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秦岭华山松小蠹生态位研究 总被引：31，自引：8，他引：23
通过对秦岭林区海拔１６００～２２００ｍ的中山地带华山松小蠹虫种类和生态位的研究,结果表明：在秦岭林区入侵危害寄主华山松的小蠹虫有１９种,其中能构成竞争和共存的小蠹虫主要有１１种。虽然,这１１种小蠹虫具有各自不同的生态位宽度,且存在不同程度的生态位重叠,但各小蠹虫可依据其对寄主树木营养和空间需求的不同、种群密度的相互制约,以及入侵寄主树木时序的差异达到竞争的平衡和共存。秦岭华山松小蠹生态系统的建立,首先是由华山松大小蠹入侵健康华山松,并通过携带蓝变真菌入侵寄主树木,迅速克服寄主树木抗性系统,使寄主树木树势衰弱;其次松六齿小蠹、暗额星坑小蠹和松十二齿小蠹,作为秦岭华山松的主要次期性小蠹,迅速入侵衰弱的寄主华山松;最后其它次期性小蠹虫入侵寄主树木,利用寄主华山松剩余营养和空间。从而实现秦岭华山松立木小蠹生态系统的动态稳定。 相似文献
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橡胶树衰退与小蠹虫危害的关系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为害橡胶树的小囊虫种类增加,已由偶发性转变为常发性,导致橡胶树死亡,给生产造成巨大损失。本文借鉴防治云南松纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda L.)的经验教训,强调小蠹虫是一类“次期性”蛀干害虫,只有当橡胶树处于衰退状态才可能侵入为害。根据橡胶树既具有林木的共性又独具热带乔木作物的特殊性,运用森林衰退病理论,结合橡胶生产实际分析认为:橡胶树遭受风、雷、寒、病等灾害造成损伤、树皮溃烂、干枯是橡胶树小蠹虫危害的重要原因;橡胶树衰退则是小蠹虫危害的根本原因。 相似文献
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《林业科学》2016,(8)
【目的】对我国东北异域分布的3种落叶松林内齿小蠹粘束孢属(微囊菌目:粘束孢科)伴生真菌进行系统调查和分析,为研究其致病机制奠定基础,为控制森林病虫害提供理论依据。【方法】对异域分布的长白落叶松和华北落叶松八齿小蠹(鞘翅目:小蠹科)的虫体和坑道组织进行伴生真菌的分离纯化,进行生理学特性、菌落特征、微观形态学的观察,以及基于rRNA-ITS和TEF-1α多位点DNA序列的系统发育进行分析。【结果】落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢2种粘束孢属真菌与我国的落叶松八齿小蠹伴生,其中落叶松粘束孢为中国新纪录种。落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢都是首次从亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹上分离到,与落叶松八齿小蠹形成新的小蠹虫-真菌伴生关系。在亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹和中国落叶松坑道中发现了落叶松粘束孢,不仅丰富了菌株数量,也扩大了落叶松粘束孢的分布范围,同时也增加了中国地区粘束孢属真菌的种类。目前黑梗粘束孢仅在中国云南松梢木蠹象(鞘翅目:象甲科)上分离得到,本研究不仅增加了黑梗粘束孢的寄主种类,也扩大了寄主的分布范围。该种在我国的分布跨度区域巨大,可能是一个广泛分布的种。【结论】多基因序列特征表明来自云南松梢木蠹象和亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹2种不同生态位的黑梗粘束孢存在种下分化现象,进一步支持了在不同地理(或寄主)种群中发现伴生菌存在适应寄主植物和小蠹虫的分化潜力这一结论。落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢都是首次从亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹上分离到,为进一步研究其与落叶松八齿小蠹间的伴生关系,以及在危害寄主方面的协同作用提供良好的模式材料。 相似文献
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Restoration of protected areas in boreal forests frequently includes creating substantial volumes of dead wood. While this benefits a wide range of dead wood dependent invertebrate species, some of these are regarded as forest pests. Therefore, the risk of elevated levels of tree mortality in surrounding commercial forests must be considered. In a large-scale field experiment in southern Finland, we studied the effects of restoration treatments on the abundance of bark beetles within and in the vicinity of restored areas, in particular focusing on Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus. The treatments applied to managed Norway spruce forests were controlled burning and partial harvesting combined with retaining 5, 30 or 60 m3/ha of cut down wood. We found that the abundance of bark beetles increased by both burning and harvesting with down wood retention, being highest where burning and harvesting had been combined. The actual volume of down wood retention had no significant effect. The effect of burning on the number of bark beetles along host tree boles was negative which suggests that burnt spruces provided a less suitable resource for bark beetles than unburnt dead spruces. The abundance of bark beetles along host trees also decreased with increasing volume of down wood retention. The abundance of P. chalographus was slightly elevated up to 50 m outside restored areas but the abundance was very low compared to that within the areas. The abundance of I. typographus was extremely low outside restored areas. We conclude that restoration treatments increase the abundance of bark beetles via increased availability of resources, but that the effect of burning is likely to be counteracted by decreased resource quality. Thus, burning might be the “safest” way to produce large quantities of dead wood. Furthermore, the fact that only few beetles were collected in adjacent areas suggests that restored areas pose little threat of serving as refugia in which bark beetle populations increase in sufficient numbers to attack live trees in adjacent forests. However, restoration actions repeated at consecutive years within a small area might enable the populations to grow to outbreak levels. 相似文献
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Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) diversity in spaced and unmanaged mature lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) in southeastern British Columbia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
L. Safranyik T. L. Shore A. L. Carroll D. A. Linton 《Forest Ecology and Management》2004,200(1-3):23-38
Variation in the number and diversity of bark beetles in spaced mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to location (site), spacing treatment and years following treatment. We analyzed the number of bark beetles and the number of bark beetle species that emerged from stumps or were captured in flight traps in the first five years following spacing. We also investigated the incidence of bark beetle attacks on the remaining trees and the mean dates of emergence from stumps and of capture in flight traps for the common species. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 m × 4 m spacing, 5 m × 5 m spacing, and an untreated control. The mean density of bark beetles emerged from stumps was different among sites and years but not between spacing treatments. There was no statistically significant variation in the number of bark beetle species captured in flight traps by site, spacing treatment, years, or spacing treatment and years. Significantly more bark beetles were captured in the 4 m × 4 m spacing treatment than in the control. The number of bark beetles captured was the highest in the first 2 years following treatment. Up to 26 species of bark beetles, excluding ambrosia beetles, were captured in flight barrier traps. There was no difference in species diversity by site or treatment indicating that species diversity in mature lodgepole pine is relatively stable over large areas. Of the 213 trees that sustained at least 10 attacks by bark beetles on the lower 2 m of the bole, 59.1% occurred in the spaced plots but only 18.2% of those were successful, versus 74.7% success in the infested trees in the control plots. The majority of infested trees contained Ips sp., Dendroctonus valens and D. murrayanae. Of the seven trees attacked by mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae) only one tree was located in a spaced plot. 相似文献
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To preserve biodiversity in managed forest landscapes dead and living trees are retained at final cuttings. In the present study we evaluated the effect of these practices for saproxylic (wood-dependent) beetles inhabiting dead aspen trees (Populus tremulae). For saproxylic beetles, tree retention at final cuttings can be expected to be especially valuable for species adapted to sun-exposed dead wood, a substrate that only rarely occurs in well managed forest stands. Therefore, the current evaluation was conducted as a comparison of species richness, species density (number of species per sample), assemblage composition and occurrence of individual species between clear-cuts, where aspen trees were retained, and closed forest stands with aspen trees. The study was conducted in central Sweden and the beetles were sampled by sieving of bark from CWD (coarse woody debris) of aspen. There was no significant difference in rarefied species richness between forest and clear-cut sites. Species composition differed significantly between the two stand types. Generalized linear mixed-effects models predicted the species density to be 34% lower in CWD objects in forest sites than on clear-cuts. This pattern could partly be explained by differences in CWD diameter, decay class and bark types between the two stand types (clear-cut/forest). Stand type was a significant predictor of occurrence in individual CWD objects for 30% of analysed individual beetle species. For all species except one, the variable stand type predicted higher occurrence on clear-cuts than in forest stands. To conclude, our results demonstrate that retention of aspen on clear-cuts contributes to population recruitment of a different assemblage of species than CWD within stands. 相似文献
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Brian H. Aukema Jun Zhu Jesper Møller Jakob G. Rasmussen Kenneth F. Raffa 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds. 相似文献
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James L. Hanula James R. Meeker Daniel R. Miller Edward L. Barnard 《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,170(1-3):233-247
Wildfires burned over 200,000 ha of forest lands in Florida from April to July 1998. This unique disturbance event provided a valuable opportunity to study the interactions of summer wildfires with the activity of pine feeding insects and their associates in the southeastern United States. We compared tree mortality with abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles, reproduction weevils and wood borers relative to fire severity. Over 27% of residual live trees in stands that experienced high fire severity died between October 1998 and May 1999. An additional 2–3% of trees that initially survived the fire died during the second year compared to <1% mortality in unburned stands. One year after the fire, more than 75% of the trees surviving in high fire severity stands had roots infected with one or more species of Leptographium and/or Graphium spp. and nearly 60% of the sampled roots were infected. No such fungi were recovered from roots of trees in unburned stands. Significantly, more root weevils, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picovorus, were captured in unbaited pitfalls in the moderate and high fire severity stands than in the controls. Mean trap catches of Ips grandicollis, Dendroctonus terebrans and Hylastes salebrosus, three common bark beetles that feed on phloem tissue of pines, were lower in Lindgren traps in the fire-damaged areas than in the control stands. In contrast, catches of the ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus spp. and Monarthrum mali, were higher in burned stands than in control stands. The generalist predator, Temnochila virescens (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), showed a strong positive relationship between abundance and fire severity, while the flat bark beetle, Silvanus sp. (Coleoptera: Sylvanidae), exhibited the reverse trend. Our results show that most tree mortality occurred within 1 year of the fire. Ips or Dendroctonus bark beetle populations did not build up in dead and weakened trees and attack healthy trees in nearby areas. The prevalence of Leptographium spp. in roots may be a symptom of, or result in, weakened trees that may affect the trees’ susceptibility to bark beetles in the future. 相似文献
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The inorganic element contents of trees were measured to evaluate the safety of using wood biomass as thermal power generation
fuel. Twelve species of typical conifer trees and 17 species of typical broad-leaved trees in Japan plus 9 species of commonly
imported trees were selected and analyzed for the main inorganic elements and several trace elements that are potentially
harmful in combustion ash. The ash content in bark, especially in the inner bark, was higher than that in wood, but the highest
concentration was in the leaves. In almost all parts of the trees, the order of inorganic element concentration was calcium
≥ potassium ≥ magnesium ≥ sulfur ≥ phosphorous. Among the trace elements, the boron content was high and the mercury content
was recorded as being high in conifer bark. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):118-122
To investigate the fungal flora associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in an endemic area, beetles were collected during the flight period in six locations in Tr?ndelag, Norway. The beetles were inoculated into fresh Norway spruce logs, and the frequency of different species was monitored by fungal isolation from bark and wood. The most common species were Ophiostoma bicolor, O. penicillatum, O. polonicum and a previously undescribed Graphium species, the same species which were the most important associates of I. Typographus in an epidemic area in southeastern Norway. The frequency of the primary invader, O. polonicum, was, however, lower in Tr?ndelag, which may indicate that this species is less frequent in endemic areas than in epidemic areas. 相似文献
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Futoshi Ishiguri Imam Wahyudi Masae Takeuchi Yuya Takashima Kazuya Iizuka Shinso Yokota Nobuo Yoshizawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(3):241-246
The relationships between growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated for a threatened species, Pericopsis mooniana, to promote the establishment of plantations of this species in the tropics. Growth characteristics (diameter and height)
and stress-wave velocity (SWV) of trees were measured for 22-year-old P. mooniana trees planted in Indonesia. The trees were categorized into three groups, fast-growing, middle-growing, and slow-growing
trees, to investigate the effect of growth rate on the wood properties. In addition, radial variation of anatomical characteristics
and wood properties were determined. No significant correlation was found between growth characteristics and SWV. The values
for the vessel diameter, cell wall thickness of wood fibers, wood fiber length, basic density, modulus of elasticity, and
modulus of rupture from wood at the bark side were higher than those at the pith side. On the other hand, vessel frequency
gradually decreased from pith to bark. These results suggested that low-quality wood, such as juvenile wood, existed near
the pith area. 相似文献
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Four treatments (control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-and-burn) were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle-caused mortality in both the short-term (one to four years) and the long-term (seven years) in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana, USA. In addition to assessing bark beetle responses to these treatments, we also measured natural enemy landing rates and resin flow of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) the season fire treatments were implemented. All bark beetles were present at low population levels (non-outbreak) for the duration of the study. Post-treatment mortality of trees due to bark beetles was lowest in the thin-only and control units and highest in the units receiving burns. Three tree-killing bark beetle species responded positively to fire treatments: Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae), pine engraver (Ips pini), and western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) responded positively to fire treatments, but never caused mortality. Three fire damage variables tested (height of crown scorch, percent circumference of the tree bole scorched, or degree of ground char) were significant factors in predicting beetle attack on trees. Douglas-fir beetle and pine engraver responded rapidly to increased availability of resources (fire-damaged trees); however, successful attacks dropped rapidly once these resources were depleted. Movement to green trees by pine engraver was not observed in plots receiving fire treatments, or in thinned plots where slash supported substantial reproduction by this beetle. The fourth tree-killing beetle present at the site, the mountain pine beetle, did not exhibit responses to any treatment. Natural enemies generally arrived at trees the same time as host bark beetles. However, the landing rates of only one, Medetera spp., was affected by treatment. This predator responded positively to thinning treatments. This insect was present in very high numbers indicating a regulatory effect on beetles, at least in the short-term, in thinned stands. Resin flow decreased from June to August. However, resin flow was significantly higher in trees in August than in June in fire treatments. Increased flow in burned trees later in the season did not affect beetle attack success. Overall, responses by beetles to treatments were short-term and limited to fire-damaged trees. Expansions into green trees did not occur. This lack of spread was likely due to a combination of high tree vigor in residual stands and low background populations of bark beetles. 相似文献