220/ha in the weak (420 rpm—7.5 km/h) aνô € 1,844/ha in the intermediate (360 rpm—5 km/h), but a net loss of € 1,120/ha (420 rpm—5 km/h) for the strongest thinning treatment, assuming a cost of € 120/ha for the mechanical treatment and a saving of € 200 for reduced hand thinning.

Overall, the positive results of a better fruit quality (size, colour and firmness) offer the potential of mechanical blossom thinning in cv. ‘Gala’, which is difficult to blossom-thin chemically.  相似文献   

Effects of corridor width and presence on the population dynamics of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)     

Vincent N. La Polla  Gary W. Barrett 《Landscape Ecology》1993,8(1):25-37

We tested the effects of increased landscape corridor width and corridor presence on the population dynamics and home range use of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) within a small-scale fragmented landscape. Our objective was to observe how populations behaved in patchy landscapes where the animals home range exceeded or equaled patch size. We used a small-scale replicated experiment consisting of three sets of two patches each, unconnected or interconnected by 1-m or 5-m wide-corridors, established in an old-field community (S.W. Ohio). Control (0-m) treatments supported significantly lower vole densities than either corridor treatment. Females were the dominant resident sex establishing smaller home ranges (<150m²) than males (>450m²). Significantly more male voles dispersed between patches with corridors than between patches without corridors. However, no difference was observed regarding the number of male voles dispersing between patches connected by corridors when compared to the number dispersing across treatments. Dispersal between connected patches was restricted to corridors based on tracking tube data. Corridor presence was more important than corridor width regarding the movement of male voles within their home range.  相似文献   

Nachernte-Behandlung von Äpfeln mit Calciumchlorid     

Werner Dierend  Sandra Rieken 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2007,49(2):51-56

From 2003 to 2006 the efficacy of post-harvest dips in calcium chloride solution was investigated for apples. Aim of these investigations was to find out the influence of different factors on the Ca-uptake of apples after harvest. The Ca-uptake of the fruit was influenced by following factors:

• the calcium chloride concentration of the dip solution,
• the duration of the dip,
• the duration of fruits' wetting,
• the apple cultivar,
• the addition of a wetting agent and
• the maturity of the fruit.

To get an appreciable Ca-uptake, the addition of a wetting agent is necessary. For a dip time of two minutes calcium chloride concentrations of 7 or 7.5% are needed. Apparently injuries of the apple skin don't appear. An elongation of the dip time or the duration of wetting increased the Ca-uptake. Cultivar and maturity of the fruit affect the Ca-uptake. The increase of the Ca-content can proved only close to the apple skin (skin to 2?cm depth).  相似文献   

Streuobst – Betreiberkonzepte und Sortenempfehlung     

Manfred Fischer 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2007,49(4):141-147

Fruit landscaping can be a helpful addition for the conservation of old fruit varieties in gene banks. Very important for this are a long-term security of the plantations, reliable definition of the varieties and documentation with scientific attention. Four management conceptions with a different intensity are possible:

1. Nature conservation (natural biotope without regulations),
2. Landscaping (without state promotion impossible),
3. Fruit utilization for processing (needs sufficient cultivation and special marketing conceptions) and
4. Clearing and new plantation of over aged trees.

Recommendation of varieties for new plantations with old cultivars for conservation and special using in landscaping needs the consideration of regional features and scientific results especially of resistance characteristics of the varieties.  相似文献   

Nährstoffaufnahme von Obstbäumen im 1. und 2. Standjahr     

W. Dierend 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2006,48(2):38-46

The nutrient uptake of fruit trees in the first and second year of cultivation was analyzed. The following fruit species and fruit varieties were examined: sour cherry (‘Schattenmorelle, Rheinland’, Hüttners Hochzucht 170?×?53, one year old tree), pear (‘Conference’, Quince A, two year old tree), apple on M 9 inoculated with the varieties ‘Pinova’ (two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Elstar’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree), ‘Jonagold’ (one year old tree, two year old tree with one year old crown, two year old tree) und Süßkirsche (‘Regina’, Gisela 5, two year old tree).

1. There was low nutrient uptake in the first and second year of cultivation.
2. In the second year of cultivation the nutrient uptake of all fruit species was clearly higher than in the first year of cultivation.
3. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the first year of cultivation was: 8?kg N/ha, 2?kg P/ha, 6?kg K/ha, 1?kg Mg/ha and 9?kg Ca/ha.
4. In average of the proved fruit varieties the nutrient uptake in the second year of cultivation was: 3?kg P/ha, 9?kg K/ha, 3?kg Mg/ha and 26?kg Ca/ha.
5. Especially in the first year of cultivation the trees of the stone fruits showed a higher nutrient uptake per tree than the trees of the pome fruits. But related to the nutrient uptake per hectar this difference reversed or became infinitely small.
6. The nutrient uptake of both the three apple varieties and the different plant materials showed only low differences.

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The effects of landscape composition and physiognomy on metapopulation size: the role of corridors   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Anderson  Greg S.  Danielson  Brent J. 《Landscape Ecology》1997,12(5):261-271

We develop and analyze a model that examines the effects of corridor quality, quantity, and arrangement on metapopulation sizes. These ideas were formerly investigated by Lefkovitch and Fahrig (1985) and Henein and Merriam (1990). Our simulations provide results similar to the Henein and Merriam model, indicating that the quality of corridors in a landscape and their arrangement will influence the size of a metapopulation. We then go one step further, describing how corridor arrangement alters the metapopulation, and provide a method for predicting which corridor arrangements should support larger metapopulations. In contrast to the Henein and Merriam model, we find that the number of corridor connections has no influence on the size of a metapopulation in a landscape unless there is an accompanying change in the uniformity of the distribution of corridor connections among patches.  相似文献   

Holzhäcksel- und Miscanthusmulch erhalten die Bodenfeuchte und fördern die biologische Bodenaktivität sowie vegetatives und generatives Wachstum junger Apfelbäume     

C. in der Beeck  Ralf Pude  Michael Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2006,48(2):47-61

Tree rows of a two-year-old apple (cv. ‘Topaz’) orchard in Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany, were mulched with either a) shredded broadleaf tree trunks (5?cm; 29?t dm/ha) in January 2005, b) high (6?cm; 17?t?dm/ha), or c) low (3?cm, 7?t dm/ha) shredded stems of Miscanthus in July 2004 to conserve resources and achieve closed systems; uncovered soil served as control. The following results were obtained in this MSc thesis during the 2005 growing season:

1. Soil covered with any of the three mulches mineralised 7–14?kg less nitrogen per hectare throughout the growing season resulting in a more balanced nitrogen mineralisation. The reduction in nitrogen supply prevented late vegetative growth and contributed to good fruit colouration.
2. The largest soil respiration was recorded with wooden chips as mulch with a peak of 1.6?CO₂?m^–2?h^{– 1} in June/July, followed by Miscanthus mulch and the uncovered control, which indicates enhanced microbial activity in the summer as a result of medium C/N ratio, warming and better aeration of the wood chips.
3. The organic mulches preserved soil moisture with values of less than 53 centibars and with less fluctuation than in the control.
4. The organic mulches reflected ca. 10% of incident PAR 1?m above ground, i.e. more light than uncovered soil, all without affecting fruit colouration.
5. The two thicker (5?cm and 6?cm) organic mulches suppressed weed population by 63–67% relative to the control.
6. The two thicker (5–6?cm) organic mulches improved potassium uptake by the apple leaves with 1.5 % K relative to 1.3 % K in the control on a leaf dry matter basis, but reduced their calcium and magnesium content.
7. Wood chips as mulch improved vegetative growth of the apple trees during the growing season, measured as trunk diameter, of 4?mm, followed by 3.6?mm of the high Miscanthus and 2.8?mm in both the low Miscanthus mulch and the control.
8. The organic mulches enlarged apple fruit diameter from 78?mm in the control to 80?mm with a concomitant increase in fruit weight from 180?g in the control to 185–188?g.

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The general ecological model of the Slovak Socialist Republic — Methodology and contents     

Ladislav Miklós 《Landscape Ecology》1989,3(1):43-51

Development of the general ecological model (EM) of the CSSR has been included in the state program for environmental policy - the Ecoprogramme of the CSSR — at a scale of 1:1 000 000 for the entire Czechoslovak territory and at a scale of 1:500 000 for the Czech Socialist Republic (CSR) and the Slovak Socialist Republic (SSR). The objective of the first EM stage was to make a survey of spatial differentiation of the major ecological problems of the country. The EM consists of four parts, three analytical and one synthetic. These parts are:

1. The ecological state (value) of the current spatial structure of the landscape.
2. Ecological stress factors in the landscape.
3. Protection of nature and natural resources. From the spatial synthesis of these three groups (from their spatial encounters), the following synthetic group of conditions was obtained:
4. Regional ecological problems, a system of ecologically stable areas, environmental stress factors and factors endangering the ecological stability of the landscape, the natural resources and the human environment.

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Culture and changing landscape structure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Joan Iverson Nassauer 《Landscape Ecology》1995,10(4):229-237

Culture changes landscapes and culture is embodied by landscapes. Both aspects of this dynamic are encompassed by landscape ecology, but neither has been examined sufficiently to produce cultural theory within the field. This paper describes four broad cultural principles for landscape ecology, under which more precise principles might be organized. A central underlying premise is that culture and landscape interact in a feedback loop in which culture structures landscapes and landscapes inculcate culture. The following broad principles are proposed:

1. Human landscape perception, cognition, and values directly affect the landscape and are affected by the landscape.
2. Cultural conventions powerfully influence landscape pattern in both inhabited and apparently natural landscapes.
3. Cultural concepts of nature are different from scientific concepts of ecological function.
4. The appearance of landscapes communicates cultural values.

Both the study of landscapes at a human scale and experimentation with possible landscapes, landscape patterns invented to accommodate ecological function, are recommended as means of achieving more precise cultural principles.  相似文献   

Farbige Hagelnetze: Ihre Netzstruktur sowie Licht- und UV-Durchlässigkeit bestimmen die Ausfärbung der Apfelfrüchte     

M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2007,49(4):127-139

Structure and light transmission of new translucent (white), black, red and green hailnets mostly of Italian origin were examined with the following results:

1. Coloured hail nets comprised double twisted longitudinal (parallel to the tree rows) and single transverse high density polyethylene (HDP) fibres of 288?μm to 356?μm diameter.
2. Black and green-black hail nets contained double black longitudinal fibres. White-translucent, grey or red hail nets contained double longitudinal translucent or red fibres.
3. Transverse single fibres were black in black, grey and red-black hail nets, soot-impregnated for UV protection, providing strength and durability, but translucent-white, red or green in the other nets and may tear upon overloading, leaving hail net strips parallel to the ridge.
4. Light was reduced by ca. 7% (PAR) – 20% (UV) by white-translucent, 11% (PAR) – 28% (UV) by red-white, 12% (PAR) – 23% (UV) by green-white, 13% (PAR) by light grey, 15% (PAR) – 26% (UV) by green-black or 16% (PAR) – 23% (UV) by red-black and 18% (PAR) – 29% (UV) by black hail nets measured 50?cm underneath; hail nets transmitted more NIR than PAR/visible light followed by UV with a peak at 375?nm. Light transmission increased by 3% above 500?nm (green) in green and by 2–5% above 570?nm (orange-red) in red hail nets, affecting neither the red?:?far red (666?:?730?nm/R?:?FR) ratio nor the phytochrome system.
5. The mesh size, i.?e. the distance in between the fibres, varied from translucent (white) hail nets with the largest mesh size of 3?×?9?mm, followed by 3.9?×?6.9 with green-white, 3.3?×?7.7?mm with red-white, 3.5?×?6.5 with green-black nets, 2.8?×?6.9?mm with grey as well as red-black and black hail nets both with the smallest mesh of 2.5–3?×?6.5?mm; these large variations in mesh size between hail nets predominantly influenced their light transmission, which was also affected by the proportion of translucent or black fibres in a hail net. A simple test is proposed to estimate the geometric light transmission without a magnifying glass based on measuring mesh size with a ruler and correcting for fibre strength and proportion of translucent or black fibres.
6. Fruit colouration of the poorly coloured apple cv. ‘Pinova’ followed this geometric light transmission, while that of the late-ripening, well-coloured cv. ‘Fuji, Kiku 8’ was sufficient and unaffected by hail net colour; fruit yields of the young apple tress were unaffected by net colour.
7. Black hail nets appear suitable for single-coloured green, or bi-coloured apple varieties with good colouration, or those otherwise susceptible to sunburn in Southern Europe. Crystal hail nets (with their translucent fibres, widest mesh size and largest light transmission), or grey hail nets (with twin translucent longitudinal, single black 0.32?mm strong transverse fibres and 2.5–3.5?mm?×?6–8?mm mesh) appear suitable for apple crops in Northwest-Europe with sunlight deficiency and without risk of sunburn. Red-white nets appear unsuitable due to the greater shading than the translucent fibres and for landscape reasons; their alleged photo-selective effects as reported from Southern Italy, Israel and Chile are interpreted to be due to reversal of photo-inhibition under high light intensities and heat in these regions.
8. Labelling of hail nets with tear and Langley values for UV durability is suggested.

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Obstkonsum in China �C Anbau, Angebot und Preise     

Dr. M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2011,53(3):93-98

As a Northern hemisphere fruit producer, China??s harvest time overlaps with that in Europe and the US and has been dominating the worldwide fruit market. Prices and sources of fruit in China were examined in supermarkets in Beijing in May 2011 and combined with the official Chinese Agricultural Yearbook to analyse China??s fruit industry:

1. China has become the world??s no 1 for apple (25?C30 mil. t), pear (13.5 mil. t) and Citrus (23 mil. t) production based on the Chinese statistical agricultural yearbook (2009), and no. 3 for strawberry (0.65?C0.8 mil. t), with an overall fruit production of 105?C113 mil. t/year and a tendency to increase domestic fruit production and consumption.
2. Fruit acreages, reported in 2009, were 2 mil. ha for apple, 1 mil. ha for pear (inclu-ding Nashi) and 2 mil. ha for Citrus and 0.083 mil. ha for strawberry totalling 10.7 mil. ha for fruit production in China, with a tendency towards slightly decreasing orchard acreage. The average farm size was ?£?0.5 ha.
3. Fruit consumption in China was calculated as 18?C21 kg apple/head/year, 10.1 kg pear/head/year (incl. Nashi) and 77?C81 kg fruit/head/year based on 1.33 billion inhabitants and production data; this is a rise in domestic fruit consumption from 45 kg in 2002/2003 to 77?C83 kg fruit/head/year in 2008/2009.
4. Jujube fruit yielded a farm gate price of 1.20 ?/kg and cv. ??Fuji?? apple 0.55 ?/kg (5 Yuan) as for most pome and stone fruit (with higher prices in the farm shop), which doubled to 1.10 ?/kg after sea export from Qingdao harbour to Rotterdam.
5. Prices for Chinese cv. ??Fuji?? apples in Beijing supermarkets ranged from ? 0.84/kg for a poor class II to ? 2.80/kg for class I fruit. Three (??Red Delicious??, ??Gala?? and ??Granny Smith??) out of five apple varieties on sale out-of-season in China??s Capital were imported from the US or Chile, with higher prices ranging from ? 3.25 for imported cv. ??Gala??, 4.15 ?/kg for ??Red Delicious?? to ? 4.90 for cv. ??Granny Smith??.
6. The Chinese viz Asian taste prefers large, juicy and sweet, red or yellow fruit with little acidity and smooth skin viz peel finish. Surprisingly, ??Granny Smith?? apples were sold as ??green apples?? without variety name at the highest price of all apple varieties.

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A Markov model of land-use change dynamics in the Niagara Region,Ontario, Canada   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Michael R. Muller  John Middleton 《Landscape Ecology》1994,9(2):151-157

Regional Niagara is the site of an intense three-way land-use conflict among urban, agricultural and natural uses. Large scale spatial and temporal land-use data were used to investigate the dynamics of land-use change in this area. A first order Markov chain was used as a stochastic model to make quantitative comparisons of the land-use changes between discrete time periods extending from 1935 to 1981. The Markov model allowed for two main conclusions about the historic dynamics of land-use change in the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

1. The urbanization of agricultural land was the predominant land-use change.
2. A continuing ‘exchange’ of land area occurs between wooded and agricultural land-use categories that has little effect on the net amount of wooded land but which could undermine the long-term ecological value of remaining natural areas in Niagara.

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Scale-specific land cover thresholds for conservation of stream invertebrate communities in agricultural landscapes     

Jeremy P. Grimstead  Edward M. Krynak  Adam G. Yates 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(12):2239-2252

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The influence of corridors on the movement behavior of individual Peromyscus polionotus in experimental landscapes     

Danielson  Brent J.  Hubbard  Michael W. 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(4):323-331

To assess corridor effects on movement in Peromyscus polionotus (old-field mice), we used a set of three experimental landscapes that contained multiple patches (1.64 ha) of usable, open habitat embedded in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest matrix. Some patches were connected by corridors and others were isolated (unconnected). We introduced mice to nest boxes in experimental patches and followed them through the landscapes via trapping. We found weak evidence that the presence of corridors decreased the probability that P. polionotus (particularly females) would disperse or disappear from a patch. In the process of live trapping the patches, we also encountered `feral' P. polionotus, Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rats), and Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mice). The average number of feral animals did not differ between isolated and connected patches. This suggests that corridors do not act as drift fences that `sieve' individuals out of the matrix and into the patches. However, more male than female P. polionotus and S. hispidus were trapped in isolated patches. This intersexual difference did not exist in connected patches.  相似文献   

Effects of landscape spatial structure on movement patterns of the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)     

David R. Bowne  John D. Peles  Gary W. Barrett 《Landscape Ecology》1999,14(1):53-65

A large-scale experimental landscape study was conducted to examine the use of corridors and the forest matrix habitat by the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). The role of micro- habitat selection by S. hispidus in influencing routes of movement was also investigated. The experimental landscape consisted of ten 1.64-ha patches (each 128×128 m) established in a loblolly (Pinus teada) forest. Four of the patches were isolated while the other six were connected in pairs by a 32-m wide corridor. Cotton rats (N=96) were simultaneously released into both an isolated and connected patch, and monitored by radiotelemetry for 10 days. We found that the forest matrix was not a barrier to movements of cotton rats. Fifty percent of the cotton rats moved through the matrix. Corridors had no significant effect on the number of animals leaving connected patches (60%) compared to isolated patches (50%). However, corridors were the preferred route to leave a connected patch. Colonization success for cotton rats leaving connected and isolated patches did not significantly differ. Cotton rats exhibited micro-habitat preferences and these preferences differed within patch/corridor and matrix habitats. In patch/corridor habitats, cotton rats selected sites with tall (>1 m) shrubs and high percent cover. In the forest matrix, cotton rats selected sites with abundant cover by vines and low tree canopy cover. Movement patterns of Sigmodon hispidus are not strongly influenced by large-scale landscape spatial structures. Micro-habitat selection, however, does influence movement patterns. These findings have important implications regarding habitat connectivity for small mammals.  相似文献   

Non-invasive Assessment of Firmness and NIR Sugar (TSS) Measurement in Apple, Pear and Kiwi Fruit     

Michael M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2013,55(1):19-24

A comparison of the non-invasive ‘intelligent firmness detector’ (IFD) with two standard destructive techniques for measuring fruit firmness of peeled fruit, viz. a hand-held (Bareiss) and the ART penetrometer, showed the least variation of the IFD or best reproducibility of SE of ?±?1–2 elasticity units with firm cv. ‘Braeburn’ apples, equivalent to conventional hand penetrometer values of ±?0.12 kg/cm². Correlations of the IFD with hand-held values ranged from r ²?=?0.47–0.54 for cv. ‘Lucas’ pear, 0.55–0.75 for stored cv. ‘Elstar’ apple to 0.68 (ART) and 0.75 (handheld penetrometer) for retail cv. ‘Hayward’ kiwi fruit. Shrivelled fruit showed larger elasticity values possibly due to the firm ridges, which develop in the peel during shrinkage of those fruit. The IFD software corrects viz. removes artificially firm values, if the pressure sensor hits the pedicel rather than the fruit. A second comparison for total soluble solids (TSS/sugar/sweetness/taste) values of the non-invasive ‘intelligent fruit analyser’ (IFA) with conventional, destructive refractometry showed a good correlation with a coefficient of determination of r ²?=?0.87 with cv. ‘Elstar’. Non-destructive IFA sugar/TSS values were within ca. 4?% of those obtained by the destructive refractometer, e.g. an accuracy of ±0.6?% sugar/TSS in apple fruit with 14–17?% sugar. The work showed that

1. non-invasive fruit firmness determination with the IFD requires only a single calibration for all fruit species and future measurements,
2. non-invasive sugar determination with the IFA requires regression curves in the grading machine for each fruit species, cultivar, provenience and year, or alternatively a large number of stored values, and
3. neither bruises nor heat damage were observed on fruit measured properly by the IFD or IFA.

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Landscape graphs: Ecological modeling with graph theory to detect configurations common to diverse landscapes     

Margot D. Cantwell  Richard T. T. Forman 《Landscape Ecology》1993,8(4):239-255

In view of the bewildering diversity of landscapes and possible patterns therein, our objectives were to see if a useful modeling method for directly comparing land mosaics could be developed based on graph theory, and whether basic spatial patterns could be identified that are common to diverse landscapes. The models developed were based on the spatial configuration of and interactions between landscape elements (ecosystems, land uses or ecotopes). Nodes represented landscape elements and linkages represented common boundaries between elements. Corridors, corridor intersections, and the matrix were successfully incorporated in the models. Twenty-five landscape graphs were constructed from aerial photographs chosen solely to represent a breadth of climates, land uses and human population densities. Seven distinctive clusters of nodes and linkages were identified and common, three of which, in the forms of a spider, necklace and graph cell, were in >90% of the graphs. These represented respectively the following configurations of patches, corridors and matrix: (1) a matrix area surrounding or adjoining many patches; (2) a corridor bisecting a heterogeneous area; and (3) a unit in a network of intersecting corridors. The models also indicated that the connectivity or number of linkages for several common elements, such as fields and house clearings, was relatively constant across diverse landscapes, and that linear shaped elements such as roads and rivers were the most connected. Several additional uses of this graph modeling, including compatibility with systems dynamics models, are pinpointed. Thus the method is useful in allowing simple direct comparisons of any scale and any landscape to help identify patterns and principles. A focus on the common and uncommon configurations should enhance our understanding of fluxes across landscapes, and consequently the quality of land planning and management.  相似文献   

Effect of connectivity and habitat availability on the occurrence of the Chestnut-throated Huet-Huet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteroptochos castaneus,</Emphasis> Rhinocryptidae) in fragmented landscapes of central Chile     

Matías G. Castillo  H. Jaime Hernández  Cristián F. Estades 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(7):1061-1068

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Assessing landscape functional connectivity in a forest carnivore using path selection functions     

Filipe Carvalho  António Mira  Pedro Beja 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(5):1021-1036

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Past and predicted future effects of housing growth on open space conservation opportunity areas and habitat connectivity around National Wildlife Refuges     

Christopher M. Hamilton  Matthias Baumann  Anna M. Pidgeon  David P. Helmers  Wayne E. Thogmartin  Patricia J. Heglund  Volker C. Radeloff 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(9):2175-2186

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