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1.
Powdery mildew of mango, incited by the fungus Pseudoidium anacardii (F. Noack) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook 2012 (formerly known as Oidium mangiferae Berthet), is one of the most common, widespread and serious diseases throughout the world and causes significant yield losses. Symptomatology, biology, and etiology of powdery mildew and its control through fungicides have not been widely studied, and substantial information is still required on the inoculum potential, growth models and epidemiological parameters of powdery mildew, influence of changing climate, impact of extensive use of fungicides and disease resistance. These critical factors may influence the development and emergence of diverse isolates of O. mangiferae including fungicide-resistant strains. Mango varieties differ slightly in their reaction to powdery mildew but a source of resistance has not been identified. In view of the increasing demands of mangoes in the world, control of powdery mildew is gaining importance. The present review treats briefly different aspects of powdery mildew disease with major emphasis on its ecology, pathology, epidemiology and management. Some new approaches such as biological control, integrated management strategies and some other aspects which have not been highlighted in former reviews, are also discussed. 相似文献
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《Crop Protection》1987,6(2):90-94
In two years a range of fungicides was used to control rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba). In 1984 fenpropimorph, maneb, mancozeb, maneb plus mancozeb, propiconazole, thiram, triadimefon and zineb-polyethylene thiuram disulphide plus tridemorph were applied once or twice and compared with no fungicide. In 1985 the experiment was repeated with the addition of benodanil. In 1984 there was very little rust or other foliar disease and the effects of treatments on yield were small. In 1985 rust was first found in late June and became severe on untreated plots in August. All the fungicides reduced the incidence of rust but the amount of control differed with frequency of application and on different dates of disease assessment. In 1985 chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) also became severe in late August. All the fungicides reduced chocolate spot but maneb plus mancozeb was the most effective. In 1985 yields were increased from 5 · 6 to 7 · 7 t/ha by maneb plus mancozeb applied once. Other fungicides gave smaller yield increases. Yield increases given were attributable mainly to control of rust but partly to control of chocolate spot. Yield increases given by non-systemic fungicides came mainly from increases in the weight of individual grains; those yield increases given by systemic materials came, in addition, from better pod retention. 相似文献
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Little information is available regarding the efficacy and timing of modern fungicides for the control of plum rust. In this study, modern fungicides, including triazoles, strobilurins, and benzimidazoles, and a classic fungicide (chlorothalonil) were tested under both greenhouse and field experiments. Excellent disease control was obtained by the pre-inoculation application of all fungicides in the greenhouse experiments. However, only triazoles (tebuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole and hexaconazole) were effective when applied up to 6 or 7 days after inoculation. Unexpectedly, strobilurins (azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin) and benzimidazoles (thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim) were not effective when applied at any time after inoculation. In field experiments, early-season fungicide applications effectively inhibited primary infections; however, these applications provided no apparent benefit in preventing secondary infections and premature leaf fall later in the season. All fungicides provided better control over the season and significantly reduced premature leaf fall when applied immediately after rust pustules (uredinia) were first observed. It is suggested that all fungicides tested in this study can be used for plum rust control. Disease monitoring data indicated that disease severity remained low throughout May but dramatically increased in early June. Mid-May is evidently the best time to initiate fungicide sprays against rust on plums; the spray should be applied before or when rust pustules are first observed and when rust is present at low severity. 相似文献
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Epidemics of coffee leaf rast (CLR) were monitored to establish the seasonal pattern of epidemic development in various coffee growing regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and to determine the effect of temperature on those epidemics. There is a seasonal pattern to the epidemics of CLR in PNG. Rust incidence (% infected leaves) is lowest during the October-November to January-February period. Thereafter rust incidence increases and reaches a peak in May-June-July, after which the disease incidence declines. The average maximum disease incidence (MDI) was less than 20% leaves infected. MDI was positively correlated with the mean minimum monthly temperature five months before the MDI. This association indicated that if the average minimum temperature is less than 15 °C in January, epidemic development 5 months later will not reach levels which require chemical control. The minimum temperatures recorded in PNG suggest that conditions are sub-optimal for the development of epidemics of coffee leaf rust in the main coffee growing areas of the country. The possibility that CLR became established in the main coffee growing regions of Papua New Guinea before 1986 and remained undetected for a number of years is discussed. 相似文献
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大豆锈病研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1899年在中国的吉林首次报道了由豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd)引起的大豆锈病。20世纪60年代大豆锈病成为热带、亚热带地区大豆生产中最严重的病害，进入本世纪后，大豆锈病成为世界性病害。对大豆锈病较为系统的研究始于20世纪70年代，目前对大豆锈病的病原菌分类、分布及其寄主、病原夏孢子生物学特性、病害流行、抗锈资源鉴定、抗锈遗传都有较为详细的研究，但对冬孢子的作用、生理小种的分化和鉴定、锈菌的交替寄主、锈病的初侵染源都还缺乏深入的研究，至今尚未发现对锈菌免疫的抗源，限制了锈病的防治和抗锈遗传育种的开展。 相似文献
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不同施药模式对小麦产量、品质及效益的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为优化小麦病虫害防控技术,2008-2010年在成都平原开展了不同施药模式(CK:孕穗期和开花期喷施清水;T1:在孕穗期和开花期喷施杀菌剂防治病害;T2:在孕穗期和开花期喷施杀虫剂防治虫害;T3:在孕穗期和开花期分别喷施杀菌剂和杀虫剂防治病虫害;T4:在开花期一次性混合喷施杀虫剂和杀菌剂防治病虫害)试验,分析了不同处理间小麦病虫害、产量、品质及效益的差异。结果表明:(1)多数测试指标存在显著的年度效应,锈病病株率、白粉病病株率、降落值和多数RVA参数存在显著的年度与处理互作效应;(2)对照处理病虫害发生较重,单独喷施杀虫剂或杀菌剂均不能有效防控病虫危害,分次或混合施用杀虫剂和杀菌剂对病虫害的综合防控效果明显好于单独喷施;(3)施药处理较对照都有明显的增产、增收效果,产量增加6.9%～11.8%,纯收益增加4.3%～8.7%,以杀虫剂和杀菌剂分次喷施处理增幅最大;(4)施药处理对不同品质指标的影响存在较大差异,施药有降低湿面筋含量、沉降值和面团稳定时间的趋势,但都明显提高了降落值和RVA参数值。施药处理均未检出农药残留限值。综合产量、品质和效益,在选择抗病品种的基础上,于开花期实施多类药剂混合喷施不失为小麦节本高效的病虫防控措施。 相似文献
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Shade effects on coffee rust are controversial, possibly because shade helps to prevent high fruit loads, which decreases leaf receptivity to the pathogen but, at the same time, might provide a better microclimate for germination and colonization. These two probable antagonistic pathways are combined under natural conditions. In order to clarify their individual effects, we dissociated the two factors by manually homogenising fruit loads under two light exposure situations, under shade and in full sunlight. The trial was set up in Turrialba, Costa Rica at 600 m of elevation, in a coffee plot initially under shade provided by the tree legume Erythrina poeppigiana. The plot was subdivided into two subplots: one was maintained under shade, whereas shade was eliminated in the second subplot. In each subplot, we removed fruiting nodes from 40 coffee plants in order to obtain the following four levels: none, 150, 250, and 500 fruiting nodes per coffee plant. Coffee rust incidence and severity, along with plant growth and defoliation, were assessed on these coffee plants over a period of two years. Air and leaf temperatures, leaf wetness and relative humidity were also monitored. As expected, the intensity of the coffee rust epidemic increased in line with fruit load. We quantified a 28.9% increase in coffee rust incidence and a 129.2% increase in severity on plants with 500 fruiting nodes as compared to plants with no fruits. With the homogenised fruit load, the intensity of the coffee rust epidemic was greater in the shaded subplot, with a 21.5% increase in incidence and a 22.4% increase in severity. Two mechanisms were suggested. Firstly, we highlighted a dilution effect due to host growth which was 25.2% and 37.5% greater in full sunlight when considering new leaves or new leaf area respectively. Secondly, the microclimate was more conducive to coffee rust under shade, with lower intra-day temperature variations, due to lower maxima, and a higher leaf wetness frequency. We concluded that shade has antagonistic effects on coffee rust. Coffee rust is reduced by shade because shade reduces the fruit load. However, with an equivalent number of fruiting nodes, coffee rust incidence and, to a lesser extent, severity were greater under shade. The service provided by shade in controlling coffee rust is necessarily associated with a disservice that consists in reducing yield in the short term. 相似文献
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在我国小麦条锈病常发易变区陇南地区，从1973年起对里勃留拉、N．斯特拉姆潘列、成农4号、清农1号、中梁5号和清农3号6个品种抗杀锈病的持久性进行了鉴定与分析。结果表明，在陇南小麦生产品种太多仅经3～8年即丧失抗务锈性的情况下，里勃留拉和N．斯特拉姆潘列在近30年间表现了突出的持久抗性。里勃留拉一年表现免疫，其余年份均发病，但病情指数仅为0．01％～5％。N．斯特拉姆潘列则以表现免疫为主，少数年份发病，病情指数0．1％～2．5％。成农4号也已大面积种植20余年，表现感病的反应型，少数年份病情指数较高．但多年来均能保持正常落黄和较为稳定的产量。此外，清农1号抗性保持16年，但以后却成为高感品种。本文在上述试验的基础上对小麦蒂锈病抗病性的持久性等问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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The effectiveness of eleven foliar-applied fungicides on faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schröt.) and on the seed yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were studied in growth chambers and in the field in Spain. Fungicides were tested at recommended and reduced rates. All the fungicides tested provided very effective preventive control in the growth chamber studies. Triazoles (difenoconazol, epoxiconazol, tebuconazol) and their mixtures with benzimidazoles (carbendazim-flutriafol and carbendazim-flusilazole) provided the most effective curative effect, even at 25% of recommended concentrations. They were followed by dithiocarbamates, copper dithiocarbamate mixture, carboxamide and chlorothalonil. Triazoles, benzimidazole-triazole mixtures and carboxamide maintained their effect until 15 days after fungicide application.Under field conditions, rust infection caused 22-26% yield reduction. All fungicides except mancozeb caused a significant decrease in disease severity under field conditions, but only treatments with triazoles and benzimidazole-triazole mixtures provided significant yield increases (22.7-15.6%) when applied twice. Three applications of oxycarbosin or copper-mancozeb were needed to provide a significant yield increase. Dithiocarbamates (thiram, maneb or mancozeb) or chlorothalonil reduced rust severity but did not provide a significant yield increase. 相似文献
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稻瘟病是最主要的世界性水稻病害,化学防治是目前最为有效的防控措施。通过室内生测和田间试验相结合的方法,测试了多个特效药剂和广谱药剂对稻瘟病的防治效果,探讨了稻瘟病的最优防治适期和穗颈瘟、稻曲病兼防的可能性。结果表明,三环唑仍然是预防穗颈瘟的特效杀菌剂,而嘧菌酯、肟菌酯·戊唑醇和嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑等广谱杀菌剂对叶瘟表现出更好的防控效果。始穗期是防治穗颈瘟的关键时期,在发病严重的情况下在齐穗期再施1次药是必要的。如果选用合适的药剂,破口前施药对穗颈瘟也有一定的防控作用。由于防治稻曲病的最佳施药时期是破口前,因此,一次施药兼防穗颈瘟和稻曲病是可行的。 相似文献
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Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is prone to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses, of which the most detrimental are those caused by fungi. Two of the most important fungal pathogens are Sclerotinia and Phomopsis. Within the genus Sclerotinia, both S. minor and S. sclerotiorum cause a basal stalk rot and subsequent wilt of sunflower, with S. sclerotiorum more widely distributed around the world. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum also incites a head rot and mid-stem rot of sunflower. Since Sclerotinia spp. have a very wide host range and can persist in soil as dormant sclerotia for up to 10 years, the pathogens have been extremely difficult to control with either generic resistance or fungicides. The most effective control is the use of long rotations, tolerant hybrids, and sclerotium-free seed. Gray stem spot is a relatively new disease of sunflower first observed in the early 1980s in Yugoslavia and now considered the most devastating sunflower disease in eastern Europe. Symptoms include large stem cankers and subsequent wilt. Phomopsis helianthi has been identified as one incitant of gray stem spot, but another Phomopsis species may also be involved, both in Europe and in the United States. Foliar fungicides can control gray stem spot, but the development of resistant hybrids has been much more cost-effective. 相似文献
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Plant diseases have been threatening food production. Controlling plant pathogens has become an important strategy to ensure food security. Although chemical control is an effective disease control strategy, its application is limited by many problems, such as environmental impact and pathogen resistance. In order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to develop more chemical reagents with new functional mechanisms. Due to their special living environment, marine organisms have produced a variety of bioactive compounds with novel structures, which have the potential to develop new fungicides. In the past two decades, screening marine bioactive compounds to inhibit plant pathogens has been a hot topic. In this review, we summarize the screening methods of marine active substances from plant pathogens, the identification of marine active substances from different sources, and the structure and antibacterial mechanism of marine active natural products. Finally, the application prospect of marine bioactive substances in plant disease control was prospected. 相似文献
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为了了解咖啡驼孢锈菌 ITS 序列特征及系统发育关系,本研究对来自中国咖啡栽培区的咖啡驼孢锈菌 ITS 序 列进行了克隆。将克隆序列与来自不同咖啡种植区的咖啡驼孢锈菌菌株序列多样性进行了比较,并于 NCBI 数据库中 下载其他锈菌菌株 ITS 序列进行系统发育关系研究。结果表明,来自中国咖啡栽培区的咖啡驼孢锈菌 ITS 序列全长 950 bp。 其中 ITS1 长为 224 bp,GC 含量介于 30.36%~31.25%之间;5.8S 长为 153 bp, GC 含量为 37.25%;ITS2 长 483~485 bp, GC 含量介于 24.12%~25.05%。来自不同咖啡种植区咖啡驼孢锈菌 ITS 核苷酸序列多态性虽然存在一定差异,但是其多 样性十分低且不存在明显的区域分化。在系统发育关系方面,咖啡驼孢锈菌与其他锈菌 ITS 序列差异明显,能独立聚 类成一个分支。 相似文献
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从亚麻锈病的发生、发展、危害及病原菌生长发育规律到病害综合防治,进行了系统研究,明确了该病的发生与品种、土壤类型及气象因素等诸方面的关系,为病害防治提了理论依据;也明确了带菌土壤和种子是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径,用药剂防治效果可达75%以上;同时建立了综合防病体系。 相似文献
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The control of Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola, two of the most important parasites on grapevines, is achieved by using fungicides. Recently several highly active compounds have been introduced but with some of them, failures of disease control have been observed in French vineyards. These phenomena are due to the build-up of resistance to benzimidazoles (benomyl, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl) or to di-carboximides (iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin) in Botrytis cinerea and to phenylamides (metalaxyl, ofurace) in Plasmopara viticola. The characteristics of the various resistant strains (levels of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, fitness) are described. In 1982 and 1983 there has been monitoring for resistance in most French vineyards: the tests used and the results with regard to the frequencies of resistant strains are discussed. 相似文献
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由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌引起的甘蔗黑穗病是我国甘蔗生产中危害最大的病害,给甘蔗产业造成严重的产量和经济损失。化学防治是作物病害综合防治的重要措施之一,开展甘蔗黑穗病高效、低毒、低残留防治药剂的筛选,进行田间防治试验,对甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治和提高甘蔗产量具有重要意义。为筛选适合大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐化学药剂,通过测定11种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的抑菌试验,采用扫描电镜解析有效杀菌剂的抑菌机理,通过新植蔗和宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病大田防治试验,评价杀菌剂的防治效果和对产量、株高、茎径、公顷有效茎数、锤度、单茎重等甘蔗主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,经室内生物活性测定,获得4种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌单倍体生长、有性配合、冬孢子萌发有抑制作用,分别是42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂。扫描电镜显示,这4种杀菌剂均对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌冬孢子和单倍体孢子细胞组织造成不同程度的破坏,使甘蔗鞭黑粉菌失活。在大田新植蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的防治效果分别为91.81%、82.84%、81.76%、70.92%,各药剂防治区产量分别比对照增产20.84%、17.13%、15.92%、13.35%。在宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,以上杀菌剂防治效果分别为89.35%、82.21%、81.51%、70.18%,其产量分别比对照增产30.15%、24.05%、20.33%、16.58%。新植蔗和宿根蔗药剂防治区的甘蔗其他农艺性状均优于对照区。这4种杀菌剂对甘蔗黑穗病均有良好的防治效果和增产作用,可作为大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐杀菌剂。 相似文献
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总结2010年以来云南河口民族地区小粒种咖啡技术创新亮点,分析认为：近年研究制定的《河口小粒咖啡综合技术规范》(DG5325/T 5.1-5.6—2013)标准,规范了本地区小粒种咖啡栽培技术;试验筛选出的高抗锈良种CIF7963(6),加快了本地区良种化进程;“水压自动补偿”灌溉系统,解决了本地区传统灌溉问题;对传统湿法加工实施背压式热风穿透风干燥技术(设备)改造,改变了传统上利用水泥晒场自然晾晒咖啡豆。这些创新亮点促进了本地区小粒种咖啡产业的可持性发展。 相似文献