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Volker Kaus 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2017,69(1):15-19
EU Regulation 1107/2009 (Plant Protection Products Regulation) requires that active substances and plant protection products have to be assessed in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge. The EU-Commission has the assignment to define the current scientific and technical knowledge. The current scientific and technical knowledge has to be determined in a generally accepted procedure and has to be implemented into the assessment process under consideration of the legal requirements of confidence protection and the proportionality principle. 相似文献
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H. H. HOPPE 《Weed Research》1980,20(6):371-376
Effect of diclofop-methyl on the growth und development of Zea mays L. seedlings Diclofop-mcthyl, a diphenoxypropionic acid herbicide, had no effect on the germination of maize (Zea mays) seed. Prc-ger-minated maize embryos showed inhibited radicle growth when treated with the herbicide, but those of beans were considerably less sensitive. The inhibitory effect of the herbicide on maize radicle growth was reversed when the embryos were transferred to herbicide-free medium within 24 h of treatment. The higher concentrations of diclofop-methyl tested (≥10?6 M) induced necrosis on the second day of treatment, which first appeared in the meristematic and elongation zone of the root tip and then via the rest of the root to the grain. The herbicide increased the fresh and dry weight as well as the dry matter content of the radicle tips of Zea mays. These effects were attributed in an accumulation of cell wall material in the herbicide-treated root lips. In the presence of hydroxyurea, a selective inhibitor of cell division, the effect of diclofop-melhyl on radicle elongation was reduced but did not cease complelely. From these results it can be concluded that diclofop-methyl interferes with the processes that effect both cell division and cell elongation. 相似文献
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M. Arndt 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2006,58(1):67-74
The Ministry for Environment, Health, and Consumer Protection in the German state of Bavaria funded a cooperative research network entitled Assessment and Monitoring of Genetically Modified Organisms Placed on the Market. Within this framework, the Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture (LfL) evaluated and monitored the environmental effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize from 2000 to 2004. The LfL research focussed on potential side effects on nontarget organisms including aphids and antagonists, butterflies, soil micro-organisms, springtails, earthworms, and nematodes in the laboratory, small field blocks, and fields of commercial size. Of that research, only the studies on nematodes are presented in this article. As an abundant and diverse group in agricultural soils, nematodes are an important part of the soil/food network and have functional diversity in agrarian ecosystems. They may be relevant bioindicators, as plant-feeding nematodes could be affected directly by Bt toxin from the maize tissues, while saprophagous nematodes may be indirectly affected by changed fungal or bacterial food sources. A more detailed and comprehensive final report was published as a special volume in the series on all LfL project results (http://www.LfL.bayern.de). 相似文献
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J. Hinrichs-Berger 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(2):48-54
Painting the trunks of deciduous fruit trees white prevents frost injuries. Frost cracks in the bark are important entry sites to the trunk for many plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, which causes decline of fruit trees. Frost damage and the epiphytic Pseudomonas population on trunks were significantly reduced by painting trees with white paint before the first frost in autumn. A copper compound (Funguran) was added to the paint. This sort of protection from frost injuries relies primarily on the physical effect that the sunlight does not warm the bark, since it is reflected by the white colour. Heating up the bark on the sunny side of the trunk during frost periods leads to tension cracks. A number of products were tested for their stability on bark and their ability to cover trunks and reflect sunlight. Some colours were stable for the whole observation period (more than 100 days) and guaranteed effective heat protection. In conclusion, painting the trunks of deciduous fruit trees white effectively controlled frost cracks. Moreover, the results of a 2-year field trial indicate that trunk infections of Pseudomonas syringae were prevented by using a white paint to which a copper compound was added. 相似文献
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Olaf Zimmermann 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(6):157-166
The use of Trichogramma egg parasitoids has further increased. T. brassicae, released against the European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis, holds the largest share in Germany with 11,000 hectare. For small-scale fruits crops the commercial use of T. cacoeciae and T. dendrolimi against the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) and the Plum Moth (Grapholita funebrana) has been expanded. Trichogramma species are also being offered for controlling the vine moths, Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella on grapevine in homegardens. A strain of T. evanescens is available against cabbage pests, especially noctuids. Research has been conducted on the biological control of Autographa gamma in spinach, as well as of the Pea Moth (Cydia nigricana) and the Leek Moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella) in organic farming. Trichogramma is also important for the biocontrol of exotic pests in greenhouses. These are often polyphagous pests that have been introduced together with ornamental plants, such as Duponchelia fovealis and Clepsis spectrana. The Carnation Tortrix (Cacoecimorpha pronuba) was successfully controlled by Trichogramma in the field. The use of Trichogramma has been further established for the control of storage pests. T. evanescens is used against the Indian Meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) in stored cereal products. Other target pests in storage environments are Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella. In addition, Trichogramma species have been tested for the control of the Common Cloths Moth (Tineola bisselliella) under laboratory conditions. The range of target pests for Trichogramma egg parasitoids has therefore increased considerably in research and commercial applications in Germany. 相似文献
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Christian Ulrichs Dominika Dolgowski Tanja Mucha Christoph Reichmuth Inga Mewis 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2005,57(5):110-116
Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen eines Umweltgutachtens wurde die phytotoxische und insektizide Wirkung von Steinkohlenflugasche untersucht. Als Testorganismen dienten die Pflanzen Tropaeolum majus (Kapuzinerkresse) und Lepidium sativum (Brunnenkresse) sowie die Vorratsschädlinge Plodia interpunctella (Dörrobstmotte), Tenebrio molitor (Mehlkäfer) und Sitophilus granarius (Kornkäfer). Gezeigt werden konnte, dass die verwendete Steinkohlenflugasche bei einem aus der Literatur entnommenen theoretischen täglichen Flugstaubniederschlag von 1 g/m2 keine phytotoxischen bzw. insektiziden Eigenschaften aufwies. Selbst eine zehnfach erhöhte Dosis von 10 g/m2 hatte innerhalb von 2 Tagen keine erhöhte Mortalität von Dörrobstmottenlarven bzw. über einen Zeitraum von 12 Tagen keine erhöhte Mortalität von Mehlkäfern (alle Entwicklungsstadien) zur Folge. Für Kornkäfer ergab sich eine leichte Erhöhung der Mortalität auf 2 % innerhalb von 12 Tagen nach einer Dosierung von 5 g/m2. Die Mortalitätsrate von Kornkäfern erhöhte sich nach Applikation von 125 mg Flugasche auf eine Fläche von 50 cm2 innerhalb von 12 Tagen von 6 % in der Kontrolle auf 14 %. Eine mit Diatomeenerde zur Positivkontrolle durchgeführte Versuchsreihe hatte hingegen bei gleich hoher Dosierung eine 100 %ige Abtötung aller adulten Kornkäfer zur Folge. Starke Pflanzausfälle waren erst bei einem komplett aus Flugasche bestehendem Substrat zu verzeichnen. Nur geringfügig waren die Wuchsleistungen der verwendeten Pflanzen ab einem Flugascheanteil von 50 % im Substrat beeinträchtigt.
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Zusammenfassung Paecilomyces lilacinus Stamm 251 (PL251) ist ein fakultativer, eipathogener Pilz, der im Rahmen einer integrierten Bekämpfung zur Kontrolle des Zuckerrübenzystennematoden Heterodera schachtii eingesetzt werden kann. In einem Feldversuch sollte untersucht werden, ob sich der Antagonist unter Freilandbedingungen in einem Bodenökosystem etablieren kann und welche Parameter seine Persistenz beeinflussen. PL251 wurde in kommerzieller Formulierung (BIOACT® WG) zur Zuckerrübensaat mit einer Aufwandmenge von 4 kg Produkt pro Hektar appliziert und in den Boden eingearbeitet. Anschließend wurde die Dichte des Antagonisten im Boden 0, 50, 90 Tage nach der Applikation sowie zur Ernte untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass unmittelbar nach der Applikation die Verteilung von PL251 im Boden sehr heterogen und die Dichte deutlich niedriger als erwartet war. Innerhalb von 90 Tagen nahm die Dichte unabhängig von der Ausgangskonzentration um durchschnittlich mehr als 90% ab. Zur Ernte konnte PL251 nicht mehr aus der Rhizosphäre von Zuckerrüben rückisoliert werden. Der im Verlauf der Zeit festgestellte Populationsabfall war unabhängig von der räumlichen Verteilung und der Populationsentwicklung von H. schachtii. Es konnte somit demonstriert werden, dass bei der Anwendung des antagonistischen Pilzes PL251, aufgrund der geringen Persistenz unter Freilandbedingungen, die Wahrscheinlichkeit, das Risiken für die Umwelt bestehen, als äußerst gering einzustufen ist. 相似文献
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Investigation of the germination of six tropical arable weeds With the six tropical arable weeds studied, Ageratum conyzoides, Blechum brownei, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Mikania micrantha, Paspalum conjugatum and P. paniculatum, the lowest temperatures at which germination occurred were in the range 10–15(20)°C, the highest up to 40°C, with the optimum between 20°C and 35°C. Ageratum conyzoides and C. crepidioides had lower limits of germination temperature than the other species, which explains their comparatively greater incidence at high altitudes. The germination temperatures of both representative temperate species, Alopecurus myosuroides and Chenopodium album were 5 (minimum), 15–25 (optimum) and 40°C (maximum). The germination of A. conyzoides, C. crepidioides and M. micrantha was reduced by an osmotic potential of - 1 bar. At -4·7 bar only P. paniculatum of the tropical species germinated to a small extent whilst Al. myosuroides and Ch. album were not affected. After storage for a year in dry conditions all six tropical species only germinated when exposed to light. After 20 months, C. crepidioides and P. paniculatum would also do so in the dark. 相似文献
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Weed seedbanks and soil properties of arable fields in Bavaria The weed seed banks and the soil properties were determined for 140 arable fields situated in seven different regions of Bavaria (FRG). The results revealed a close correlation between the number of seeds and several factors of soil ecology. In calcareous samples the density of weed seeds was mostly low. Mean levels of seed contents were observed in soils of moderate acidous reaction with a loamy or a sandy texture. The highest concentration of seeds was found in fields with acid sand and/or seasonal moisture in the top soil. These results can be explained by the considerable influence soil properties have on the spectrum of species growing in fields. Thus the seed production characteristic of a species results in a seed bank specific to the site. 相似文献
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From the year 2000 on, different steps have been taken to study the real extent of pesticide use in Germany. For this paper, the data of farms in North East Germany were examined for the chemical plant protection measures carried out between 2000 and 2004. Results are presented for 97 winter wheat fields and 68 fields of oil seed rape. Pesticide use intensity is described as frequency of use, number of pesticides used, and treatment frequency index. Number and composition of tank mixtures are given in detail. More over it can be shown that the use of reduced dosages contributes to smaller overall pesticide use intensity. 相似文献
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Two kinds of pheromone-based trap systems are used in the integrated system against the European Spruce Bark Beetle: a standardized commercial slot-trap and an attract-and-kill system using insecticide-coated spruce wood. To determine the individual benefits and limits in both systems, a comparative survey has been done in 2008, respecting the slightly different requirements for deploying both systems with maximum efficiency. The observed results showed that both systems are able to attract large numbers of spruce bark beetles, however the wooden attract-and-kill system removed both larger numbers and higher percentages of the attracted individual beetles. During the survey, the wood traps were able to incapacitate between 80 and 90?% of the attracted beetles, while the slot-traps kept only 50?C60?% contained. While the use of a non-specific insecticide in a freely accessible trap system always bears the risk of attracting and killing individuals of non-targeted species, the survey gave no indication that specialised antagonists of the spruce bark beetle or other non-target-species has been overly affected. The percentage of non-target-organisms has been 0.3?% in total. It was concluded that, while both systems have the capability to reduce the local population of European Spruce Bark Beetles, the natural wood trap system using an insecticide has the ability to control a much larger population and should therefore be considered the primary choice if the conditions on the site indicating a high risk of a continuous bark beetle infestation. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung:
91 hessische Rapshonige der Erntejahre 2000 bis 2002
wurden auf Rückstände der zur Blütespritzung zugelassenen
Fungizide Carbendazim, Iprodion, Metconazol, Tebuconazol und
Vinclozolin untersucht. Dabei traten Tebuconazol und Vinclozolin
vereinzelt in Mengen bis max. 0,018 mg/kg auf, Carbendazim
hingegen in 35,2 % aller Proben und in Gehalten von bis zu 0,118
mg/kg. Im Mai 2002 wurden zwei isoliert gelegene Rapsflächen
(9,8 bzw. 5,5 ha) während der Vollblüte mit 1 l/ha
Derosal® (360 g/l Carbendazim) bzw.
mit 1,5 l/ha Folicur® (251,2 g/l
Tebuconazol) gespritzt. In jeweils sechs Honigproben von
unmittelbar an den Flächen aufgestellten Völkern wurden
Rückstandsgehalte von durchschnittlich 0,145 mg/kg (0,061 –
0,227 mg/kg) Carbendazim bzw. 0,018 mg/kg (<BG – 0,025 mg/kg)
Tebuconazol ermittelt. Wirkstoffspezifische Eigenschaften des
Carbendazims führen offensichtlich zu außergewöhnlich hohen
Belastungswerten im Honig. Ungeachtet ihrer toxikologischen
Relevanz veranlassten diese Befunde die Herstellerfirmen zu
einer zwischenzeitlichen Vertriebseinstellung von Carbendazim
und Thiopanatemethyl auf dem deutschen Markt.
Residues of Carbendazim and other fungicides in honey due to blossom application in canola
Summary: During 2000 to 2002, 91 Hessian spring honeys from regions with an extended cultivation of canola were analysed for residues of the registered fungicides Carbendazim, Iprodion, Metconazol, Tebuconazol and Vinclozolin. The samples included 15 honeys from certified ecological apiaries.While Iprodion and Metconazol were not detected at all and Tebuconazol and Vinclozolin only sporadic with maximum levels of 0,018 mg/kg, Carbendazim was found in 35,2 % of the samples with up to 0,118 mg/kg. The eco honeys did not differ from the other samples.In May 2002 two isolated canola fields (9,8 resp. 5,5 ha) were treated with 1 l/ha Derosal® (active in gredient: 360 g/l Carbendazim) in 600 l water/ha resp. with 1,5 l/ha Folicur® (active ingredient: 251,2 g/l Tebuconazol) in 400 l water/ha during full blossom while a third field served as an untreated control. Three honey bee colonies were placed close to each field four days before treatment. From each hive, two samples of fresh honey were taken seven days after the treatment and analysed for residues of Carbendazim and Tebuconazol. While only one of six samples from the control field was contaminated with 0,080 mg/kg Carbendazim, each of the six honey samples from the Carbendazim treated field showed residues of Carbendazim (average: 0,145 mg/kg, range: 0,061 – 0,227 mg/kg) and five of six samples from the Tebuconazol treated field were positive for Tebuconazol (average: 0,018 mg/kg, range: <DL – 0,025 mg/kg).Due to its specific characters (slightly hydrophilic compared to other fungicides) a blossom application of Carbendazim can result in extremely high residue levels in honey. In the meantime, the manufacturers of Carbendazim and Thiophanatemethyl acknowledged these findings and, irrespectively of its toxicological relevance, stopped their deal with such products on the German market.相似文献
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Reinhard Amler 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2009,61(2):57-71
Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999–2008 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Knowledge about difference in ripeness between grain and residual plants at the harvest were used for exactly choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of residual plants) is more suitable for the leading of plant development, the determination of harvest date and the choice of cultivar as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming with a better financially results in food-, milk- and methane production in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 64%, to the dry matter content of starch of 33% and a ripeness index from 2.55 to 2.9 for parameter of quality and quantity. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 33 to 35% in the whole plant silage maize. But under suboptimal conditions the harvest is carried out, if SRI had a maximal value. In dependence on the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) and (SRI) parameters of silage and energy maize were predicted differential development of ripeness and yield. The aims of silage and energy maize are similar. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of residual plants are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize at the harvesting time. SRI is also universal suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence. 相似文献