共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
2.
3.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
4.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from arable soil while maintaining productivity is a major challenge for agriculture. Biochar is known to reduce N2O emissions from soil, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the impact of green waste biochar (20 Mg ha?1) and lime (CaCO3; 2 Mg ha?1) application on soil gas transport properties and related changes in these to soil N2O and CO2 emissions measured using automated chambers in a field experiment cropped with maize. In situ soil water content monitoring was combined with laboratory measurements of relative soil gas diffusion coefficient (Dp/D0) at different matric potentials, to determine changes in Dp/D0 over time. Cumulative N2O emissions were similar in the control and lime treatment, but much lower in the biochar treatment. Cumulative CO2 emissions decreased in the order: lime treatment > biochar treatment > control soil. When N2O emissions were not driven by excess N supply shortly after fertilisation, they were associated with Dp/D0 changes, whereby decreases in Dp/D0 corresponded to N2O emissions peaks. No distinct pattern was observed between CO2 emissions and Dp/D0. Cumulative N2O emissions were positively related to number of days with Dp/D0 < 0.02, a critical limit for soil aeration. These results indicate that improved soil gas diffusivity, and hence improved soil aeration, may explain the effect of biochar in reducing N2O emissions. They also suggest that knowledge of Dp/D0 changes may be key to explaining N2O emissions. 相似文献
5.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
6.
7.
土壤培肥过程中氯离子累积与分布规律研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以陕西杨凌杜寨村为中心,沿南、西、北3条辐射线分别采取耕层和剖面土样,探讨土壤中Cl^-的累积与垂直分布情况,揭示受人类生活影响历史较长的杜寨村农田土壤中Cl^-的累积状况与迁移规律。结果表明,在半干旱偏湿润气候地区,由于受自然环境因素和人为因素的强烈影响,Cl^-在村庄附近的土壤耕层呈现出累积趋势,随着离村庄距离的增加而明显减少;土壤剖面上Cl^-的含量随着土壤深度的增加也逐渐减少;Cl^-在土壤耕层虽然表现出一定的累积趋势,但累积量并不高,暂时不会影响作物的产量和品质。 相似文献
8.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
9.
土壤干密度和含水率对2种紫色土抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
选择广泛分布于重庆丘陵山区的钙质紫色土和中性紫色土2种土壤,通过室内三轴剪切试验测定含水率和干密度交互作用对土壤抗剪强度指标的影响。结果表明:(1)在相同干密度情况下,2种土壤粘聚力(c)随着含水率增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在相同土壤含水率水平下,土壤粘聚力(c)随干密度增大而增大;2种土壤内摩擦角(φ)在各干密度条件下均随着含水率增加呈明显减小的趋势。(2)含水率和干密度的交互作用对粘聚力(c)有显著影响,粘聚力(c)随着干密度的增大而增大,且每一个干密度都有一个含水率与之对应,并在此交互条件下c达到最大。钙质紫色土粘聚力(c)在干密度为1.7g/cm3,含水率为11%时达到极大值,此时粘聚力(c)为154.59kPa,中性紫色土粘聚力(c)在干密度为1.6g/cm3,含水率为8%时达到极大值,此时粘聚力(c)为126.38kPa。(3)含水率和干密度的交互作用对内摩擦角(φ)影响相对较小,同一干密度下,其φ值差异不大,随干密度的增大缓慢增大,相对而言,含水率对内摩擦角(φ)的影响更明显。钙质紫色土内摩擦角(φ)随含水率的增大呈曲线下降,中性紫色土内摩擦角(φ)随含水率增大有一个短暂的增大过程,而后随之迅速减小。 相似文献
10.
土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。 相似文献
11.
论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持 总被引：4，自引：7，他引：4
在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。 相似文献
12.
基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。 相似文献
13.
Walter W. Wenzel Anton Brandstetter Helmut Wutte Enzo Lombi Thomas Prohaska Gerhard Stingeder Domy C. Adriano 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(2):221-228
Large concentrations of arsenic in soils, sediments, and freshwaters require risk assessment across the Central Alps and other regions. We measured arsenic concentrations in soil samples collected from 38 sites located in the Austrian Central Alps that had been contaminated due to mining and smelter activities and geogenic mineralization. Medians and ranges of arsenic concentrations (in mg kg—1) in the soil solid phase were: 77.1 (1—3000) for the total (Ast), 19.2 (0—726) for (NH4)2C2O4‐extractable (Aso), 2.35 (0—169) for (NH4)2HPO4‐extractable (Asp), and 0.143 (0—11.1) for (NH4)2SO4‐extractable (Ass) arsenic. Arsenic concentrations in soil solutions (Assol) collected from organic surface layers and mineral horizons at five selected sites using suction cups fitted with nylon membranes ranged from 0 to 171 μg l—1. Typically, the prevailing species of As in the soil solution was As(V). Assol was correlated with Ass (Assol = 0.279 + 15.6 Ass; r2 = 0.938; n = 17) and Ast (Assol = 1.272 + 0.043 Ast; r2 = 0.833; n = 17). Using these empirical models, Assol can be predicted quite accurately based on extraction with 0.05 M (NH4)2SO4 or total arsenic concentrations in the soil. Linking these models to drinking water standards (DWS) we propose soil standards for freshwater protection that vary for Ass (mg kg—1) between 0.62 (for DWS = 10 μg l—1 WHO) and 3.19 (for DWS = 50 μg l—1). Corresponding standards for Ast (mg kg—1) are 203 (DWS = 10 μg l—1) and 1133 (DWS = 50 μg l—1). These considerations demonstrate that changes in legislation on DWS may have dramatic impact on As concentrations in soil that are acceptable for groundwater protection. 相似文献
14.
渭北旱塬侵蚀退化土壤生产力的恢复与评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土壤侵蚀会降低生产力,威胁农业生产,因此,对土壤生产力进行恢复和评价具有重要意义。通过人工剥离熟土层,模拟研究不同侵蚀程度下的土壤生产力,选取施肥和覆盖表土2种恢复措施,对其土壤生产力的恢复情况展开研究并进行评价。结果表明:1)土壤侵蚀能够使土壤的理化性状恶化,施肥和覆土均能很好地改善土壤密度和孔隙度等,并能够增加土壤有机质及其他养分的质量分数。2)土壤侵蚀会降低作物产量,在不施肥下,每侵蚀1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均下降1.27%,施肥下每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,玉米产量比对照平均增加0.87%;而每覆盖1cm熟土层,玉米产量平均增加0.91%,但并不能完全补偿侵蚀造成的产量损失。3)利用土壤生产力指数模型(PI模型)计算出了不同措施下的生产力指数,发现:无肥下侵蚀的生产力指数最低,平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数下降2.17%,施肥下平均每侵蚀1 cm熟土层,生产力指数比无肥增加1.09%,而平均每覆盖1 cm熟土,生产力指数增加1.29%;表明覆土较施肥更易提高土壤生产力。4)对产量和生产力指数进行相关性分析,得出二者具有很好的正相关关系,说明用生产力指数来衡量土壤生产力的高低是可行的。 相似文献
15.
16.
Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses; however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1), respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg~(-1) following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg~(-1)) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR. 相似文献
17.
18.
John M. Galbraith 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2018,64(2):190-199
ABSTRACT Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils are widespread across the globe and are concentrated near where people live and work. Although some of the HAHT soils are significant because they can be hazardous to human, animal, and plant health, most are not mapped or classified to the same extent as agricultural soils. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence, types, and importance of HAHT soils and to document the historical and proposed classification of HAHT soils in Soil Taxonomy. There are two main forms of materials that define HAHT soils: human-altered soils formed in human-altered materials (HAM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more and human-transported soils formed in human-transported materials (HTM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more. The HAHT soils mainly occur in urban areas, transportation corridors, mined lands, landfills, filled shallow water, and agricultural areas on anthropogenic landforms. Hazards include danger from radioactivity, pollution, content of hazardous artifacts, or presence on unstable landforms that may fail during heavy rains or earthquakes. The HAHT soils are extensive, and their extent is growing. In the past, few HAHT soils were described or classified adequately because the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system was established for agricultural and other naturally occurring soils. However, HAHT soils are now being recognized and classified in many soil classification systems at very high levels. A new soil order is proposed for U.S. Soil Taxonomy that would include the most obvious profoundly and intentionally altered HAHT soils. A discussion and justification is given for an unofficial proposal. Input will be collected from international groups of scientists, and modifications of the unofficial proposal are expected. The long-term result of establishing a new soil order will be to enable proper classification, allocation, and mapping of HAHT soils worldwide. 相似文献
19.
土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的初始阶段,是降雨雨滴直接打击土壤表层引起的土壤颗粒分散和位移发生的过程。为研究土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性,研究通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀试验测定土壤溅蚀速率,运用SPSS 20.0软件,对土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率进行了Pearson相关系数分析。结果表明:土壤渗透性、分散率、团聚度和土壤粒级与土壤溅蚀速率相关性最大。土壤的渗透系数在整个降雨历时阶段对土壤的溅蚀速率一直呈现负影响。分散率在降雨历时为15min时对土壤溅蚀速率呈显著负影响。团聚度对土壤溅蚀速率的影响由T=15min时的显著正相关变成T=20min时的极显著正相关。土壤粒级和土壤溅蚀速率相关性很大,且关系较为复杂。相较于其他4种粒级中,粒级范围在D0.002mm的土壤颗粒对土壤溅蚀速率影响最大,且在降雨历时为15~20min时,对土壤溅蚀速率皆有显著正相关性。另外,粒级范围在0.2≤D2mm和0.02≤D0.2mm的土壤颗粒分别在T=15min和T=20min时对土壤溅蚀速率有显著负相关性。土壤粒级对土壤溅蚀速率的相关性随降雨历时的变化可能与土壤结皮有关。 相似文献
20.
略谈水土流失与土壤侵蚀 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
目前人们对“水土流失”等名词的理解不一，可概括为五种类型。导致理解歧义的原因，主要为水土保持科学产生和发展的历史与语言词汇两个方面。“水土流矢”与“土壤侵蚀”是两个有区别的概念，对水土流失、土壤侵蚀与水土保持等基本概念的理解，必须同我国水土保持工作实践结合起来。 相似文献