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Christopher T. Oakes Daniel J. Pondella II 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(1):1-21
There is an urgent need for primary data that can be used to quantify the value of marine aquaculture facilities that also describe influences on the surrounding natural ecosystem and its wild fish communities. Divers completed 360 transect replicates below a net‐cage and at nearby and distant rocky reefs off Catalina Island, California, estimating the species abundance and size class of all conspicuous fishes in the water column. We observed 10,234 fishes aggregating below the net‐cage with a mean annual density of 142 (SE ± 30) per 100 m2 and diversity H′ 2.29. At the adjacent reference reef, we counted 8452 fishes with a mean annual density of 117 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.45 and at Reference Reef 2, located 500 m away, there were 8958 fishes with a density of 124 (SE ± 20) and H′ 1.13. The total density of fishes was the same between the study sites (ANOVA; P = 0.24); however, the spatial density of fishes in the water column was different between the net‐cage and reference reefs. Additionally, the density of juvenile fish was significantly lower at the net‐cage (ANOVA; P = 0.02), while the density of subadult and adult fishes was higher (ANOVA; P = 0.03). Feeding guild analysis ranked the net‐cage highest (3507), while Reference Reef 1 (2149), and Reference Reef 2 (2241), had lower values, a relationship often found between artificial and natural reefs. This suggests the importance of available trophic resources to the adult population of wild fishes, and has implications in the artificial reef attraction–production debate. The results of this study not only reproduce a pattern of fish attraction to net‐cages in the marine environment reported in previous studies but also demonstrate a relative habitat value compared in both time and space, of the fish community at a net‐cage compared with vibrant kelp bed communities. 相似文献
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海洋牧场建设是实现我国近海渔业资源恢复、生态系统和谐发展与蓝碳增汇的重要途径。近年来,在快速发展的同时也面临着诸多问题与挑战,极大制约了产业的健康发展。在海洋牧场建设过程中,关于生境营造和资源增殖的基础理论薄弱,对其生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力认识不清,尤其对小尺度海洋牧场生态系统的结构及其功能实现过程,以及生态承载力知之甚少。亟需针对其人工鱼礁等生境营造的环境效应和增殖放流的资源补充效应开展理论印证和定量研究,以充分认识这些人为扰动的双重性。本文查阅了相关文献90余篇,简要回顾了国内外关于人工鱼礁生境营造的水动力环境特征、生源要素迁移过程、生物群落构建机制和局地生态系统稳定性评价等方面的研究进展。强调了小尺度海洋牧场生态系统结构的复杂性与动态性,重点关注了鱼礁群布局对牧场海域水动力环境、沉积物和生源要素演变的影响,以及在增殖放流等人为扰动下生物群落的物种共存机制。围绕海洋牧场生态系统稳定性与抗干扰能力等关键问题,从水动力驱动、生源要素表征、生物群落重建及生态系统健康等4个方面探讨了目前研究的不足与发展方向,以为海洋牧场人工鱼礁、海藻床等生境营造以及资源修复模式优化提供参考。 相似文献
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人工鱼礁是放置于海底以影响海洋生物资源的物理、生物或社会经济过程的人工设施。科学评价人工鱼礁对渔业资源生态容纳量的改善程度对揭示鱼礁的生态功能和指导鱼礁后续建设具有重要的理论与现实意义。人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物可分为3种类型(I型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型),其中Ⅱ型鱼类和大型无脊椎动物身体不接触鱼礁,但在鱼礁周围游泳、在海底栖息。该生物学资料可通过拖网调查取样获得。根据2004年10月～2007年9月浙江嵊泗人工鱼礁海域渔业资源拖网调查数据,建立了模拟礁区渔业资源密度随时间变化趋势的Logistic模型,并据此求解了鱼礁海域资源数量容纳量模型。通过遗传算法求得了Logistic模型的参数。结果表明,人工鱼礁区Ⅱ型鱼类和大型无脊椎动物的原有生态容纳量约为6.00～8.03ind/km·kW,鱼礁投放所产生的新生态容纳量约为4.40～5.89ind/km·kW,容纳量随季节变化而呈周期性波动。 相似文献
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石斑鱼(Epinephelidae)是名贵的海产鱼类,主要栖息于热带亚热带近岸岩滩和珊瑚礁水域,是岩礁生态系生物群落的重要类群。本文对国内外石斑鱼类生物学、生态学、渔业资源及人工繁育养殖的研究成果进行梳理,综合报道石斑鱼类的形态比较特征,栖息、摄食和繁殖习性,系统演化与分类,种类地理分布,人工繁育等研究进展以及养殖发展概况;报道全球石斑鱼自然资源明显衰退的现状评估以及对石斑鱼资源保护的共识和相关的渔业管理措施。此外,根据作者多年开展的鱼类遗传生物学研究,指出强化我国海域野生石斑鱼资源保护工作,深入开展杂交石斑鱼的基础生物学研究,加强石斑鱼杂交选育行业管理,是我国石斑鱼渔业产业可持续发展的必要保障。 相似文献
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人工鱼礁是实现海洋牧场建设、海域生态调控和海洋生境修复的主要手段之一。人工鱼礁的聚鱼效果主要取决于礁体建造材料、结构造型、流体力学特征及礁体布局等因素。总结了国内外人工鱼礁工程技术的发展历程,阐述了我国人工鱼礁发展存在的问题。通过查阅文献资料,总结了礁体造型和设计方面的研究进展,主要包括:现有人工鱼礁礁体材料的优、缺点,新型复合材料应用空间等;主要礁体构型及现有设计方法;采用流体力学模型试验和数值计算,开展礁体水动力学行为研究的进展;人工诱导流场和人工鱼礁布局主要方法。结合我国人工鱼礁现状,提出人工鱼礁设计与应用的发展趋势和重点研究方向,以期为我国人工鱼礁建造和升级提供参考。 相似文献
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Many coral reefs are threatened because of anthropogenic impacts such as destructive fishing methods for marine ornamentals. The marine ornamental industry is currently almost completely dependent upon wild collections. The development of commercially feasible methods to culture ornamental species could help to reduce the need for wild‐collected specimens and reduce pressure on coral reefs. Advances in larval rearing and nutrition would help overcome the bottlenecks that impede the commercial production of many marine ornamental species. This article focuses on research for improving the production of the fire shrimp, Lysmata debelius. Experiments were performed with larval fire shrimp to evaluate (1) the importance of essential fatty acid enrichment of live prey (rotifers and Artemia) and (2) feeding penaeid shrimp muscle tissue to improve survival to metamorphosis. We also provide the fatty acid composition of Day‐1 posthatch fire shrimp larvae. The enrichment of live prey with docosahexaenoic acid did not improve larval growth, survival, or time to metamorphosis, but larvae fed live prey together with pureed penaeid shrimp muscle had survival rates of 9.8 ± 1.2%. The data and protocols developed in this study provide a foundation and baseline for future fire shrimp larval studies. 相似文献
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To evaluate the energetic condition of red snapper inhabiting natural and artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, the liver-somatic index (LSI) and muscle tissue caloric density (CD) were measured for fish collected between September 2011 and October 2013. Liver energy reserves were highest in spring and decreased during summer, with greater LSI values at natural reefs in spring. While female red snapper LSI was greater than males at the natural reefs, indicating a larger energetic investment for spawning, it did not differ between males and females at the artificial reefs. Females at natural reefs have the ability to invest more energy in reproduction than females at artificial reefs, which is reflected in larger female LSI values at the natural reefs. Caloric density was highest in winter and decreased through fall at the natural reefs, with the opposite trend observed at artificial reefs. Muscle energy reserves are likely utilized for gonad development, while stored liver energy is utilized during and after spawning. Female red snapper at natural reefs can exhibit greater energy reserves, and thus a higher energetic condition than females at artificial reefs. Recognizing that energetic condition differs between habitats could enhance future red snapper stock assessments. 相似文献
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Abstract— We conducted laboratory experiments which demonstrated that three littoral zone fishes differentially selected among three macrophytes when seeking refuge from predation. In the presence of a predator (a juvenile Micropterus salmoides ), mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ), sailfin mollies ( Poecilia latipinna ). and dollar sunfish ( Lepomis marginatus ) displayed ferential use of four tank areas containing patches of either Hydrilla verticillata , Potamogeton illinoensis, Panicum hemitomon , or no plants. Patterns habitat selection, and the consistency of these patterns among replicates, differed among the three fishes and among three plant-density treatments - natural (each macrophyte presented at its mean field density), equal (all three macrophytes at the same density), and control (no plants). Selection for H. verticillata by mosquitofish was significant for both the equal and natural treatments, and thus was not caused by differences in plant density alone. Sailfin mollies displayed significant selection for H. verticillata only in the natural plant-density treatments. Dollar sunfish showed less consistent habitat selection than either mosquitofish or sailfin mollies. Significant habitat selection was not found in the absence of a predator, and there was no evidence for lection among the tank areas in control treatments. Patterns of habitat selection by the three fishes in our laboratory study corresponded to observed habitat use in Lake Okeechobee. 相似文献
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澄海莱芜人工鱼礁集鱼效果初步评价 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
2003和2007年分别对澄海莱芜人工鱼礁区进行了投礁前的本底调查和投礁后的跟踪调查。结果表明,投礁后礁区海域游泳生物的资源密度明显比投礁前高,增加了25．63倍;礁区海域各类资源种类均比投礁前丰富,总种数由投礁前的23种增加至41种,比投礁前增加了0．78倍,其中,蟹类种数增加最多,增加了1．75倍;在本底调查中没有出现的经济种类龙头鱼Harpodon nehereus和红星梭子蟹Portunus sanguinolentus在跟踪调查中已成为主要优势种;Shannon—Wienver多样性指数（H’）在礁区和对比区均比投礁前有所增加。表明鱼礁投放后,鱼礁区集鱼效果和群落结构明显改善,人工鱼礁建设取得了明显的生态效益和经济效益。 相似文献
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2011年9月利用潜水原位采样法对竹洲人工鱼礁及附近天然岛礁上附着生物群落进行了调查。此次调查共记录附着生物68种,多属于热带一亚热带暖水种,其中优势种为网纹藤壶（Balanusreticulatus）、华美盘管虫（Hydroideselegans）和马氏珠母贝（Pinctadamartensi）。投礁6个月的礁体上附着生物种类和生物量与天然岛礁上附着生物存在显著差异,投礁12个月礁体上附着生物种类与天然岛礁上附着生物差异有减少趋势,生物量不存在显著差异。聚类分析表明竹洲礁区海域附着生物群落可划分为2个群落,投礁12个月礁体与天然岛礁同属一个群落,投礁6个月礁体附着生物为一个群落。人工鱼礁附着生物群落演替过程中改变了礁体表面空间结构,空间异质性提高,人工鱼礁附着生物群落逐步向着天然岛礁附着生物群落的方向发展。 相似文献
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国内外海洋牧场发展历程与定义分类概述 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
海洋牧场是国内外长期广泛应用的海洋渔业发展举措。本文对国内外海洋牧场发展情况以及已有定义、分类情况进行了总结和分析。国外普遍将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场,从20世纪40年代以来人工鱼礁已从较单纯的聚鱼功能,拓展为海洋牧场生境保护和修复功能,目标是渔业资源增殖和利用。东北亚国家如日本、韩国建设人工鱼礁的目标是大规模增殖、聚集和捕获渔业资源;欧美诸多国家建设人工鱼礁主要是为了增殖保护渔业资源和开发休闲渔业。国外以渔业资源增殖为主旨的海洋牧场建设成败皆有,成功的方面仍值得中国借鉴。国外对海洋牧场定义和分类的数量较少,定义的提出和使用相对严谨。多年来,中国高度重视海洋牧场建设,将其作为水生生物资源养护、渔民转产转业和海洋生态文明建设的重要手段加以扶持。海洋牧场在建设规模、产出效果、技术水平、发展机制等方面取得了巨大进步。但由于起步较晚,产业和科技总体上仍处于初级阶段,存在一系列问题亟待解决。在20世纪60年代至70年代,国内学者提出海洋牧场和海洋农牧化概念,并将二者进行了区分,其后诸多学者也将渔业资源增殖等同海洋牧场。近年来国内海洋牧场发展迅速,但海洋牧场定义不够规范,数量繁多、含义空泛、严谨性不足。最后,本文就海洋牧场发展趋势、发展理念、目标定位、建设内容、研究支撑等方面进行了总结和展望,认为实事求是并理性把握好现阶段海洋牧场的发展理念、定位、内容和目标,加强对农业农村部现有海洋牧场水产行业标准的宣传尤其是定义和分类的宣传,引导海洋牧场研究和建设工作有序开展,对于切实有效支撑海洋牧场健康发展十分重要。 相似文献
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2015年5—9月对青岛崂山湾两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的水平和垂直分布特征进行了调查,初步探明了两个人工礁区大型底栖海藻的群落特征、月际更替规律及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,崂山湾两个人工礁区内及礁区间不同水深的水流强度差异极显著,不同月份温度差异显著;调查期间共采集到大型底栖海藻26种,隶属于3门17科21属,其中红藻15种,褐藻7种,绿藻4种,分别占总种类数的57.69%、26.92%和15.38%;不同月份的大型底栖海藻种类更替差异显著,酸藻(Desmarestia viridis)、金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)和扁江蓠(Gracilaria textorii)分别是春季、夏季和秋季的第一优势种;大型底栖藻类群落的物种多样性指数呈先升高后降低趋势,且三亩前礁区多样性指数普遍高于黄山口礁区,温度变化是造成不同月份物种多样性指数和优势种变化的主要原因。冗余分析(RDA)排序结果显示,温度是影响大型底栖藻类月际更替的主要因素,对变量的解释率达到37.64%;水流强度和水深是影响大型底栖藻类水平和垂直分布的主要环境因子,对变量的解释率分别为26.54%和19.13%。研究结果表明,崂山湾人工鱼礁为大型底栖海藻提供了良好的附着基;礁区建成5年后大型底栖海藻群落已经发展至顶级群落,群落的季节更替较稳定,具有一定抵御外界干扰的能力。 相似文献
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Abstract The effects of habitat complexity, induced by construction of artificial reefs, on the fish assemblages in the Barra Bonita reservoir, Brazil, and in the lotic zone immediately below the dam were studied. Four artificial reefs were constructed in each habitat at variable distances from the shore. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that the factors distance from the shore and type of habitat were determinants for the group formation, and artificial reefs had a lesser effect. Fish species composition was about the same at locations with and without reefs. 相似文献
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- Habitat degradation and destruction arising from rapidly increasing urbanization represents one of the most significant threats to biodiversity. Human populations are continuing to increase around coastal regions, and as marine habitats are displaced by artificial structures it is important to understand how marine species may be impacted by these changes in habitat availability. The endangered seahorse Hippocampus whitei has been observed inhabiting protective swimming nets in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, Australia, even in the presence of natural habitats.
- This study tested whether the presence of a swimming net results in increased seahorse numbers at sites around Sydney Harbour, or whether seahorses are attracted away from natural habitats. Density surveys and mark–recapture population estimates were done at sites with pre-existing swimming nets and compared to control sites where only natural habitat was present. A manipulative experiment was conducted in which panels of swimming net material were installed at two sites in Sydney Harbour, with comparisons to control sites over a period of 14 months (April 2018 to June 2019) to test whether the installation of swimming nets would affect seahorses on surrounding natural habitat or increase site abundance.
- The pre-existing and installed swimming nets were found to support greater densities of H. whitei as well as some increases in site-scale abundance, with no effects on seahorse density on natural habitats. It is likely that increased seahorse production is occurring on the nets, with no evidence that seahorses are being attracted away from natural habitat; however, effects may vary across survey occasions and sites. Furthermore, swimming nets may serve as a useful replacement habitat in locations where natural habitat has become sparse or absent.
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Ornamental fishes endemic to Hawaii's reefs are a valued resource and a staple of the marine aquarium trade, worldwide. At present, the market for Hawaiian ornamental reef fish is supplied entirely by the export of wild-captured animals, but the long-term sustainability of this practice is debatable. The success of breeders of ornamental fishes elsewhere, and concerns about overexploitation of wild fishes have stimulated interest in the development of an industry based on the captive propagation and rearing of Hawaiian ornamental fishes. Initial attempts to spawn and rear the larvae of various marine ornamental fishes in Hawaii were carried out in the early 1970s. The results of these culture efforts, conducted primarily at the Oceanic Institute and the University of Hawaii's Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology on Oahu, have varied in success. For the most part, these results have appeared previously only in dissertations or in reports distributed locally. Technological improvements in marine aquarium husbandry and in the culture of edible marine fishes have both benefited practitioners of ornamental reef fish culture, and promise to do so in the future. Our objective in this paper is to review the progress that has been made in the captive cultivation of ornamental marine fishes and to provide an overview of the status of the marine aquarium industry in Hawaii. 相似文献
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海水桡足类的营养及在鱼、虾、蟹幼体培育中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海水桡足类在海洋食物网和生态系统中具有重要的地位,是各种海洋经济鱼类和甲壳类的重要饵料,也是经济水产动物人工育苗阶段的优质活饵料源。研究海水桡足类营养和应用效果,对提高海水鱼、虾、蟹类幼体变态率、成活率、苗种质量和育苗成功率具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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东海区资源保护型人工鱼礁生态效果评价体系的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
科学评价鱼礁生态效果对后续鱼礁建设具有重要现实意义。从鱼礁生态效果产生原理出发,以鱼礁的自然特征、流场效应、水质与底质、饵料生物、鱼类与大型无脊椎动物5方面作为评价准则,建立了2个评价层次共29个评价指标的指标体系。在查阅文献和分析调查资料基础上,确定了定量评价指标的模糊隶属函数和定性指标的评判依据以作为评价指标的评价标准。运用三标度层次分析法确定了评价指标的权重。对2个代表性资源保护型鱼礁的生态效果进行了评价。评价结果与实际调查情况基本吻合。评价方法可以作为有关鱼礁生态效果评价的依据。 相似文献