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1.
D. N. Lipatov A. I. Shcheglov D. V. Manakhov Yu. A. Zavgorodnyaya M. S. Rozanova P. T. Brekhov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(7):850-860
Morphology and properties of medium-deep oligotrophic peat, oligotrophic peat gley, pyrogenic oligotrophic peat gley, and peat gley soils on subshrub-cotton grass-sphagnum bogs and in swampy larch forests of northeastern Sakhalin have been studied. Variation in the thickness and reserves of litters in the studied bog and forest biogeocenoses has been analyzed. The profile distribution and spatial variability of moisture, density, ash, and pHKCl in separate groups of peat soils have been described. The content and spatial variability of petroleum hydrocarbons have been considered in relation to the accumulation of natural bitumoids by peat soils and the technogenic pressing in the oil-producing region. Variation of each parameter at different distances (10, 50, and 1000 m) has been estimated using a hierarchical sampling scheme. The spatial conjugation of soil parameters has been studied by factor analysis using the principal components method and Spearman correlation coefficients. Regression equations have been proposed to describe relationships of ash content with soil density and content of petroleum hydrocarbons in peat horizons. 相似文献
2.
This paper discusses the quantitative characteristics of the intrabiogeocenotic variability of litter carbon reserves, carbon
content and reserves in the upper mineral layer of sod-podzol soils in forest biogeocenoses of the southern taiga of European
Russia. Their dependence on forest type, parcel type, position in a tessera, and moisture degree is studied. 相似文献
3.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(8):2468-2481
Open‐pit mining of the Athabasca Bituminous Sands generates considerable quantities of mineral dusts, but there is no published record of the amount of material deposited in the surrounding environment via the atmosphere since the industry began in 1967. Contemporary and past rates of atmospheric dust deposition were reconstructed using age‐dated peat cores (210Pb and 14C) collected from five bogs in the vicinity of mines and upgraders and from two bogs far removed from industrial activities. The main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of industry on dust emissions, and to do this, the variation in natural “background” rates of mineral matter accumulation also had to be determined. A second objective was to characterize the size, mineralogical composition, and morphology of the particulate matter emitted to better understand potential environmental consequences of dust emissions. The concentrations of acid insoluble ash and Th (a surrogate for insoluble mineral matter) were determined to calculate dust accumulation rates. Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis failed to reveal much variation in mineralogical composition, but near industry, the size of the particles was more variable. The abundance of fly ash particles increased with depth, which suggests that emissions from upgrader stacks may have declined over time. A comparison of acid‐insoluble ash inventories with the pH of the porewaters suggests that the acid‐soluble ash fraction of the dusts deposited may have impacted the chemical composition of the bog waters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
以一块面积约为13.3 hm2的冬小麦田为研究区，利用GPS接收机定位，按50 m×50 m设置网格，共取63个采样点，测定土壤表层(20 cm)内的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、容重、田间土壤含水率和电导率，研究麦田土壤特性的空间变异规律。采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对所取的数据进行了分析，利用Arcview3.2软件的空间分析功能，绘制了表达这些土壤特性随机性和结构性的半方差图和空间分布图。研究结果表明：所有土壤特性均服从正态分布；土壤容重具有弱变异强度，其它土壤特性具有中等变异强度；土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾和电导率具有很强的相关性，土壤容重、速效磷和含水率具有中等强度的空间相关性，土壤特性的相关距变化范围为246.8～426.8 m。该成果可为农田的定位施肥、灌溉以及其它的农田精细管理提供依据。 相似文献
5.
The relative importance of time since disturbance and habitat variables in creating diversity in old-growth forests will influence conservation strategies. However, the independent roles of these factors are not well understood, as they are rarely examined independently. This study examines the respective roles of habitat variables and time (stand age) in determining bryophyte diversity in Picea mariana (Mill. (BSP)) forests. Bryophytes are frequently used as indicators of old-growth forest, but their true dependence on forest continuity is unknown. Bryophytes were classified into taxonomic-habitat guilds: true mosses (forest), forest liverworts, bog liverworts and sphagna (bog). Diversity increased with age and peaked at approximately 275 years since fire, driven by liverworts. Multiplicative habitat modeling indicated that time and habitat played different roles for the different taxonomic-habitat guilds. True mosses and forest liverworts were primarily influenced by habitat variables, while sphagna and bog liverworts were influenced by time and habitat variables. The models for sphagna were particularly strong, indicating that many important factors were included, while forest liverwort models were particularly weak. This unexplained variability may represent site specific random factors, such as secondary disturbances that create habitat in a fully occupied space. Overall, high richness was created by small species dependent on habitat variables and chance factors for establishment. Therefore, time since disturbance was not the primary factor limiting richness in these forests. These results suggest that in boreal North America, where forest fragmentation is limited and recent, conservation strategies that emphasize habitat variables rather than forest continuity may be effective for some bryophytes. 相似文献
6.
A. S. Tulina V. M. Semenov N. N. Tsybul’ka T. P. Shapsheeva A. A. Zaitsev T. V. Arastovich 《Eurasian Soil Science》2010,43(10):1109-1119
The role of mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) in the mobilization of 137Cs was estimated on the basis of data on the biokinetic fractionation of the organic matter of soddy-podzolic sandy-loam and
peat bog soils and on the coefficients of the soil-to-plant transfer of radiocesium under field conditions. The peat bog soils
were richer than the soddy-podzolic soils in the total organic carbon (by 7.9–23.8 times), the potentially mineralizable carbon
(by 2.4–6.5 times), and the carbon of the microbial biomass (by 2.9–4.6 times). The agricultural use of the soddy-podzolic
and peat bog soils led to a decrease in the SOM mineralization capacity by 1.1–1.8 and 1.4–2.0 times, respectively. Simultaneously,
the portions of the easily, moderately, and difficultly mineralizable fraction of the SOM active pool changed. The coefficients
of the 137Cs transfer from the peat bog soils to plants were 3.3–17.6 times higher than those for the soddy-podzolic soils. The content
of 137Cs in plants grown on the peat bog soils was 2–65 times higher than that in the mobile (salt-extractable) soil pool by the
beginning of the growing season. Strong positive linear correlations were found between the coefficients of the soil-to-plant
transfer of 137Cs and the total content of the SOM, the content of the microbial biomass, the content of the potentially mineralizable carbon,
and the intensity of its mineralization. It was concluded that the decisive factors controlling the intensity of the 137Cs transfer from mineral and organic soils into plants are the SOM content and its mineralization potential. The mineralization
of the SOM is accompanied by the release of both 137Cs and mineral nitrogen; the latter facilitates the transfer of radiocesium into plants. 相似文献
7.
Abstract The geochemical differentiation of major elements in various peat bog profiles from Bieszczady Mountains Region (south-east of Poland) was compared to its botanical origin. Peat cores were taken from ombrotrophic, mesotrophic, and oligotrophic peatlands, which were developed in the stream valley of the River San. Twenty-four various peat samples were analysed for peat genus, degree of peat decomposition, ash content, total nitrogen, and total carbon content of hydrolytic matter as well as content of major elements: Na, K, Mg, Ca. The results show that the botanical composition of peat deposits is no reliable indication of their trophic status. The common feature of investigated Holocene peatlands is their valley localisation on the flood terrace. The specific character of local geommorpho8ogicml and hydrological condition caused that the bottom layer of all investigated bog profiles was made of wood peats (Piceaeti, Pineti, Alneti, and Saliceti peat). The geochemical investigations of stratigraphical profiles confirm that the presented peat bogs showed specific morphological separateness comparing to other raised bogs situated in mountains or lowlands 相似文献
8.
D. N. Lipatov A. I. Shcheglov D. V. Manakhov P. T. Brekhov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(2):238-250
The structure and properties of oligotrophic peat, oligotrophic peat gley, and pyrogenic oligotrophic peat soils identified on a plot 0.5 km2 in area in the northeast of Sakhalin Island have been studied. The vertical distributions of physicochemical, chemical, and ecotoxicological parameters in the profiles of some bog soil groups have been considered. An increase in ash content, a less acid reaction, and a deficit of available nitrogen and potassium have been revealed in the upper horizons of pyrogenic soils. No accumulation of mobile heavy metals is manifested in the pyrogenic horizons of peat soils. Statistical parameters of the spatial variation in pHKCl and total acidity, as well as the contents of ash, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, mobile heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb), and benzo[a]pyrene, have been calculated for the moss and sublitter horizons. The variation coefficients are 30–100% for most of the studied parameters and reach 100–200% for available phosphorus; ammonium nitrogen; and mobile Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd. An increase in the content of benzo[a]pyrene, although without MPC exceedance, is noted in the moss of pyrogenic soils and the peat horizons untouched by fires. 相似文献
9.
Many forest ecosystems in Germany are strongly influenced by emissions of pollutants like SO2 and alkaline dusts. To quantify and evaluate the consequences of long‐term fly ash deposition on forest soils, a study was conducted in pine stands (Pinus sylvestris) in the Dübener Heide in Northeastern Germany. This forest area has been influenced mainly by emissions from coal‐fired power plants and the chemical industry of the industrial region Bitterfeld‐Wolfen‐Zschornewitz since the early 1900. The study sites are located along a fly ash deposition gradient of 8, 16, 14, 18, and 25 km away from the main emission source in Bitterfeld (sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Samples of the organic horizons (Oi, Oe, and Oa) and mineral topsoil (0—10 cm) were taken in fall 1998 and analyzed for their ferromagnetic susceptibility and total ash content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) were performed on selected samples to differentiate between the pedogenic and atmospheric origin of the mineral components in the organic horizons. As a result of the long‐term deposition, ferromagnetic fly ash components are mainly accumulated in the Oe and Oa horizons of the forest soils studied. Ferromagnetic susceptibility was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the Oe horizon of sites 1 and 2 compared to sites 3, 4, and 5. Unusually high total ash contents for organic horizons of > 74 % were determined in the Oa at all sites. SEM revealed 3 distinct features of persistent fly ash deposits from coal‐fired power plants within the organic horizons that can be defined as ”︁stable glasses” with magnetic properties, aluminum‐silicate‐minerals, and slag fragments. SEM and EDX indicated that a great portion of the mineral particles found in the organic horizons of forests soils influenced by fly ash are from atmospheric sources. For detection of atmospheric lignite‐derived deposition into forest soils, the Oe and Oa horizons have to be considered as specific diagnostic horizons because they show indicative properties for such soils. 相似文献
10.
云南水稻灌溉定额与农业综合灌溉定额的空间变异性 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
水稻灌溉定额和农业综合灌溉定额相互关联，且具有空间连续性。该文以云南省水稻灌溉定额和农业综合灌溉定额为例，分析了其分布类型和空间变异结构，结果表明它们分别符合对数正态分布和正态分布，两者表现出较小的各向异性，结构性因素起主要作用，受地形地貌、气象、土壤等因素影响较大，它们的变异函数分别很好地符合球形模型和线性模型。通过协克里金法插值得到云南水稻灌溉定额和农业综合灌溉定额的空间分布。前者在全省分布复杂，受经纬度共同作用，而后者主要受纬度影响，表现出4个特征区带。 相似文献
11.
Rainer Georg Joergensen Gerhard A. Scholle Volkmar Wolters 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2009,45(4):285-289
Seasonal changes of the mineral components Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Al, Si and ash were investigated in the L1 horizon of an acidic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest using litterbags (1 mm and 45 μm mesh-size) buried for up to 467 days in the forest floor. The element dynamics in this surface horizon were compared with the concentration and the total amount stored in a complete sequence of horizons (L1, L2, F1, F2 and H) taken from a moder profile in the Solling area. In the 1 mm litterbags with free access of the mesofauna, the concentrations of all cations were increased in comparison to the 45 μm treatment. This increase was highly significant, especially with regard to Fe and Al. The concentrations of these two cations were closely related to Si during the decomposition of fresh leaf litter in the L1 horizon. Si is the dominant element of ash in the litterbags and down the profile. The total amounts stored in the forest floor revealed that the Fe and Al input considerably exceeded the input by litter fall, and dry and wet deposition due to incorporation of mineral soil material. The input of soil material was also indicated by a decrease in the molar Si/Al ratio from 17 to 6 and in the relation of nutrient cations to ash from 30% to 2.5%. 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(2):109-114
Abstract A method is described for determining the total N content of plant tissue by a modified Kjeldahl digestion employing a Technicon Auto‐Analyzer. It is faster than the manual AOAC Kjeldahl method. Reproducibility is not as good as that for the AOAC method, but coefficients of variability are comparable with those for the analyses of mineral elements in plant tissue by emission spectroscopy. 相似文献
13.
The concentrations of 14 elements (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, Ph, S, Zn) were measured in Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. collected from 61 ombrotrophic bog sites in the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Principal component analysis was used to explain the variability in element concentrations in terms of underlying biological or source variables. Fifty percent of the elements and 77% of the variation measured can be accounted for by six principal components. Components relating to the physiological-nutritional status of the plants, and the sources of inputs for the most important elements were explained. It is suggested that concentration of K in Sphagnum magellanicum can be used as an indicator of plant nutritional status, and that concentrations of Na, Ni and Fe can be used as indicators of atmospheric inputs from sea salt aerosols, fossil fuel combustion, and natural crustal or soil-derived lithophile elements, respectively. Sulphur concentrations in S. magellanicum did not provide an accurate measure of long-range or local anthropogenic input. 相似文献
14.
Geostatistics is commonly used to describe and predict the variation of soil properties over the landscape. However, many geostatistical methods require the assumption that our observed data are a realization of a random function which is intrinsically stationarity. Under stationarity, observations of a single realization of the random function at different positions can be treated as a form of replication. There are various ways in which a random function may breach the assumption of intrinsic stationarity and numerous geostatistical techniques have been developed that are able to cope with some forms of non-stationarity. What is currently needed is a set of diagnostic tools capable of detecting and identifying when data cannot plausibly be treated as a realization of a process which is stationary in the variance.In this paper, we propose an inferential method that can identify when stationarity in the variance cannot plausibly be assumed. The basis of our approach is to obtain a model for the random function under the assumption of intrinsic stationarity. If the global dataset can be regarded as a realization of a Gaussian process (perhaps after transformation), then the global variogram is sufficient for this purpose. By using a window-based method to locally estimate variograms, we can define some statistic of homogeneity of the sample variation of the data. This allows us to obtain a sample distribution for this statistic, under the null hypothesis of intrinsic stationarity, by generating multiple realizations of the postulation random function at the original sample points using Monte Carlo methods and recomputing the statistic for each realization. We selected as statistics the interquartile ranges of: i) the spatial dependence ratio (s), the proportion c1 / (c0 + c1), ii) a distance parameter (a), which is the maximum lag over which the random function is autocorrelated for variograms like the spherical, and iii) the local variances (v; c0 + c1), where (c0) is the nugget component and (c1) the spatially structured component. We demonstrated this method using data from the large scale sampling (n = 1341 over 8248 km2) of the Florida Everglades, United States. 相似文献
15.
《CATENA》2003,53(2):133-163
Most schemes in common use for field and laboratory classification of peats were developed in boreal and humid temperate regions and do not recognize the distinctive features and specific uses of tropical peats, such as those of the Tasek Bera Basin in tropical Peninsular Malaysia. The important aspects of peat texture (morphology of constituents and their arrangement) and laboratory ash content (residue after ignition) need modification to be valuable for classifying these and other tropical peat deposits. In the Tasek Bera Basin, most of the deposits would not be considered as peat according to some classification schemes, even though most have C contents >25%. We propose a new three-group (fibric, hemic, sapric) field texture classification applicable to tropical organic deposits, which is similar to the system of the US Soil Taxonomy. The classification is based on the following factors: (1) visual examination of the morphology of the peat constituents (texture); and (2) estimates of fiber content and matrix (finest fraction of peat consisting of highly humified organic matter and inorganic material). The classification is applicable to all organic deposits with <65% ash (i.e., >35% loss on ignition). We also present a new laboratory classification of organic soils based on ash and C content. The US Soil Taxonomy classifies organic soils as having more than 12–18% organic C, depending on clay content. Ash content and these limits for organic soils allow the discrimination of four main groups: peat, muck, organic-rich soil/sediment and mineral soil/sediment. Peat is defined as having an ash content of 0–55%, muck 55–65%, organic-rich soil/sediment 65–80% and mineral soil/sediment 80–100%. The peat class is further subdivided into very low ash (0–5%), low ash (5–15%), medium ash (15–25%), high ash (25–40%) and very high ash (40–55%) subclasses. 相似文献
16.
On the basis of a large volume of literature and original data, the high content (1–7%) of organic matter in the mineral layer
of loamy permafrost-affected soils of coastal lowlands in East Siberia (from the lower reaches of the Lena River to the lower
reaches of the Kolyma River) has been statistically proved. In most cases, the reserves of Corg in the mineral layer of these soils exceed those in the surface organic horizons and constitute 60–90% of the total soil
pool of Corg. The enrichment of the mineral layer with Corg is due to the cryogenic retention (retenization) of humus (the illuviation and accumulation of colorless humic substances
above permafrost) and the cryogenic mass exchange (mechanical admixture of organic matter from the upper organic horizons
into the mineral layers). The analysis of 60 soil profiles showed that the accumulation of organic matter above the permafrost
table is observed in 43% of cases; in general, the organic matter distribution in the soil profiles is highly variable. A
specific type of colorless humus is accumulated above the permafrost table. The mechanisms of its precipitation and transformation
in the profile require further studies. 相似文献
17.
T. Delfosse P. Delmelle A. Iserentant & B. Delvaux † 《European Journal of Soil Science》2005,56(1):113-125
Soil response to acid and sulphur inputs is influenced largely by the soil's physico‐chemical properties. We studied the effects of such depositions in two types of Andosols exposed to volcanogenic emission (Masaya, Nicaragua), namely Eutric Andosols rich in allophanic constituents, and Vitric Andosols rich in volcanic glass. Small mineral reserves and large contents of secondary short‐range ordered minerals indicate a more advanced weathering of the Eutric than the Vitric Andosols. Strong correlations between soil specific surface and oxalate‐extractable Al, Si and Fe contents highlight the predominant contribution of short‐range ordered minerals to surface area. Both types of Andosols showed a decrease in pH upon acid input. Sulphur deposition increased the soil's S content to 5470 mg S kg?1. However, the acid neutralizing capacity of the soil solid phase (ANCs) was not significantly affected by the acid and S inputs. Non‐exchangeable (mineral reserve) and exchangeable cations and total contents of sulphur and phosphorus dictate most of the ANCs variation. In the Vitric Andosols, mineral reserves contributed up to 97% to these four additive pools, whereas the exchangeable cations accounted for 1–4%. In the Eutric Andosols, the contribution of mineral reserves was less (71–92%), but the exchangeable cation content was greater (1–20%), whereas the contribution of sulphur and phosphorus was significant at 1–15% and 2–7%, respectively. The main process involved in H+ consumption is mineral weathering in Vitric Andosols and ion exchange in Eutric Andosols. 相似文献
18.
John F. Elder 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,32(3-4):407-416
Concentrations of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococcus bacteria were monitored in the Apalachicola River, Florida, at various river stages. Bacteria transported by the river may eventually be assimilated by estuarine filter feeders, including shellfish. Sources along the river contributed to relatively high coliform and coliform: Streptococcus ratios at a few sites upstream, but there was a general decreasing trend in coliform numbers in a downstream direction. The data suggested that coliform densities depend not only on discharge, but also on factors such as whether the river stage is rising or falling, whether the flood is in an early or late phase, and the volume of the current peak relative to earlier peaks. A regression model indicated that 53 % of fecal coliform variability could be accounted for by river discharge and 32% could be accounted for by other hydrologic characteristics of the flood. 相似文献
19.
Changes in the occurrence, character, and longitudinal extent of salinity (S) stratification, and related impacts on dissolved oxygen (DO), in the Seneca and Oswego Rivers, NY, in response to the abatement of ionic pollution of inflowing Onondaga Lake, is documented. The analysis is based on vertical profiles of specific conductance and DO collected over a 20 km reach of the river system for several years before and after the closure of the source of the ionic pollution, a soda ash manufacturing facility. TheS difference between the lake and the Seneca River decreased from about 2.6 to 0.7 parts per thousand (%.) following the closure; more than 50% of the continuing difference is associated with lingering ionic waste loading from soda ash production. The occurrence and longitudinal range of theS stratification phenomenon was, and continues to be, highly dependent on river flow. It is most strongly manifested when river flow is low. The occurrence, magnitude, and longtitudinal extent ofS stratification have decreased, and vertical exchange between the stratified layers has increased, since the closure, thereby ameliorating the coupled negative impact on the river's oxygen resources. However, under low flow conditions (e.g., probability of occurrence equal to 15%)S stratification continues to extent > 2 km upstream and > 8 km downstream of the point of entry of Onondaga Lake into the Seneca River. Severe DO depletion in the lowel river layer, representing violations of New York water quality standards, continues to occur where S stratification prevails. Elimination of the continuing ionic waste inputs from soda ash production would further limit the stratification phenomenon and improve the river's DO problem. 相似文献
20.
The Simple Mass Balance (SMB) equation allows critical loadsto be calculated for forest soils such that all the processesresponsible for acidification and buffering are considered(i.e acidic deposition, deposition of base cations andchloride, mineral weathering, base cation uptake and removalat harvest, nitrogen immobilisation, uptake anddenitrification, and acidity leached). The equation is nowused by 11 UNECE countries in mapping forest critical loadsfor consideration under the Convention on Long RangeTransboundary Air Pollution. In the work described here wehave put together suitable stemwood and bark nutrientconcentrations from the literature with new measurements inorder to calculate species' specific base cation removalterms. Critical loads are then calculated for Quercuspetraea, Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis in order to determine the sensitivity of site critical load values to differences in base cation removal at harvest. The alternativeapproaches of using base cation to aluminium or calcium to aluminium for the biological limit term of the SMB equation arealso examined. Soil critical load values are shown to be influenced by the variability in both these terms, placing priority on the need for species and regional (or perhaps site)specific data similar to those presented here for the UK. 相似文献