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1.
库区是流域水系的重要组成部分,厘清库区经济社会发展过程中的生态环境效应和综合生态风险,对库区生态风险适应与缓解的决策制定具有重要意义。现有研究忽视了库区生态系统的自组织动态演化过程,有必要进一步考虑库区生态系统与社会系统的时空交互过程,对库区生态风险进行更为综合性和针对性的评价,弥补库区生态风险定量化评价研究空缺。基于此,以丹江口库区为例,综合考虑库区生态环境、景观结构及人类活动等要素,构建基于适应性循环理论框架的“潜力—连通度—韧性”三维综合评价指标体系,选取1990—2018年7个年份的数据,对研究区7个县(市、区)的生态风险适应性循环周期进行刻画。结果表明:(1)丹江口库区整体生态风险水平呈波动状下降趋势,生态风险变化趋势存在地域差异,淅川县、茅箭区、张湾区为生态风险上升地区;(2)适应性循环的阶段特征能够为判断库区生态风险现状提供依据,适应性循环释放阶段、重组阶段及僵化阶段表现出生态系统风险上升的趋势。修正后的适应性循环模型对系统僵化风险的指示作用更加明显,2015年以来,丹江口库区社会—生态系统处于重要的转折阶段,有效防止生态风险的进一步扩大是当前库区生态系统管理的关键所在,对于维持库区社会—生态系统的可持续性至关重要。 相似文献
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《农业环境与发展》2021,(4)
生态系统的科学管理是生态系统可持续发展的关键,传统管理方法的局限性已经无法解决管理过程中遇到的复杂问题,一种新兴的管理方法——适应性管理应运而生,并受到学者的广泛关注。本文采用文献分析法和比较分析法研究了国内外2010—2020年生态系统适应性管理研究文献的数量特征,梳理了适应性管理的内涵发展、类型、适用条件,归纳了生态系统适应性管理的主要研究方向,指出了当前生态系统适应性管理研究存在的不足,并提出了相应的研究建议与展望。得出结论:国内外生态系统适应性管理研究方向和文献数量发展趋势基本一致,但是在文献数量方面差距悬殊;适应性管理的内涵不断被完善,但生态系统适应性管理的应用仍具有局限性,亟需达成内涵的统一认识并扩展应用范围,充分发挥适应性管理的优势,促进生态系统的可持续发展,取得最优的经济、生态和社会效益。 相似文献
3.
为了解青藏高原腹地天然草地土壤稳定性碳储量,掌握其固碳能力和增汇潜力,将三江源地区土壤按地域空间和3种典型草地类型进行划分,以活动层土壤为对象,进行土壤总有机碳（TOC）及铁（铝）键合碳[Fe (Al)-C]分析,并与地理、气候资料建立关系模型,反演近60年（1961—2020年）时空变化规律。结果表明：（1）江源地区Fe (Al)-C平均含量6.07 g·kg-1,[Fe (Al)-C]/TOC平均16.87 %,其含量分布地带性特征明显,中、东部地区显著高于西部地区（P < 0.05）;（2）3种草地类型Fe (Al)-C含量在2.35 ~ 8.81 g·kg-1,[Fe (Al)-C]/TOC 11.99% ~ 20.52%,高山灌丛草甸和高寒草甸均显著高于高寒草原（P < 0.05）; 3种高寒草地Fe (Al)-C与TOC呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;（3）模拟数字化制图结果显示,近20年（2001—2020年）三江源地区Fe (Al)-C分布面积变化相比过去两个时段（1961—1980年和1981—2000年,其含量≥5.75 g·kg-1的分布面积平均增加了1.64 %）,整体处于碳汇状态,三江源地区土壤铁（铝）键合碳在土壤稳定中的固碳潜力不容忽视。 相似文献
4.
全球变化背景下南方丘陵区农业生态系统适应性时空演变特征研究——以衡阳盆地为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
生态系统适应性已成为全球变化与发展的热点问题。生态系统适应性演变是全球变化区域响应的重要表现。我国南方丘陵区是典型的稻作农业区,研究其农业生态系统适应性十分重要。文章以衡阳盆地为例,从自然、社会、经济3个方面选择12个指标构建农业生态系统适应性评价指标体系,评价单元分为衡阳市区及其各县域,以1999—2014年共16年为研究时域,用熵权法确定指标权重,计算衡阳盆地的适应能力指数。结果表明:衡阳盆地农业生态系统适应性总体状况较好,其空间分异较复杂,耒阳市的适应能力最强,祁东县次之,常宁市最弱。时间演变表现为波动上升的特点,评价时域16年分为3阶段:1999—2004年为适应性小幅度振荡的低值阶段,2005—2010年为适应性显著波动总体上升阶段,2010—2014年为适应性快速上升阶段。研究结论可为研究区农业可持续发展提供借鉴。 相似文献
5.
粤北山区社会-生态-经济系统恢复力及其协调度 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的] 对粤北山区5市的社会—生态—经济系统的恢复力进行测度和协调度评价,为欠发达地区的可持续发展提供理论基础。[方法] 以恢复力的视角构建了社会—生态—经济耦合系统的理论框架和评价体系,并建立二元和三元协调度模型。[结果] ①社会—经济—生态系统恢复力总体上升,社会子系统和经济子系统恢复力增速较为缓慢,生态子系统恢复力有所下降;②社会—经济—生态系统恢复力等级空间明显,社会子系统恢复力等级升高,呈现“四周高中间低”的特点,经济系统恢复力呈现出“东高西低”的特征,生态子系统恢复力等级出现了下降的趋势。③生态—经济系统濒临失调,社会—生态系统基本协调,社会—经济系统初级协调;社会—生态—经济系统协调度仍然处于轻度失调阶段。[结论] 粤北地区耦合系统的恢复力有待提高,特别是生态系统恢复力。后期应该注重社会—生态—经济系统的协调和和互动能力。 相似文献
6.
以密云水库以上的潮河流域作为研究区域,对流域1961—2005年的还原年径流量、年降水量、年水土保持措施（水平梯田和造林）面积数据进行了多元回归分析。建立基于降水—水土保持—径流之间关系的统计模型,定量评估了该区水土保持措施对流域年径流量的影响程度。模型评估结果表明,1961—1970年,1971—1980年,1981—1990年,1991—2000年,2001—2005年,流域水土保持措施的年均减水效应分别为2.54%,3.52%,28.71%,6.87%和48.02%;1981—2005年,流域水土保持措施的年均减水效应比较显著为22.96%。2001—2005年的年均减水效应最大,1981—1990年的年均减水效应次之,1991—2000年的年均减水效应最小。水土保持措施对枯水时段的减水效应更为突出。 相似文献
7.
黄土高原生态脆弱区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以汾河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土地利用变化改变区域生态系统服务价值,进而影响区域经济可持续发展与生态环境保护。基于汾河流域1980年、2000年、2010年、2016年4期土地利用数据为基础,通过引用生态系统服务价值、土地利用动态度等指标,从整体和不同阶段上分析了土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:(1) 1980—2016年汾河流域土地利用类型整体以耕地、草地和建设用地为主,土地利用变化是以耕地向其他土地利用类型转移的方式为主,且综合土地利用动态度呈逐渐增长趋势。(2) 1980—2016年汾河流域的生态系统服务价值呈现先增长后减少的趋势,耕地生态系统服务价值一直处于减少的趋势,退耕还林(草)政策的持续实施是导致耕地生态系统服务价值持续减少的关键原因。(3)通过汾河流域主要行政区的生态系统服务价值差异分析,1980—2016年汾河流域共有13个行政区生态系统服务价值处于增长的趋势;20个行政区生态系统服务价值处于减少的趋势。 相似文献
8.
9.
喀斯特槽谷区土地利用转型过程对生态系统服务价值的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
揭示当前多因素驱动下喀斯特槽谷区典型地貌单元土地利用转型过程的生态系统服务价值影响具有重要意义。以2005年、2010年、2014年、2017年高清影像为数据源并结合实地调研对解译数据进行了对比验证,借鉴国内外生态系统服务价值最新研究成果,结合研究区实际情况对生态系统服务价值系数进行了修订,通过对土地利用转移矩阵分析和生态系统服务价值指标计算。结果表明:（1）研究区内草地、灌木林地、山地旱地、有林地、农村居民用地、城镇用地变化显著,山地旱地转为草地、城镇、农村居民用地,草地转为有林地、灌木林地。（2）2005—2010年土地利用转型山坡较槽坝显著。2010—2014年土地利用转型主要集中于槽坝,山地旱地转为农村居民用地、城镇用地,水田转为农村居民用地,草地转为山地旱地。2014—2017年土地利用在山坡—槽坝同时发生转型。（3）喀斯特槽谷区生态系统服务价值在2005年、2010年、2014年、2017年分别为129 825.44万元、134 744.99万元、102 592.28万元、102 816.77万元。2005—2010年喀斯特槽谷区（ESV）由129 825.43万元变为134 744.98万元,增幅为1.85%;2010—2014年ESV由134 744.99万元变为102 592.28万元,下降了13.55%;2014—2017年ESV由102 592.28万元变为102 816.77万元,下降了0.11%;2005—2017年喀斯特槽谷区生态系统服务价值（ESV）由129 825.43万元变为102 816.77万元,总体下降了11.61%。 相似文献
10.
利用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI_TH,SPEI_PM）和自适应帕尔默干旱指数（scPDSI_PM）数据集,辅以气候倾向率、M-K统计检验方法,对比分析了1961—2009年东北地区干旱时空变化特征,并对各指数集描述的东北地区典型干旱年与实况进行了比较。结果表明:1961—2009年东北地区总体表现出变干的趋势,其中SPEI_TH显示的主要干旱时段在2000年以后,而SPEI_PM和scPDSI_PM都检测到1980年前后东北地区也处于一个较为明显的干期。SPEI_TH和SPEI_PM显示东北地区大部多年平均的干旱发生频率介于28%～38%之间,而scPDSI_PM给出的东北大部地区干旱频率在11%～58%之间。研究显示,2000年以后重旱和特旱频次的增加较快,这也导致重旱和特旱在各类干旱中所占的比重显著提高。1961—2009年东北地区四季干旱强度均有不同程度的加强,其中SPEI_TH的四季干旱强度变化均通过了0.05水平的显著性检验,而SPEI_PM描述的各季干旱加强趋势均不显著,scPDSI_PM只检测到秋旱强度变化是显著的。研究表明,SPEI_TH和scPDSI_PM指数集对东北地区典型干旱年的描述能力要好于SPEI_PM。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献