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1.
The objective of this prospective case-control study of 125 horses with gastrointestinal tract-induced colic was to determine whether heart rate (HR) and packed cell volume (PCV) can predict surgical versus medical treatment and its short-term survival (time of discharge of the patient). Sixty-four horses were treated medically and 61 surgically (29 small intestinal and 32 large intestinal cases). At admission, both PCV and HR were higher in horses treated surgically than in horses treated medically; however, with longer duration of colic before presentation, the PCV was higher in the small intestinal surgical group only. In addition, both PCV and HR were higher, and the duration of colic was longer in non-survivors compared to survivors. Binary logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between HR and type of treatment, and both HR and PCV were predictive of survival. Simple parameters such as HR and PCV provide useful information for management of colic cases.  相似文献   

2.
Alpha-2 agonist-induced changes in packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), selected biochemical parameters, and splenic thickness were investigated in horses. Four healthy mares were treated in a blinded, randomized, cross-over design with a dose of xylazine (0.5 mg/kg), romifidine (0.04 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.01 mg/kg) IV, and detomidine (0.02 mg/kg) IM. Hematology, TS, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), plasma osmolality; glucose, lactate, urea (BUN) and electrolyte concentrations; venous blood pH and ultrasonographic splenic thickness were evaluated at intervals for 300 min. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed with P < 0.05. There was a significant change over time in PCV and TS following each treatment (P < 0.001), with median (range) reductions of 20.9% (12.9% to 27.3%) and 5.8% (3.0% to 10.3%), respectively. Red blood cell count, BUN, and COP decreased while osmolality, glucose, Na+, and splenic thickness increased. Treatments induced clinically significant transient changes in PCV, TS, and other biochemical parameters, which should be considered when assessing horses that received these drugs.  相似文献   

3.
Reason for performing study: It is the impression of some surgeons that geriatric horses have a lower survival rate compared to mature nongeriatric horses following colic surgery. One possible reason for this is that geriatric horses may be more critically ill at admission and have more severe disease than mature nongeriatric horses. Objective: To compare admission historical, physical examination and laboratory data for geriatric and mature nongeriatric horses referred for signs of colic. Methods: Medical records of horses admitted with a presenting complaint of colic between 2000 and 2006 were reviewed. Geriatric horses ≥16 years (n = 300) and mature nongeriatric horses 4–15 years (n = 300). Information obtained included duration of colic prior to admission, admission level of pain, heart rate, intestinal borborygmi, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentrations and peritoneal fluid total protein. Data were analysed using a Chi‐squared test or an analysis of variance. Level of significance was P<0.05. Results: There was no difference between geriatric and mature horses in the duration of colic prior to admission or in admission heart rate, PCV, or plasma creatinine or blood lactate concentrations. However, geriatric horses were more likely to be moderately painful and less likely to be bright and alert than mature horses; and less likely to have normal intestinal borborygmi than mature horses. Peritoneal fluid total protein concentration was higher in geriatric than mature horses. Conclusions and potential relevance: Geriatric horses presenting with signs of colic had a similar admission cardiovascular status based on heart rate, PCV, and plasma creatinine and blood lactate concentration to mature horses. Geriatric horses, however, may have different causes of colic, which may be more serious than mature horses based on pain, lack of intestinal borborygmi and peritoneal fluid total protein concentration.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
The discriminating ability of 15 parameters alone or in combinations, including results from analysis of plasma endotoxin, the Nycomed plasma D-Dimer test and phospholipase A2, were analyzed to predict morbidity and mortality in equine gastrointestinal colic. Endotoxaemia was a characteristic feature of the colic horses. The problem of adequately predicting non-survivors among colic horses required several parameters to be included in the logistic model: if the “classical parameters”, (heart rate, respiratory rate, PCV, anion gap) were included in the model, addition of plasma D-dimer, phospholipase A2, and Cl- significantly improved the predictive value of the logistic model. Increasing heart rate and D-dimer together with decreasing chloride was a risk factor for nonsurvival. The sensitivity of this three-parameter logistic model to predict nonsurvival was 78% and specificity 77%. The Nycomed D-Dimer test is recommended as a horse-site test to predict disseminated intravascular coagulation and nonsurvival in equine colic.  相似文献   

6.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to colic was diagnosed in 23 horses. Each horse was categorized retrospectively as to the cause of the colic based on surgical and/or necropsy findings: group 1 consisted of 14 horses with compromised intestine that required resection and anastomosis; group 2 consisted of 3 horses with nonstrangulating intestinal displacement and/or impactions; and group 3 consisted of 6 horses with colic associated with enteritis and/or colitis. Horses were considered to be affected with DIC if at least three of five hemostatic parameters were significantly abnormal: decreased antithrombin III (AT III) values, increased level of fibrin degradation products (FDP), thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and prolonged prothrombin time. The most consistent hemostatic abnormalities were decreased AT III activity, increased FDP titers, and thrombocytopenia. Clotting times were more variable and did not always correlate with the presence of excessive hemorrhage. Excessive hemorrhage was present during surgery in seven horses and occurred within 1 to 12 hours after surgery in nine other horses. In addition to treatment of the primary disease, 19 horses received treatment for DIC consisting of heparin and/or plasma or fresh whole blood transfusions. Heparin alone was used in 12 horses. Heparin, in addition to fresh whole blood transfusions or fresh plasma, was administered to four horses. Three horses were treated with plasma alone. Four other horses were not treated specifically for the DIC. Eight horses (34%) survived the acute coagulopathy. Although a greater proportion of the surviving horses received heparin therapy (87.5%; 7/8) than did those that died (60%; 9/15), the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.345).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Summary Objective: Hypocalcaemia is a common finding in horses with enterocolitis and severe gastrointestinal disorders. The aims of this study were to investigate in colic horses (!))the parameters related to hypocalcaemia, (2))the influence of hypocalcaemia on outcome and (3))the possible beneficial effect of Ca(2+ )substitution. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Intensive care unit. Patients: One hundred forty-four horses that were admitted with an acute abdomen during a 1.5 year period were enrolled and daily evaluated for clinical criteria and whole blood ionized Ca levels. Colic horses with hypocalcaemia were randomly assigned to receive Ca(2+). Interventions: Analysis of heparinised whole blood samples. Horses that were assigned to be treated received 400 mEq Ca(2+) diluted in 10L of Ringer's lactate solution every 24 h until low reference range limits were obtained or until death. Measurements and main results: 88% of all colic patients showed blood ionized Ca levels below the reference range at the time of admission. Multivariable analysis revealed that the presence of reflux signs of endotoxaemia increased Packed Cell Volume (PCV) alkalinization of pH and the interaction PCV/pH all predispose colic horses to low ionized Ca(2+) levels at the time of admission. The Odds for developing ileus during hospitalization are ± 11.94 times larger for horses in the "very low" calcaemia interval in comparison with normocalcaemic horses. The Odds for fatal outcome are respectively ± 9.82 and 8.33 times larger for horses in the "very low" and "low" calcaemia interval. Ca(2+) substitution increased the probability of survival provided that Ca(2+) levels could be normalized. The lack of an upward calcaemia response despite repetitive Ca(2+) substitutions can be guarded as a poor ominous sign. Conclusions: Hypocalcaemia in colic horses is of prognostic relevance both with regard to survival as to the probability of development of ileus during hospitalization. This study shows the importance of routine measurement of ionized calcium levels in colic horses. Moreover correction of hypocalcaemia seems to improve clinical outcome.  相似文献   

8.
Reasons for performing study: Endotoxaemia is frequently presumed on the basis of clinical signs in horses with colic. Objective: Measurements of plasma endotoxin (LPS) are rarely made in clinical cases and there is little information on the correlations between this variable, clinical variables and outcomes. Objectives: To measure LPS levels in plasma of horses presented to the Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital on admission and daily for up to 4 days and to relate LPS levels to selected clinical parameters, such as heart rate and packed cell volume, and outcomes. Methods: Blood samples were collected and stored at ‐20°C prior to assay of the plasma using a validated kinetic chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Clinical parameters and outcome variables were collected from hospital records. Associations were determined by Chi‐squared test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Daily blood samples were collected from 234 horses. LPS was detected in 26.5% of the study population and in 29% of those horses presented for colic. Horses providing samples with detectable LPS were more likely to die whilst in the hospital than those that did not (P = 0.045). Horses presenting with colic were more likely to have detectable LPS in their plasma than noncolic cases (P = 0.037), although LPS was detected in the plasma of 8 out of 42 noncolic horses. A horse that did not meet the study definition of clinical endotoxaemia was 10 times less likely to provide a positive LPS sample (OR 0.10, 95% CI: 0.05–0.22). Conclusions: The proportion of horses providing samples with detectable LPS was similar to other studies. Potential relevance: LPS was detected in the minority of horses presented with colic. Increased levels of LPS positively correlated with packed cell volume and with risk of mortality in colic cases.  相似文献   

9.
The present prospective study included 106 horses referred to the Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, as non-responders to the initial colic treatment in general practise. In 14 of these cases a required surgical treatment was not performed due to economical or other reasons and were excluded from the study. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained at the arrival in the hospital. The outcome for all analyses was survival/ non-survival. A multivariable logistic regression was performed. The analyses were used in medically (46 horses) and surgically treated cases (46 horses) separately. The same analyses were also run for all 92 horses in a simulated "field" situation, where only clinical variables and D-dimer values were included. The fraction of survivors was 78% in the medical and 48% in the surgical cases. In total 63% of the horses survived. In the final multivariable logistic regression model packed cell volume (PCV) was the only important predictor for medically treated cases, and heart rate and presence of hyperaemic or cyanotic mucous membranes were the predictors in the surgically treated cases as well as in the simulated "field" situation. In conclusion, traditional variables as heart rate, mucous membranes and PCV were the important predictors for the outcome in hospitalised colic cases.  相似文献   

10.
The anorexic or dysphagic adult horse often requires nutritional support. Providing nutrients by the enteral route is the safest and most economic choice, but the dietary options available for use in horses are somewhat limited. The objective of this study was to compare the physiologic response of normal horses with a low-residue liquid or normal diet over a 10-day feeding period. Two groups of 6 normal adult horses were maintained on 1 of 2 diets for a 10-day period. Diets were formulated to meet the caloric needs of a horse maintained in a stall. The control group was fed 70% timothy hay and 30% textured concentrate for the test period, and the experimental group received the low-residue liquid diet, similar to liquid nutritional formulas designed for human use. Clinical parameters, body weight, packed cell volume, total plasma solids, blood glucose, and serum electrolytes were recorded daily for each horse during the dietary trial period. On days 1, 5, and 10 of the study, a complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and urinalysis were performed.Horses' serum total bilirubin concentration and pattern of weight loss differed between groups. All other physical parameters, blood chemistry, complete blood count, and urinalysis results remained within the normal reference interval for the horses regardless of diet, although some statistical differences were observed. Horses returned to pasture and free-choice grass diet without complications at the end of the dietary trial period. These results demonstrate that few differences of biologic significance were observed between horses being fed low-residue diet and horses receiving a normal diet of hay and grain over a 10-day period. (Equine Vet J 2003;23:310–317)  相似文献   

11.
The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses with acute abdominal crisis (colic) and to examine the temporal effect of hospitalization on ulcer development in equine patients treated for colic. In addition, other factors that may be associated with gastric ulceration were also explored. The study design was a prospective original study incorporating 169 horses that presented to the George D. Widener Hospital for examination. One hundred and twelve horses presenting with the chief complaint of colic were included in the study group, and 57 horses that presented for non-colic or nonemergency complaints were evaluated and included as case controls. Gastroscopy was performed on equine patients presenting with the chief complaint of colic or horses presenting for reasons other than colic (control); mucosal changes were scored 0 to 3. Additionally, horses presenting for colic were gastroscopically evaluated twice during a 5-day period. Medical records were reviewed for history, clinical findings, laboratory results, and treatment. Seventy-six of 112 horses presenting with the chief complaint of colic had gastric ulceration compared with 41 of 57 horses in the control group. There was a significant association between age of the patient and chief complaint (ie, colic vs control) and between breed and chief complaint. There was no association between gastric ulcer score and chief complaint (colic vs control). Thirty-eight of the 112 horses presenting with colic deteriorated in ulcer score while hospitalized. Using a Pearson chi-squared test, there was no statistically significant association between gastric ulceration with age, breed, or sex. Horses with gastric ulceration in the colic group had lower packed cell volumes compared with horses presenting with colic without gastric ulcers, and this was statistically significant (P < .001). The high incidence of gastric ulceration in the study and control groups supports the reports of other investigators that gastric ulcers in horses, no matter the presenting complaint, are widespread. There was a significant association between breed and chief complaint (P = .005); however, breed and outcome of gastric ulceration were not related (Thoroughbreds were the least likely breed to present for colic). Although a trend in increasing gastric ulceration was seen in hospitalized colic patients, it was not statistically significant. This suggests that horses that are hospitalized may be at increased risk for developing gastric ulcers because of stress, feed deprivation, and administration of treatment. Thus, horses that present for colic should be gastroscopically evaluated if clinical signs raise the index of suspicion for gastric ulceration.  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: Intestinal hypoperfusion can lead to increased lactate concentrations in plasma and peritoneal fluid of horses with colic. HYPOTHESIS: The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the reliability of the Accusport analyzer to assess peritoneal fluid lactate (PFL) concentrations in healthy horses and those with colic, (2) identify clinical features associated with abnormal blood plasma lactate (BPL) and PFL concentrations, and (3) evaluate the prognostic value of BPL and PFL. ANIMALS: BPL and PFL were determined in 20 healthy horses and in 106 horses with colic. RESULTS: The Accusport was reliable for determining BPL concentrations < 13 mM and PFL concentrations < 20 mM. Multivariate analysis indicated that PCV and the need for intestinal resection were independently associated with the BPL; pulse, PCV, venous pO2, the presence of necrotic intestine, an increased amount of peritoneal fluid, and fluid total protein content were independently associated with PFL. With a 1 mM increase in BPL or PFL, the respective odds ratios for required abdominal surgery increase to 1.23 (BPL) and 1.58 (PFL), odds ratios for a required intestinal resection increase to 1.20 (BPL) and 1.41 (PFL), and odds ratios for developing ileus increase by 1.33 (BPL) and 1.36 (PFL). PFL concentrations of 1, 6, 12, and 16 mM correspond to a probability of death of 11, 29, 63, and 82%, respectively, in horses without strangulating obstruction and of 25, 52, 82, and 92%, respectively, in horses with strangulating obstruction. CONCLUSION: PFL is more useful and sensitive than BPL for prognostic purposes in horses with colic.  相似文献   

13.
This study compared serotonin concentrations in platelet poor plasma (PPP) from healthy horses and horses with surgical small intestinal (SI) colic, and evaluated their association with postoperative ileus, strangulation and non-survival. Plasma samples (with EDTA) from 33 horses with surgical SI colic were collected at several pre- and post-operative time points. Serotonin concentrations were determined using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results were compared with those for 24 healthy control animals. The serotonin concentrations in PPP were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in pre- and post-operative samples from surgical SI colic horses compared to controls. However, no association with postoperative ileus or non-survival could be demonstrated at any time point. In this clinical study, plasma serotonin was not a suitable prognostic factor in horses with SI surgical colic.  相似文献   

14.
Whole blood viscosity (WBV) was measured on six healthy horses and ten horses presented for colic surgery. A Wells-Brookfield cone-and-plate microviscometer at 6 rpm was used to determine WBV and WBV was adjusted for packed cell volume (PCV). The ten colic horses were divided into two groups: five horses that died or were euthanatized (group 1) and five horses that were discharged after surgery and medical therapy (group 2). The mean WBV for each group was compared using analysis of variance followed by Duncan multiple-range tests. Mean WBV of group 2 (5.81 +/- 1.48 centipoise [cp]) and normal horses (7.1 +/- 2.3 cp) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than group 1 (17.15 +/- 5.71 cp). This preliminary trial shows that horses that died or were euthanatized had a significantly higher WBV than horses surviving. Since viscosity was adjusted for PCV, the differences may represent changes in other factors such as fibrinogen, rouleaux formation, red blood cell deformability, PaO2, or intracellular calcium ion concentration. Thus, increases in WBV in horses with colic may indicate severely compromised regional perfusion that may lead to significant tissue damage. In this preliminary study, it appears that WBV may be a prognostic aid in horses with colic.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: Hypocalcaemia is a common finding in horses with enterocolitis and severe gastrointestinal disorders. The aims of this study were to investigate in colic horses 1)the parameters related to hypocalcaemia, 2)the influence of hypocalcaemia on outcome and 3)the possible beneficial effect of Ca2+ substitution. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Intensive care unit. PATIENTS: One hundred forty-four horses that were admitted with an acute abdomen during a 1.5 year period were enrolled and daily evaluated for clinical criteria and whole blood ionized Ca2+ levels. Colic horses with hypocalcaemia were randomly assigned to receive Ca2+. INTERVENTIONS: Analysis of heparinised whole blood samples. Horses that were assigned to be treated received 400 mEq Ca2+ diluted in 10L of Ringer's lactate solution every 24 h until low reference range limits were obtained or until death. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 88% of all colic patients showed blood ionized Ca2+ levels below the reference range at the time of admission. Multivariable analysis revealed that the presence of reflux, signs of endotoxaemia, increased Packed Cell Volume (PCV), alkalinization of pH and the interaction PCV/pH all predispose colic horses to low ionized Ca2+ levels at the time of admission. The Odds for developing ileus during hospitalization are +/- 11.94 times larger for horses in the "very low" calcaemia interval, in comparison with normocalcaemic horses. The Odds for fatal outcome are respectively +/- 9.82 and 8.33 times larger for horses in the "very low" and "low" calcaemia interval. Ca2+ substitution increased the probability of survival, provided that Ca2+ levels could be normalized. The lack of an upward calcaemia response, despite repetitive Ca2+ substitutions, can be guarded as a poor ominous sign. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocalcaemia in colic horses is of prognostic relevance both with regard to survival as to the probability of development of ileus during hospitalization. This study shows the importance of routine measurement of ionized calcium levels in colic horses. Moreover, correction of hypocalcaemia seems to improve clinical outcome.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in systemic hydration, concentrations of plasma electrolytes, hydration and physical properties of colonic contents and feces, and gastrointestinal transit in horses with access to large amounts of grain. ANIMALS: 6 horses with right dorsal colon (RDC) fistulas. PROCEDURE: In a crossover design, horses were alternately fed 1 of 3 diets: orchard grass hay ad libitum after being adapted to this diet for at least 5 days, orchard grass hay ad libitum and 4.55 kg of grain offered every 12 hours after being adapted to orchard grass hay ad libitum for at least 5 days, or orchard grass hay ad libitum and 4.55 kg of grain offered every 12 hours after being adapted to this diet for at least 5 days. Physical examinations were performed and samples of blood, colonic contents, and feces were collected every 6 hours during a 48-hour observation period. RESULTS: Grain ingestion had several effects, including changes in the concentrations of electrolytes in plasma; RDC contents became more homogenous, dehydrated, foamy, and less dense; RDC contents flowed spontaneously when the cannula was opened; RDC contents expanded when heated in an oven; and feces became fetid and less formed. Horses did not have any clinical signs of colic, endotoxemia, or laminitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Changes observed in the colonic contents and feces may be explained by the large amounts of hydrolyzable carbohydrates provided by grain. Access to large amounts of grain may increase the risk of tympany and displacement of the large intestine.  相似文献   

17.
Care conditions of horses housed in small equestrian establishments and the occurrence of health and behavioral problems were assessed in 197 animals. Based on questionnaires and direct observations of the animals, it was noted that 8% of all animals were fed exclusively on pasture, whereas 92% received commercial concentrate or grain with limited or no grass. Sixty percent of the horses spent 20-24 hours/day in the stalls, 30% spent 12 hours/day, and 10% were kept outdoors. Eighty five percent exercised regularly, whereas 15% did not exercise at all. Wounds (18%), colic (6%), and strangles (3%) were the most cited diseases in the interviews. Fifty-six percent of the horses showed behavioral problems; the frequency and type of abnormal behavior varied according to horse use (P < 0.001). The management of the horses presented numerous concerns regarding feeding and housing, probably leading to increased behavioral problems. The results presented here would be a useful tool for the education of owners and caretakers.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in abdominal fluid could be used as a prognostic indicator in horses with colic. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured in 27 abdominal effusions from horses with colic presented to Murdoch University Veterinary Teaching Hospital using three different LDH test methods. Lactate in effusions was also measured in 11 of the horses. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly different for each test method used—the ratio of Randox wet chemistry LDH lactate to pyruvate:Randox wet LDH pyruvate to lactate (P-L):IDEXX dry chemistry P-L was approximately 1:2:4. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the abdominal effusions was significantly higher with all methods in the horses that died or were euthanized because of abdominal sepsis or advanced neoplasia than in those that survived after treatment for colic signs because of mechanical obstructions or nonseptic abdominal inflammation. Lactate dehydrogenase activity showed moderate-to-good correlation (r = 0.73 to 0.86) with lactate concentration of the fluid. In conclusion, LDH activity in abdominal fluid may be a useful prognostic test in horses with colic. The test method for LDH measurement must be known and remain constant for meaningful interpretation. Significantly higher levels of LDH activity may be present in horses with colic because of sepsis or advanced neoplasia than in those with colic because of nonseptic inflammation or mechanical obstructions that may respond to treatment.  相似文献   

19.
Four privately owned herds (25 to 49 animals per herd) were used in a five-year trial designed to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic schedules on the incidence of colic. These herds had been treated bi-monthly with non-ivermectin, non-benzimidazole drugs for two years before the trial. Prior parasitological studies showed that they had substantial pre-treatment faecal egg counts (900 to 2200 eggs per gramme), and that they were infected with benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes. In Years 1 and 2 of the trial, all herds (A, B, C, D) were treated bi-monthly with non-ivermectin anthelmintics (Schedule I). In Years 3 to 5, Herd A received monthly non-ivermectin anthelmintics (Schedule II) and Herd C was treated with bi-monthly ivermectin (Schedule III). Herd B was treated with Schedule II in Years 3 and 4 and Schedule III in Year 5. Herd D was maintained on Schedule I throughout the study period. In each herd, the incidence of colic, while on Schedule I, was compared to the incidence while on Schedule II or III. The risk of colic for horses on Schedule I was 2.61 to 13.04 times that of the same horses while on Schedule II and 2.27 to 9.64 times that of the same horses while on Schedule III. In Herd D, treated according to Schedule I for five years, the incidence of colic did not vary significantly throughout the study period. More effective anthelmintic treatment schedules decreased the incidence of colic in these herds, supporting the conclusion that bimonthly treatment with non-ivermectin drugs may not maximise horses' health in all management conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To describe surgical technique and outcome after laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space for treatment of recurrent left dorsal displacement of the left colon (LDDLC) in standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Forty-four horses with LDDLC. METHODS: Laparoscopic portals were located in the left flank region. After administration of etilefrin intravenously to contract the spleen, the dorsal splenic margin was sutured to the nephrosplenic ligament to obliterate the nephrosplenic space. Horses were re-examined (< or = 3 years) for history of recurrence. In addition, medical records of 4,852 horses treated for colic over 16 years were evaluated to establish incidence of LDDLC and recurrence after treatment. RESULTS: Splenic contraction facilitated suture placement and closure of the nephrosplenic space was achieved without complications. LDDLC recurrence did not occur although 5 horses had subsequent episodes of colic; 4 horses had displacement of the ascending colon between the spleen and body wall. Review of medical records revealed an incidence of LDDLC of 6% and recurrence of 21% in a population of horses with signs of colic. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space, facilitated by etilefrin-induced splenic contraction can be efficiently performed in standing horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laparoscopic ablation of the nephrosplenic space should be considered in horses that are predisposed to recurrent LDDLC.  相似文献   

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