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1.
A transfer‐function method is proposed to determine transport parameters from solute breakthrough data. The method is based on the assumptions that a linear process governs the transport of solute through soil and that the soil is homogeneous. It needs breakthrough data at two different vertical locations from a pulse input of solute to the soil. The method predicts the response by convoluting the input with the transfer function in the time domain. Solute breakthrough data were measured in unsaturated soil columns by time‐domain reflectometry (TDR). An experimental soil column was placed over a supporting column filled with sandy soil. A constant hanging water table, maintained in the lower column, created suction in the upper column and maintained unsaturated conditions. A solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) was spread over the soil in the upper column during steady flow of water in the column. Resident concentrations of solute in terms of electrical conductivity were measured at two depths by TDR sensors. We analysed breakthrough curves of CaCl2 in 81 experiments to determine the transport parameters in coarse sand, sandy loam soil and clay loam soil by the transfer‐function method. The transport parameters obtained were compared with those determined by the widely used deterministic equilibrium model of the CXTFIT program. The transfer‐function method provided a better fit between the measured and estimated breakthrough curves in almost all cases and resulted in stable values of the parameters. The method is robust against small errors in measurements. It is a mathematically sound and efficient method for analysing breakthrough data. 相似文献
2.
土壤中优势流的几个基本问题研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
优势流是指土壤在整个入流边界上接受补给,但只通过少部分土体的快速运移.优势流是一种普遍存在的现象,而不是一种特例.它受许多因素的控制,如土壤中的大空隙、土壤结构、土壤质地、土壤水分含量、土壤初始水分含量、水和溶质的施加速率及溶质的施加方法等.优势流的产生机理主要有2种:一种是由土壤介质的非均质性所驱动的优势流;另一种是由湿润锋的不稳定性所驱动的优势流.目前,优势流的监测方法主要有取土壤原状土、实验室内的土柱出流试验及染色示踪试验.尽管优势流的模拟非常困难,但人们仍提出了许多模型来描述它.今后优势流研究的重点应放在进行大量的综合性野外试验,以获取足够的数据资料来确切地刻划优势流;发展新的观测技术以便在时间和空间上监测优势流;建立新的模型来模拟优势流,从而进一步解决与土壤和地下水污染有关的环境问题. 相似文献
3.
Saline water and municipal solid waste compost application on tomato crop: Effects on plant and soil
Rita Leogrande Ornella Lopedota Carolina Vitti Francesco Montemurro 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(4):491-501
A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to evaluate the effects of different water quality and fertilizers on yield performance of tomato crop. In mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (Electrical Conductivity, EC, = 0.9 dS m?1) (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m?1) (SWF); municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (EC = 0.9 dS m?1) (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m?1) (SWC). At harvest, weight and number of fruits and refractometric index (°Brix) were measured, total and marketable yield and dry matter of fruit were calculated. The results indicated that MSW compost, applied as amendment, could substitute the mineral fertilizer. In fact, in the treatments based on compost application, the tomato average marketable yield increased by 9% compared with treatments with mineral fertilizer. The marketable yield in the SWF and SWC treatments (with an average soil EC in two years to about 3.5 dS m?1) decreased respectively of 20 and 10%, in respect to fresh water treatments. At the end of the experiment, application of compost significantly decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of SWC treatment in respect of SWF (?29.9%). Significant differences were observed among the four treatments both on soil solution cations either exchangeable cations. In particular compost application increased the calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) contents in saturated soil paste respect to the SWF ones (31.4% and 59.5%, respectively). At the same time saturated soil paste sodium (Na) in SWC treatment recorded a decrease of 17.4% compared to SWF. 相似文献
4.
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a widespread technique for measurement of soil water content (SWC). The main assumption behind the use of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is of negligible losses, therefore assuming that only the real part determines the value of the TDR-measured apparent dielectric permittivity. This assumption does not hold for soils where surfaces are conductive (clay soils) or where high concentrations of electrolyte are present in the soil solution (saline soils) because under these conditions the contribution of the imaginary part becomes important. One of the main effects of dielectric losses on the TDR measurement is overestimation of SWC. In this study we present a methodology for separating the real and the imaginary part from the measurement of the apparent dielectric permittivity. This approach allows correction of the SWC overestimation, by using the TDR-measured electrical conductivity as indicator of dielectric losses. Oven-dry gravimetric soil water content was used as an independent method for soil water content assessment. The original SWC overestimation (in respect to the oven-dry gravimetric based measurement) reached values of up to 20% of total soil saturation, after the correction the differences were reduced to a 3–5%. The methodology can be applied based on knowledge of measured permittivity and electrical conductivity only, making it readily applicable to field experiments. 相似文献
5.
The transport processes of solutes in two soil columns filled with undistrubed soil material collected from an unsaturated sandy aquifer formation in Belgium subjected to a variable upper boundary condition were identified from breakthrough curves measured by means of time domain reflectometry(TDR),Solute breakthrough was measured with 3 TDR probes inserted into each soil column at three different depths at a 10 minutes time interval.In addition,soil water content and pressure head were measured at 3 different depths.Analyteical solute transport models were used to estimate the solute disperison coefficient and average pore-water velocity from the observed breakthrough curves,the results showed that the analytical solutions were suitable in fitting the observed solute transport,The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of the soil depth and average proe-water velocity,imposed by the soil water flux.the mobile moistrue content on the other hand was not correlated with the average pore-water velocity and the dispersion coefficient. 相似文献
6.
棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
通过棉花桶栽试验,获取棉花全生育期土壤蒸发蒸腾量以及土壤含水率、含盐量变化规律。以土壤水分运动基本方程和溶质运移对流-弥散方程为基础,在考虑棉花根系吸水和土壤蒸发蒸腾条件下,对膜下滴灌棉花全生育期时段内土壤中水盐运移规律进行了数值模拟,并与实测的土壤含水率和含盐量进行了对比分析。其结果显示:土壤表层和深层的土壤含水率和含盐量模拟值与实测值均存在不同程度的偏差,而中间层土壤含水率和含盐量的模拟值较接近实测值。因此,只要能够获得足够的精确的大田实测资料,就可以将该模型应用于棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律的实际预测。 相似文献
7.
石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤水流和溶质运移一直是土壤学研究的热点,溶质运移理论主要应用于地下水污染、污染物运移、土壤重金属污染研究等方面。溶质主要通过优先流和基质流进行运移,影响溶质运移因素很多,主要包括土壤结构、质地、水力传导率、体积质量、初始含水量、根系、石砾等。石砾作为土壤质地中的一个分级单位,与溶质运移关系较为复杂。本文综合介绍了石砾基本内涵以及石砾对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究进展;系统阐述了石砾内部参数(石砾覆盖度、含量、粒径、空间异质性等)和外部参数(根石结构、干湿冻融、耕作等),指出目前研究主要量化土壤表面及土壤表层石砾参数对水文效应、土壤侵蚀、入渗以及径流的影响,然而石砾参数对溶质运移影响研究不够系统,石砾参数与溶质运移关系研究尚处于初步阶段,对土壤深层石砾研究缺乏;归纳了石砾参数研究技术手段及模型;探讨了目前石砾参数对土壤水流和溶质运移影响研究存在的问题以及今后研究趋势。 相似文献
8.
As the land area of short‐rotation coppice (SRC) increases, their soil physical impacts have to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to detect the effects of long‐term SRC with poplar and willow on the vertical distribution of soil physical properties (bulk density, water retention, penetration resistance) and on solute transport patterns. An 18‐year‐old SRC located in northeastern Germany was compared to an adjacent continuous arable cropping system by means of soil sampling, penetrologger measurements and dye tracer experiments. The topsoil's bulk density was significantly lower under SRC than under cropland. This effect was especially pronounced in the uppermost 10 cm, where also the air capacity and the plant‐available water content were higher under SRC. The penetration resistance in 25–50 cm depth was reduced under SRC compared to the cropland, indicating a loosening of the plough pan. Dye tracer experiments showed that the importance of preferential flow was higher under SRC due to tree root channels and an increasing colonisation with invertebrates. SRC has ecologically advantageous effects on soil physical properties of the topsoil, however, combined with an enhanced risk of preferential solute transport upon application of agrochemicals. 相似文献
9.
The initial soil moisture content affects the water flow and solute transport through the vadose zone, but researchers are
in disagreement about the extent and nature of its effects. Better understanding of the initial moisture effect on the water
movement will help to prevent groundwater contamination and increase crop production by improving the efficiency of water
use in irrigation practice. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the initial moisture content on the spatial distribution
of the water retention was investigated in the field. A total of 4 cm of water was applied to duplicate plots with each of
three initial moisture conditions within 2 h using a rainfall simulator. Following the application and a 2-h redistribution
period, 100 soil samples were taken from different depths of each plot using a grid sampling system to be analyzed for their
gravimetric water content in the laboratory. Statistical and geostatistical analyses were performed to analyze the spatial
structure of the collected data. The results showed that the preferential flow was more evident in the case of the dry initial
soil water content than for the two wetter initial conditions. Both the classical and geostatistical analyses supported that
the overall water retention was uniformly distributed throughout the profile except at 20–30 cm, where the coefficient of
variation and the percent nugget to total semivariance ratio were high, indicating some degree of preferential flow through
large pores (macropores). These results suggest that similar studies should be conducted on different field soils under more
different initial moisture conditions so that the effect of the macropores on the water flow and chemical transport can be
better understood.
Published in Russian in Pochvovedenie, 2008, No. 10, pp. 1241–1249. 相似文献
10.
应用Wenner结构原理估计沙地松树人工林土壤含水量 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
To estimate the mean value of surface soil water content rapidly, accurately, and nonintrusively, field investigations on soil electrical resistivity （SER） with the Yokogawa 324400 earth resistivity meter and the surface （0-150 cm） soil water content （SWC） with time domain reflectometry （TDR）, together with the abiotic factors including soil texture, structure, and salinity concentrations were conducted in the Mongolian pine （Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica） plantations on a sandy land. The measurement of SER was based on the 4-probe Wenner configuration method. Relationships between the values of SWC and SER were obtained based on analysis of the abiotic factors of the research site, which play a key role in affecting the soil electrical resistivity. Results indicate that the SER meter could be used to estimate the mean value of SWC in the Mongolian pine plantations on the sandy land during the growing seasons. The bulky nature of the equipment simplified the cumbersome measurements of soil water content with the general methods. It must be noted that the Wenner configuration method could only provide the mean values of the SWC, and the soil texture, structure, temperature, and solute concentrations influenced the SER and further affected the estimation of the SWC by the SER meter. Therefore, the results of this study could be applied on a sandy land during the growing seasons only. However, the SWC of other soil types also may be obtained according to the individual soil types using the procedures of this study. 相似文献
11.
地面灌溉技术参数对氮素运移分布影响的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
地面灌溉是应用最广泛的灌水方法，通过优化地面灌溉设计和管理减少水氮淋失，正在成为研究的热点问题，该文对有关成果进行了综述。由于地面灌溉的尺度较大，加之土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数的空间变异，使得地面灌溉施肥条件下溶质(N)运移分布的田间试验研究，无论在技术上还是在投入上都具有一定难度。有关沟灌、畦灌和水平畦田灌溉施肥时水氮分布的田间试验结果指出，肥料(N)分布没有入渗水深分布均匀，且与土壤初始含水率、流量、土壤入渗参数、田面糙率和施肥时机等因素密切相关。在模拟研究方面，文献中报道的模型有纯对流模型、对流-弥散模型、基于活塞流的水平衡模型和传递函数模型等。鉴于地面灌溉条件下水氮运移的复杂性，在水氮运移分布的数学模拟、灌水技术参数和施肥方式对水氮淋失的影响以及灌溉施肥质量评价指标体系等方面尚需要进一步研究。 相似文献
12.
An analytical solution for advance of solute front in soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on the assumption that solute transport in a semi-infinite soil column or in a field soil profile can be described by the boundary-layer method, an analytical solution is presented for the advance of a solute front with time. The traditional convection-dispersion equation (CDE) subjected to two boundary conditions: 1) at the soil surface (or inlet boundary) and 2) at the solute front, was solved using a Laplace transformation. A comparison of resident concentrations using a boundary-layer method and an exact solution (in a semi-infinite-domain) showed that both were in good agreement within the range between the two boundaries. This led to a new method for estimating solute transport parameters in soils, requiring only observation of advance of the solute front with time. This may be corroborated visually using a tracer solution with marking-dye or measured utilizing time domain reflectometry (TDR). This method is applicable to both laboratory soil columns and field soils. Thus, it could be a step forward for modeling solute transport in field soils and for better understanding of the transport processes in soils. 相似文献
13.
土壤优先流模型理论与观测技术的研究进展 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
优先流是土壤中常见的和重要的水流运动和溶质运移形式。由于土壤优先流的形成和影响因素众多、表现形式多样,加之土壤优先流的快速非平衡特征明显以及土壤高度的空间变异性,准确描述和模拟土壤优先流的时空变化特征一直以来都是土壤水文学界的热点问题和难点问题。该文从优先流的定义、表现类型、形成和影响因素、模型理论与观测技术等5个方面综述了土壤优先流的研究进展,指出该领域今后的主要研究方向为建立土壤优先流的统一判别标准、提升优先流模型理论的有效性、发展优先流的专用观测技术设备。文章对深入研究土壤优先流具有参考价值。 相似文献
14.
The transport of solutes in soils, and its intensification due to preferential flow, plays crucial role when problems related to the groundwater pollution are dealt with. The objective of this study was to examine transport of cadmium (Cd) in response to an extreme rainfall event for three different soils using numerical modeling. The 115mCd2+ concentration profile had been measured in the Bodiky reference site (Danubian Lowland, Slovakia) by the radioactive‐tracer technique and used for the calibration of the dual‐continuum model S1D. The Cd transport during a single rain event was predicted with the S1D model for light, medium‐heavy, and heavy soil in the same region. The Cd transport through the soil profile was simulated by the one‐dimensional dual‐permeability model, which assumes the existence of two pore domains: the soil‐matrix domain and the preferential‐flow domain. The model is based on Richards' equation for water flow and advection‐dispersion equation for solute transport. A modified batch technique enables to distinguish process of adsorption in the matrix domain and the preferential pathways. Modeling with classical single‐permeability approach and dual‐continuum approach without considering the particle‐facilitated transport led to negligible Cd penetration. The rainfall event with extremely high rainfall intensity induced deep penetration of Cd in the medium‐heavy and heavy soil, which may indicate increased vulnerability to shallow groundwater pollution for the respective sites in Danubian Lowland region. The highest Cd leaching was predicted for heavy clay soil, where the preferential particle‐facilitated transport of Cd through the soil profile was significant due to the contrasting properties of the soil‐matrix domain and the preferential‐flow domain. The results of the sensitivity analysis suggested only slight effect of the transfer rate coefficients on simulated Cd leaching. 相似文献
15.
G. Wessolek K. Schwärzel A. Greiffenhagen & H. Stoffregen 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(1):14-23
In a tracer experiment TDR transect measurements were made to study percolation behaviour in a 120‐year‐old pine stand (Pinus sylvestris) on a water‐repellent sandy soil (Haplic Arenosol). The experiment (with potassium iodide) showed an 80% labelling of the total flow in organic layers, whereas the area of transport in the mineral soil was sharply reduced to 12–30%. The average diameters of these preferential flow paths were about 8–15 cm. The TDR measurements indicate a homogeneous flow only for a short period from February until April. At this time of the year preferential flow is insignificant, because the soil is at approximately field capacity and not repellent to water. During summer (May to September) the soil dries out, and most precipitation results in preferential flow during this period. For any daily rainfall exceeding 10 mm, water infiltrates down to 1 m depth in the soil, which nevertheless, is still within the root zone. This kind of deep percolation results in the subsoil’s wetting to field capacity (pF 1.8) earlier than the topsoil. A one‐dimensional numerical model (SWAP) was used to simulate mean water balance with hydraulic functions with and without a water‐repellency term. From the results of our tracer experiment we showed that the de‐watering process in spring could be simulated well using the traditional piston flow concept, while the rewetting behaviour could be described more realistically using the mobile–immobile concept for water repellency. 相似文献
16.
土壤水力性质是研究非饱和带中水分和溶质运移的重要参数 ,可以用孔隙网络模型进行预测。通常采用的网络模型中的参数是任意指定的 ,无法真实反映土壤孔隙空间的形态特征。本文采用了一种基于孔隙形态学的网络模型来预测土壤的水力性质 ,即通过图像分析来直接测定孔隙的大小分布及其连通性 ,并将其结合到网络模型中 ,最大程度地再现了三维的土壤孔隙结构。本文根据河南封丘地区采集的砂壤土样本图像分析结果 ,采用形态学网络模型预测了其水力性质 ,同时也进一步评价了这种模型的优缺点及其应用前景。 相似文献
17.
Preferential flow descriptions for structured soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Horst H. Gerke 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(3):382-400
18.
土壤性质对入渗再分布影响的显色示踪试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
同时使用染色剂和碘离子作为示踪剂,染色剂用于示踪大孔隙通道,根据碘-淀粉显色反应确定实际流动模式。开展了6组试验,研究了土壤大孔隙特征和非均匀流动特性,比较了粉土和粘土2种土壤,入渗水量分别为20、40、60和80 mm以及不同流动边界条件下的土壤水和溶质再分布特性。实验资料显示,入渗水再分布主要受到湿润模式的影响。入渗水量较小的情况下,水流运动主要发生在大孔隙中,随着入渗水量增大,入渗模式与孔隙发育表现出显著的区别,随着入渗水量的增加,水流运动非均匀性表现出先增加,随后减小的趋势。溶质迁移非均匀性取决于水流非均匀流动特性,然而表现出更多的不确定性。 相似文献
19.
土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
优先流是近年来针对土壤水运动所提出的术语,是土壤中水运动机制研究由均匀走向非均匀领域的标志,是指在土壤各向异性的情况下,水分和溶质在多重因素的共同作用下,沿着特定的路径向下发生非稳定渗流的现象.优先流是造成降雨型滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害以及地下水质污染、农业土壤中养分流失等现象的主要诱因之一,所以深入开展优先流的研究显得尤为重要.本文从优先流的界定出发,主要介绍回顾了优先流数学模型的发展和研究优先流所采用的技术手段和方法,最后总结并探讨了优先流研究中存在的问题和发展趋势. 相似文献
20.
The performance of a functional leaching model (Hall, 1993) is compared with leaching data from two lysimeter experiments with soils of contrasting texture using sodium bromide and potassium chloride as the non-reactive solutes. The model parameters are optimized using the solute elution curves as standards and compared with the physical properties of the soil. A good match with the measured discharge of both water and solute was achieved for both soils using the moisture release characteristics to define the pore volume available for mobile and immobile water. The results indicate that preferential flow takes place through even coarse-textured soils but that there is negligible diffusive exchange of solute between water passing through the macropores and the rest of the soil. 相似文献