共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Existence of an 16O-rich gaseous reservoir in the solar nebula 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Krot AN McKeegan KD Leshin LA MacPherson GJ Scott ER 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5557):1051-1054
Carbonaceous chondrite condensate olivine grains from two distinct petrographic settings, calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) accretionary rims and amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs), are oxygen-16 (16O) enriched at the level previously observed inside CAIs. This requires that the gas in the nebular region where these grains condensed was 16O-rich. This contrasts with an 16O-poor gas present during the formation of chondrules, suggesting that CAIs and AOAs formed in a spatially restricted region of the solar nebula containing 16O-rich gas. The 16O-rich gas composition may have resulted either from mass-independent isotopic chemistry or from evaporation of regions with enhanced dust/gas ratios, possibly in an X-wind environment near the young Sun. 相似文献
2.
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion. 相似文献
3.
T Rockmann CAM Brenninkmeijer G Saueressig P Bergamaschi JN Crowley H Fischer PJ Crutzen 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5376):544-546
Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits mass-independent fractionation in the oxygen isotopes. An 17O excess up to 7.5 per mil was observed in summer at high northern latitudes. The major source of this puzzling fractionation in this important trace gas is its dominant atmospheric removal reaction, CO + OH --> CO2 + H, in which the surviving CO gains excess 17O. The occurrence of mass-independent fractionation in the reaction of CO with OH raises fundamental questions about kinetic processes. At the same time the effect is a useful marker for the degree to which CO in the atmosphere has been reacting with OH. 相似文献
4.
MJ Prather 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5355):1339-1341
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the top three greenhouse gases whose emissions may be brought under control through the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Current understanding of its global budget, including the balance of natural and anthropogenic sources, is largely based on the atmospheric losses calculated with chemical models. A representative one-dimensional model used here describes the photochemical coupling between N2O and stratospheric ozone (O3), which can easily be decomposed into its natural modes. The primary, longest lived mode describes most of the atmospheric perturbation due to anthropogenic N2O sources, and this pattern may be observable. The photolytic link between O3 and N2O is identified as the mechanism causing this mode to decay 10 to 15 percent more rapidly than the N2O mean atmospheric lifetime, affecting the inference of anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
5.
An oxygen isotope profile of the 2-billion-year-old Purtuniq ophiolite overlaps with similar profiles of younger ophiolites and the modern oceanic crust. This overlap implies (i) that there was a similar style of seawater-ocean crust interaction during the past 2 billion years; (ii) that the oxygen isotope composition of early Proterozoic seawater was similar to the modern value; (iii) that early Proterozoic sea-floor spreading rates were similar to, or greater than, average modern rates; and (iv) that early Proterozoic carbonate rocks and cherts with low (18)O/(16)O ratios do not reflect global-scale (18)O depletion of early Proterozoic oceans. 相似文献
6.
The late Pleistocene history of seawater temperature and salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific warm pool is reconstructed from oxygen isotope (delta18O) and magnesium/calcium composition of planktonic foraminifera. Differentiating the calcite delta18O record into components of temperature and local water delta18O reveals a dominant salinity signal that varied in accord with Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles over Greenland. Salinities were higher at times of high-latitude cooling and were lower during interstadials. The pattern and magnitude of the salinity variations imply shifts in the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system analogous to modern El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Ni?o conditions correlate with stadials at high latitudes, whereas La Ni?a conditions correlate with interstadials. Millennial-scale shifts in atmospheric convection away from the western tropical Pacific may explain many paleo-observations, including lower atmospheric CO2, N2O, and CH4 during stadials and patterns of extratropical ocean variability that have tropical source functions that are negatively correlated with El Ni?o. 相似文献
7.
Paleoatmospheric records of trace-gas concentrations recovered from ice cores provide important sources of information on many biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Here, we present a 106,000-year record of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) along with corresponding isotopic records spanning the last 30,000 years, which together suggest minimal changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial N2O production. During the last glacial termination, both marine and oceanic N2O emissions increased by 40 +/- 8%. We speculate that our records do not support those hypotheses that invoke enhanced export production to explain low carbon dioxide values during glacial periods. 相似文献
8.
从2000年9月到2001年9月,每月两次采样连续监测太湖地区湖、河和井水水体中溶解的N2O浓度、NO-3-N和NH4+-N浓度及水温的变化,研究了湖、河、井水体NO-3-N和NH4+-N浓度对水中溶解N2O浓度的影响。结果表明,湖、河和井水中溶解的N2O浓度与NO-3-N浓度呈显著正相关关系,也与水温呈正相关,而与NH4+-N浓度无显著相关关系。结果还表明,浅水型水体高浓度NO-3-N和NH4+-N的存在均是N2O产生的源;水体反硝化作用和硝化-反硝化均是水中产生N2O的重要途径。 相似文献
9.
Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates a chemically produced, mass-independent isotopic fractionation of oxygen. The effect is thought to result from self-shielding by the major isotopic species (16)O(2), but other possible mechanisms such as molecular symmetry cannot be ruled out. In a three-isotope plot, the experimentally produced fractionation line is essentially equal in slope to the observed carbonaceous chondrite mixing line. The implications for the early history of the solar system are discussed. 相似文献
10.
The delta (18)O of minerals from lunar gabbros and basalts are: plgioclases +6.06 to +6.33), pyroxenes (+5.70 to +5.95), and ilmenites (+3.85 to +4.12). The uniformity of these results indicates isotopic equilibrium in the mineral assemblages. Estimated plagioclase-ilmenite temperautres range from 1150 degrees C to 1340 degrees C. The bulk (18)/ (16)O and (30)Si/ (28)Si ratios of these lunar rocks are identical with ratios of terrestrial basalts, but the lunar glass, breccia, and dust are slightly enriched in the heavier isotopes. The lunar hydrogen (formed from solar wind) has a delta D/H of less than-873 per mil and the value may be even lower, as it is probably contaminated with terrestrial hydrogen. The delta (13)C of lunar dust and breccia is unusually high relative to reduced carbon in meteorites or on earth. 相似文献
11.
[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2 206～552 mg/(m2.h)和N2O 51～295μg/(m2.h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00～8:00或16:00～21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00～10:00或16:00～21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00～18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00～12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。 相似文献
12.
Moriarty JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,155(3762):553-556
Excavations at site U.C.L.J.-M-15 at Agua Hedionda Lagoon in southern California have provided a radiocarbon date of 7070 B.C. for a transitional phase between the San Dieguito and the La Jolla complex. The many radiocarbon dates taken from sites in San Diego County demonstrate a somewhat greater age than was hitherto generally expected for the three cultures in the area. The age of the most recent culture, the Yuman-Diegueno, has been extended to about 1000 B.C. The La Jolla shows an extremely long period of occupation spanning roughly 1000 B.C. to 7070 B.C. The third group, the San Dieguito, a pre-Desert culture, is still undated. Samples are now in process and should, judged from the new La Jolla dates, give a date earlier than 7000 B.C. for the earliest phases of the San Dieguito. 相似文献
13.
对大气中气相氮化合物的源汇状况及其引起的气候和环境效应进行了较为详尽的综述： 分析了大气温室气体Ｎ２ Ｏ 及影响大气质量和环境的含氮化合物ＮＯｘ 的源汇种类及强度;对含氮化合物在大气中的各种化学反应过程作了综合剖析;针对与农业过程密切相关的生物源－ 土壤中由微生物参与的硝化作用与反硝化作用过程与机制及其产生气相氮化物的可能路径和主要影响因子进行了详细分析; 并提出了减少排放与控制的措施和途径。 相似文献
14.
华北平原不同作物-潮土系统中N_2O排放量的测定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站应用原状土柱培养法测定了华北平原主要农作物 -潮土系统中N2O的排放量 ,比较了不同作物对农田土壤中N2O排放的影响。结果表明 ,大豆、花生、玉米和棉花4种作物系统的N2O排放通量有所差异 ;生长期间不施氮肥处理下N2O排放总量为0.57—1.00kgN·hm -2,施氮肥处理下为1.48—3.12kgN·hm-2,作物系统间有较大差异。氮肥产生的N2O -N占施肥量的0.57 %—1.58 % ,其中玉米作物系统是棉花作物系统的近3倍。 相似文献
15.
[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2206~552mg(/m·2h)和N2O51~295μg(/m2·h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00~8:00或16:00~21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00~10:00或16:00~21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00~18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00~12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。 相似文献
16.
17.
[目的]研究超声/紫外/O3/H2O2处理去除水中DDT的效果,为建立新的去除水中DDTs的AOPs技术提供参考。[方法]配制一定浓度的DDT水溶液,分别采用超声、紫外、O3/H2O2、超声/紫外和超声/紫外/O3/H2O2组合处理,并用超声/紫外/O3/H2O2组合处理北江佛山段水样,用GC-EDC方法检测DDT含量变化,比较各处理方法的DDT去除率。[结果]水中DDT去除率分别为:超声波处理为45%～56%、紫外光处理近70%、超声/紫外联合处理超过80%、O3/H2 O2处理为28%～32%、超声/紫外/O3/H2 O2处理为91%,而北江水样DDT去除率达到85%。[结论]超声/紫外/O3/H2O2联合处理可有效去除水中DDT。 相似文献
18.
Limits for combustion in low O2 redefine paleoatmospheric predictions for the Mesozoic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Several studies have attempted to determine the lower limit of atmospheric oxygen under which combustion can occur; however, none have been conducted within a fully controlled and realistic atmospheric environment. We performed experimental burns (using pine wood, moss, matches, paper, and a candle) at 20 degrees C in O2 concentrations ranging from 9 to 21% and at ambient and high CO2 (2000 parts per million) in a controlled environment room, which was equipped with a thermal imaging system and full atmospheric, temperature, and humidity control. Our data reveal that the lower O2 limit for combustion should be increased from 12 to 15%. These results, coupled with a record of Mesozoic paleowildfires, are incompatible with the prediction of prolonged intervals of low atmospheric O2 levels (10 to 12%) in the Mesozoic. 相似文献
19.
以高压均质为乳化方式,采用细乳液交联法合成淀粉纳米微球。对W/O细乳液制备条件的研究结果表明:Span-80与Tween-80质量比为84∶16,淀粉溶液中NaCl与H2O质量比为6∶100时可制得圆整性和分散性较好的粗乳液;复合乳化剂与环己烷的质量体积比为0.04～0.08g/mL时,细乳液粒径和多分散系数(PDI)变化不明显;随着均质压力的提高,细乳液粒径和PDI逐渐减小;随着均质次数的增加,细乳液粒径和PDI先是逐渐减小,均质5次后变化趋于平缓。以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,成功制得了粒径约50～100nm淀粉纳米微球。 相似文献
20.
The oxygen-18 (18O) content of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important indicator of CO2 uptake on land. It has generally been assumed that during photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 reaches isotopic equilibrium with oxygen in 18O-enriched water in leaves. We show, however, large differences in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (which catalyzes CO2 hydration and 18O exchange in leaves) among major plant groups that cause variations in the extent of 18O equilibrium (theta(eq)). A clear distinction in theta(eq) between C3 trees and shrubs, and C4 grasses makes atmospheric C18OO a potentially sensitive indicator to changes in C3 and C4 productivity. We estimate a global mean theta(eq) value of approximately 0.8, which reasonably reconciles inconsistencies between 18O budgets of atmospheric O2 (Dole effect) and CO2. 相似文献