首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
An experiment was conducted from December 2003 to April 2004 to observe the over‐wintering growth of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, with catla, Catla catla and rohu, Labeo rohita in polyculture using formulated diets. The study was conducted in eight experimental ponds, each 80 m2. Three experimental diets containing 30% protein were prepared using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, rice bran, wheat bran and molasses (binder), and assigned to treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. A commercial diet from Saudi‐Bangla Fish Feed was assigned to T4 (reference diet). Each treatment had two replicate ponds. Juvenile prawns and catla and rohu fingerlings (initial weight 1.60±0.10, 30.0±1.2 and 25.0±1.1 g respectively) were stocked at a ratio of 2:1:1 (prawn:catla:rohu). A total of 160 prawn and fish (20 000 ha?1) were stocked in each pond. Fish were fed twice daily at 3% body weight (b.w.) for the first 3 months and 5% b.w. for the last 2 months. Prawns in T1 fed diet 1 had significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain compared with that of T3. The reference group and T2 had intermediate values not significantly different from either. Weight gains of catla and rohu were significantly higher in T1. The feed conversion ratio values of different diets ranged between 1.89 and 2.13. Survival (%) ranged from 90.0% to 95.0% for catla, 87.5% to 92.5% for rohu and 70.0% to 76.3% for M. rosenbergii, and there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among different treatments. Total production ranged between 2196 and 2679 kg ha?1, with T1 showing significantly higher production and net profit (taka 56 531.9 ha?1). The results of the study demonstrated that it is possible to culture M. rosenbergii with carp in polyculture during the winter utilizing the late‐produced PLs. Further study is needed to determine the optimum stocking density of M. rosenbergii in carp polyculture.  相似文献   

2.
A feeding experiment was conducted for 135 days to observe the effect of different isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (385 kcal) diets on the growth and carcass composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii ( De Man 1879 ). Three experimental diets (ED1, ED2 and ED3) were prepared using locally available ingredients. These diets differed mainly in terms of percent contribution of major protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake and mustard oil cake. Experimental diets were evaluated against a commercial diet, which served as the control (CD). Juveniles 1.87–2.44 g in size were stocked at a population density of 40 000 ha−1 and fed thrice daily at 10% in the beginning and reducing gradually to 7% and 5% of the body weight during the experimental period. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the growth performance were observed; however, a significantly (P<0.05) higher yield (721.9 kg ha−1 135 days−1) was recorded for prawn fed with control diet, followed by experimental diet 2 (676.5 kg ha−1 135 days−1, having soybean meal as a major protein source). The survival ranged between 63.8% and 77.7%, with different diets showing significantly higher survival. The apparent feed conversion ratio values of diets ranged between 3.15 and 3.49, with experimental and control diets showing non‐significantly lower AFCR values. At the end of the experiment, representative specimens from each treatment were collected and their carcass composition was measured. Analysis of variance showed that carcass protein and total carbohydrate contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher in prawns fed on a fish–soybean meal‐based diet (ED3) and a control diet. The total lipid contents of prawns, however, did not differ significantly among the various dietary treatments. The results of our study suggest that the experimental diets could be used effectively for M. rosenbergii without compromising growth and flesh quality.  相似文献   

3.
A study was conducted to optimize stocking density of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in carp polyculture for 3 months in 10 experimental ponds of 80 m2. Five stocking densities of prawn, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10 000 and 12 500 ha?1, were assigned to treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. The densities of catla, Catla catla, rohu, Labeo rohita and silver carp, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, were 2500, 5000, and 2500 ha?1, respectively, in each treatment. Each treatment had two replicate ponds. The mean initial weights of prawn, catla, rohu and silver carp were 1.1±0.02, 8.28±0.1, 25.2±1.1 and 36.32±1.2 g respectively. A pelleted diet containing 30% protein was prepared using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, rice bran, wheat bran and molasses, and was fed twice daily at a rate of 5% of fish biomass. Water quality parameters were measured fortnightly and the ranges of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were 27.5–1.3°C, 6.9–8.6 and 4.5–8.6 mg L?1 respectively. Feed conversion ratios ranged from 2.05 to 2.20 among the treatments. Per cent survival (%) of prawns ranged from 72% to 78%, while it varied from 80% to 93%, 90% to 95% and 90% to 92% for catla, rohu and silver carp respectively. The results showed that there were no significant differences among the weight gains of prawn and carp in different treatments. However, the overall total production of prawn and fish together was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T4 compared with other treatments. The total production for 3 months ranged between 2618 and 2916 kg ha?1. The production of prawn was significantly higher (361.3 kg ha?1) in T5 with a highest stocking density of 12 500 prawn ha?1. Although there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the total production of prawn and fish together in T3 and T4, the highest net profit (Tk. 69 006 ha?1) was obtained in T4. Therefore, from the result of the study it may be concluded that a stocking ratio of 4:1:2:1 of prawn:catla:rohu:silver carp at a total density of 20 000 ha?1 may be recommended for prawn–carp polyculture in ponds.  相似文献   

4.
As part of a project to develop least‐cost diets with low levels of fish meal, silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) fingerlings (mean weight, 11.8 g) were stocked at a density of 7500 fish ha−1 into 0.1‐ha earthen ponds and fed one of two diets containing 33% digestible protein, 13 MJ kg−1 digestible energy, similar nutrient specifications, but with different levels of fish meal and plant proteins. The reference diet SP35 had 27% fish meal, 28% wheat, 20% soybean and 11% sorghum, while the diet silver perch least‐cost (SPLC) had 10% fish meal, 20% peanut meal, 19% wheat, 17% lupins, 16% canola, 8% soybean and 5% blood meal; there were three replicate ponds for each diet. Fish were fed a restricted ration up to 5% body weight day−1 and cultured for 10 months. Survival ranged from 85.9% to 94.3% and was not affected by diet. The mean weight (550 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 1.28% day−1), absolute growth rate (AGR; 1.9 g fish−1 day−1) and production rate (4.5 tonnes ha−1 year−1) were significantly higher (P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR=1.8) was significantly lower for fish fed SP35 compared with fish fed SPLC (413 g, 1.18% day−1, 1.4 g fish−1 day−1, 3.3 tonnes ha−1 year−1, 2.4). From October (spring) to March (autumn), turbidity was significantly lower (P<0.05) in SPLC ponds than in SP35 ponds, and fish were observed avoiding or ingesting and then expelling SPLC pellets. In February and March, infestations of the ectoparasitic copepod Ergasilus sp. were found on silver perch fed SPLC, and there was 5% post‐harvest mortality of these fish. The high inclusion levels of plant proteins, particularly peanut meal and canola in SPLC, may have provided anti‐nutritional factors and/or reduced the palatability and intake of the diet, adversely affecting the performance and health of silver perch, and water quality in the ponds. Our study demonstrates the value of evaluating new aquaculture diets under practical conditions over a complete growing period.  相似文献   

5.
An experiment was conducted for 60 d in a recirculatory system consisting of 20 glass aquariums (each of size 41 × 41 × 46 cm) to evaluate meat and bone meal (MBM) as partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae (PLs) with a view to develop an inexpensive nursery diet. Three nursery diets were formulated to contain 32% protein and to be as isoenergetic as possible. FM in these diets was progressively replaced with MBM (Diet 1 contained 25% FM and 14% MBM, Diet 2 contained 20% FM and 20% MBM, and Diet 3 contained 15% FM and 26% MBM). Inclusion levels of mustard oilcake and sesame meal in diets were kept fixed at 10%. A commercial shrimp nursery diet (30% protein) from Saudi Bangla Fish Feed Ltd., Mymensingh, was used as the reference diet (Diet 4). Each treatment had three replicates. PLs of M. rosenbergii (26 ± 0.02 mg) were stocked at the rate of 60 PLs (1 PL/L) in each aquarium. At the beginning, PLs were fed three times daily at a rate of 20% of the body weight and it was gradually reduced to 10% at Day 30. The ranges of water quality parameters in the system were as follows: temperature, 27–29 C; dissolved oxygen, 6.5–8.4 mg/L; pH, 6.8–8.3; and total ammonia, 0.01–0.15 mg/L. The result of the study showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the weight gains of PLs fed Diet 1 (containing 14% MBM) and Diet 4 (reference diet) but was significantly higher than other dietary groups containing higher levels of MBM. Diets 1 and 4 showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) apparent food conversion ratios (1.74 and 1.73, respectively). The survival (%) of PLs ranged between 62 and 76% with PLs fed Diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival. The result of the study demonstrated that the MBM could be included at 14% level in a nursery diet, and a diet containing 25% FM, 14% MBM, 10% sesame meal, and 10% mustard oilcake may be recommended for profitable production of PLs of M. rosenbergii.  相似文献   

6.
Production trials of threatened snakehead fish (Channa striatus) were carried out under different stocking densities in earthen ponds of Bangladesh. The average weight and length of the fingerlings during stocking was 17.63 ± 1.23 g and 13.21 ± 0.52 cm. Fingerlings were stocked at 5000 ha?1 in treatment‐1 (T1), 6250 ha?1 in treatment‐2 (T2) and 7500 ha?1 in treatment‐3 (T3) respectively. Fish in all the experimental ponds were fed with supplementary feed comprising of fish meal (30%) and mustard oilcake (70%) at the rate of 3–6% of estimated body weight two times per day. In addition, trash fish were supplied at the rate of 2–3% of the estimated biomass on each alternate day. In situ water quality parameters of the pond were within the suitable range for fish culture. The growth and survival of fingerlings were significantly higher in T1 than in T2 and T3. The food conversion ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05) in T1 than in T2 and T3. The estimated gross and net production of fish was higher in T1, followed by T2 and T3. Overall, the highest growth, survival and production were obtained from T1. Therefore, it could be concluded that of 5000 fingerlings ha?1 is the most suitable stocking density for culturing C. striatus under a monoculture system in the earthen ponds for better production.  相似文献   

7.
A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate animal proteins, either alone or in combination (1:1:1), on the growth performances and economic benefit of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus. Four iso-proteinous (40%) diets were prepared, using fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal as major protein source in diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while diet 4 consisted of an equal proportion (1:1:1) of the above protein sources. Triplicate groups of fish (0.53 ± 0.02 g) were randomly stocked in 12 earthen ponds at a stocking density of 40,000 ha?1. Fish fed diet 4 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percent weight gain and SGR % per day?1 compared to the fish fed diets 1, 2, or 3. Significantly higher apparent protein efficiency ratio (1.25) and lower apparent feed conversion ratio (2.00) were also observed in fish fed diet 4. Total yield (1,123 kg ha?1) and net profit (Tk. 116,569 ha?1) were also higher in fish fed diet 4. It can be concluded that the combination of fishmeal, protein concentrate, and meat and bone meal is more effective for climbing perch than any of the three protein sources alone.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Effects of three diets: (1) complete diet; (2) supplemental diet (vitamin and mineral supplements not added); and (3) the supplemental diet with an adjunct organic fertilization regimen (using distiller's dried grains with solubles [DDGS]) on benthic macroinvertebrate populations and water quality in experimental ponds used to culture freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii were investigated. Benthic samples were taken from deep (1.5 m) and shallow (1.0 m) areas of each of nine 0.02-ha ponds every three weeks, using a 0.09-m2 Ekman dredge. The abundance of gastro-pods, oligochaetes, total non-insects, chironomids, total dipterans, total insects, and total macroinvertebrates was significantly higher (P <0.05) in ponds receiving the complete diet, possibly due to lower predatory pressure by prawns or direct benefits of micronutri-ents. Total macroinvertebrate abundance was significantly decreased (P <0.05) in ponds receiving supplemental diet (with and without organic fertilization), possibly due to increased predation by prawns to supplement the nutrition not provided by the lower quality diet. Organic fertilization significantly increased (P <0.05) the abundance of oligochaetes and total macroinvertebrates. These data suggest that M. rosenbergii can adjust to reduced feed quality by increasing consumption of benthic fauna.  相似文献   

9.
A 117‐day feeding trial was conducted in ponds with juvenile Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) to evaluate the effects on growth, survival, body composition, and processing traits when fed diets containing three different protein levels (22%, 32%, and 42%), and the effects of feeding these diets on pond water quality. Juvenile crayfish (mean weight of 4.6±2.2 g) were randomly stocked into nine 0.02‐ha ponds at a rate of 500 per pond (25 000 ha?1), and each diet was fed to three ponds. There were two feedings per day, each consisting of one‐half of the total daily ration. At harvest, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the individual weight, percentage weight gain, or specific growth rate among treatments, which averaged 75.3 g, 1535%, and 2.38% day?1 respectively. Red claw fed the 42% crude protein diet had significantly higher (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (7.34) compared with crayfish fed diets containing 22% (5.18) or 32% (5.13) crude protein, and had significantly lower percentage survival (46.1%) compared with red claw fed diets with 22% (61.1%) or 32% (58.2%) protein. Total yield was significantly lower (P<0.05) in red claw fed the 42% protein diet (640 kg ha?1) compared with red claw fed diets containing 22% (920 kg ha?1) or 32% (904 kg ha?1) protein. Mean total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in ponds with red claw fed the 42% protein diet (0.55 mg L?1) compared with ponds with red claw fed diets containing 22% (0.32 mg L?1) or 32% (0.38 mg L?1) protein. Mean total nitrite concentrations in ponds with red claw fed the 42% protein diet was significantly higher (0.05 mg L?1) compared with red claw fed diets containing 22% (0.01 mg L?1) or 32% (0.02 mg L?1) protein. These results indicate that a practical diet containing 22% (as fed basis) protein may be adequate for pond production of red claw when stocked at the density used in this study, and that a diet containing 42% protein adversely affected levels of TAN and nitrite, possibly reducing overall survival of red claw. Use of a diet with 22% protein may allow red claw producers to reduce diet costs and thereby increase profits.  相似文献   

10.
The performance of silver perch fed a commercially available diet based on meat meal (38%), grain legumes (18%), oilseeds (10%), wheat millrun (20%), fishmeal (5%) and fish oil (3%) was compared with experimental diets based on alternative protein sources in two experiments. In Experiment 1, two experimental diets contained similar contents of fishmeal and fish oil as the commercially available reference diet, but soybean (25%) and wheat millrun (>31%) were used to reduce animal protein meals by approximately 50%. The digestible protein and digestible energy of the two experimental diets was either slightly lower (31.5% and 12.8 MJ kg?1) or slightly higher (34.9% and 14.3 MJ kg?1) than the reference diet (32.1% and 13.2 MJ kg?1). In Experiment 2, the two experimental diets contained no fishmeal but included higher amounts of rendered animal meals (41–48%). One of the diets had similar digestible protein to the reference diet (32%) while the other had only 25% digestible protein. Silver perch (38 g for Experiment 1 and 59 g for Experiment 2) were stocked into each of nine 0.1 ha earthen ponds with fish in three ponds fed each diet for 191 days (Experiment 1) or 187 days (Experiment 2). Survival was >94% in all ponds in both experiments. In Experiment 1, growth rates and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) ranged from 2.1 to 2.4 g fish?1 day?1 and 1.7 to 1.9 respectively. Growth rates were significantly (P<0.05) lower for fish fed the experimental diet with the lowest digestible energy content. Growth rates for fish fed the other experimental diet and the reference diet were similar (P>0.05). In Experiment 2, growth rates and FCRs ranged from 2.3 to 2.4 g fish?1 day?1 and 1.6 to 1.7. There were no significant differences in fish performance indices for any of the three diets although experimental power was low (power=0.31). A blind consumer sensory evaluation (taste panel) of fish fed the three diets in Experiment 2 rated fish as ‘highly acceptable’. The diet with the lowest digestible protein content produced the best fish in terms of ‘smell liking’, ‘flavour liking’, ‘muddy flavour strength’ and ‘fresh flavour strength’. These results confirm that soybean meal and/or rendered animal protein ingredients including meat meal and poultry offal meal, and wheat can form the basis for high‐performance, low‐cost diets for intensive pond culture of silver perch.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of all‐male, mixed‐sex and all‐female freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in a polyculture with major carps (Catla catla and Labeo rohita) and self‐recruiting small fish molas (Amblypharyngodon mola) in the fallow rice fields of Bangladesh. There were three treatments with three replicates. All ponds were stocked with carps and molas plus either all‐male prawns (treatment MP), mixed‐sex prawns (MFP) or all‐female prawns (FP). Prawn, mola, catla and rohu were stocked 20 000, 20 000, 1750 and 750 ha?1, respectively, in all treatments. The prawns were fed twice daily, starting at 8% body weight and gradually reduced to 3% body weight. The fish were fed in the morning with mustard oil cake and rice bran (1:2 ratios) at 3% body weight. Significantly higher production of prawns (697 kg ha?1) was obtained in treatment MP, which yielded 34.7% and 56.2% more production than MFP and FP respectively. Significantly higher total production of 1620 kg ha?1 and a higher benefit–cost ratio of 2.10:1 were also obtained in treatment MP. It can be concluded that an all‐male prawn culture is economically more viable than all‐female and mixed‐sex prawn cultures, along with other fish like major carps and the nutrient‐dense molas in the polyculture.  相似文献   

12.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate various ingredient combinations in a 28% or 32% protein diet for optimum performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. All diets contained soybean meal and corn, but with or without cottonseed meal, wheat middlings or fish meal (FM). Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked into 0.04 ha earthen ponds at 18 530 fish ha?1. Fish were fed one of eight diets once daily to apparent satiation for two growing seasons. Results demonstrated that the dietary ingredient composition used had significant effects on fish performance, but magnitude of differences was relatively small. Overall, diets containing FM resulted in greater weight gain (Experiments 1 and 2) and lower feed conversion ratio (Experiment 1) than fish fed all‐plant diets. However, certain combinations of plant ingredients provided the similar fish growth as some diets containing FM. There were no significant differences in weight gain between fish fed soybean meal–corn or soybean meal–corn–wheat middlings‐based diets with cottonseed meal or FM. The use of wheat middlings in the diet had no significant effects on fish production characteristics.  相似文献   

13.
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the complete substitution of either fish oil (FO) or squid liver oil (SLO) with crude palm oil (CPO), canola oil (CO) sunflower oil (SFO) or linseed oil (LO), as the sole added lipid source in diets fed to triplicate groups of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (initial weight = 0.42 ± 0.01 g) for 6 weeks. Prawns fed the CO or SLO diets showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) specific growth rate than those fed the FO or CPO diets. The feed conversion ratio of the prawns was significantly better when fed the CO diet, compared with the FO, CPO, SFO and LO diets. The muscle eicosapentaenoic acid content of prawns fed the vegetable oil (VO) diets were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those fed the FO diet, although all VO‐based diets led to a significantly lower docosahexaenoic acid content compared with prawns fed the FO or SLO diet. The whole‐body total carotenoid content was significantly lower for prawns fed the SLO diet compared with prawns on the CO or CPO diets. The successful use of VO instead of marine‐based oils in prawn diets will likely reduce feeding costs associated with M. rosenbergii aquaculture.  相似文献   

14.
A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in concrete tanks to examine complete and partial replacement (75%) of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight ranged from 90.33 to 93.93 g fish−1) were fed seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets of 20% digestible protein and 300 kcal 100 g−1 of digestible energy. The control contained 25% herring meal, whereas in the other six diets, PBM, MBM and SBM replaced 75% or 100% of the FM. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish fed diets containing PBM (75% and 100%), SBM (75% and 100%) and MBM (75%) were all higher, but not significantly different than those for fish fed the control diet. Replacing 100% of the FM by MBM significantly lowered FBW and SGR. Concerning whole body composition, there were no significant differences in ash and gross energy content of whole‐body among fish; fish fed diets containing PBM‐100% recorded significantly lower protein content compared with the control diet, while fish fed diet SBM‐100% recorded significantly lower moisture content compared with the control diet. Also fish fed diets SBM‐100% and PBM‐75% recorded higher lipid and gross energy contents compared with the control diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through the replacement of FM by PBM, SBM and MBM in the diet of African catfish.  相似文献   

15.
Rainbow trout (initial body weight 4.16 ± 0.25 g) were fed diets [crude protein 420 g kg?1; gross energy 18.7 MJ kg?1 dry matter (DM); crude fat 110 g kg?1] containing graded levels of either a canola meal (crude protein 350 g kg?1 DM) supplemented with DL‐methionine as partial fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 16 weeks at a water temperature of 12 ± 1 °C. At the end of the growth trial, in addition to body composition analyses, plasma tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), cholesterol and liver fatty acid composition were measured. Replacement of fish meal with canola meal (100–570 g kg?1 replacement) did not affect on growth performance. At 16th week, plasma cholesterol levels were reduced in fish fed all diets in comparison with 8th week. Plasma T4 levels were significantly higher in the canola meal‐fed fish sampled after 16 weeks, but no significant differences in T3 levels were obtained (P > 0.05). Proximate compositions were affected by dietary treatments. The liver fatty acid composition reflected that of the diet with a higher level of polyunsaturated (n‐6) fatty acids in fish fed diet canola meal and a higher content in n‐3/n‐6 ratio in fish fed diet without canola meal. These studies show that canola meal has potential to replace substantial levels of fish meal in diets for carnivorous fish without compromising performance.  相似文献   

16.
The feasibility of polyculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) with two fish species, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was examined and compared with monoculture of M. rosenbergii in 100-m2 ponds. Overall percentage of females (56.8%) was higher than that of males (43.2%). The proportions of females, males and their morphotypes did not differ significantly between monoculture and polyculture. After 196 days of culture, the mean harvest weight of prawns in monoculture (30.2 g) was significantly greater than that in polyculture (21.3 g). Yield in monoculture (1152 kg ha-1) was significantly greater than (1.62 times) that of polyculture (711 kg ha-1). Total yield from polyculture including yield of tilapia (2544 kg ha-1) and common carp (2999 kg ha-1) was almost five times as great as that of prawn monoculture. Survival and food conversion rate of M. rosenbergii did not differ significantly between monoculture and polyculture.  相似文献   

17.
The organoleptic quality of barramundi fed for 66 days on pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal was determined in two experiments (E1 and E2). Each compared four diets: a 430 g kg?1 crude protein (CP) control diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal); two diets containing high inclusions (40% or more) of meat meal; and a proprietary barramundi diet. In E1, the two meat meal diets contained 10% Chilean fish meal whereas the two meat meal diets in E2 had no marine protein ingredients. Panellists identified and rated the colour of flesh, and scored odour, flavour and texture characteristics and overall liking on structured graphic line scales (0–100). Fish fed the high‐meat meal diets were sweeter and firmer than those fed the high‐fish meal control diet in E1 (P < 0.05). Scores for fishy flavour were also highest for the meat meal diets and lowest for the proprietary diet. In both E1 and E2, scores were high (> 60) for overall liking and low (< 10) for undesirable odours and tastes. Exclusion of all sources of marine protein from the diet in E2 did not detract from the sensory value of the fish. The influence of diet on the fatty acid profile of the fish was examined in E2. Compared with fish fed the control diet, the neutral lipid fraction of those fed the meat meal diets had higher proportions of saturated and short‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids at the expense of longer chain fatty acids, especially 22:6n‐3. Polar lipids showed only subtle dietary effects, which were confined to the long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids.  相似文献   

18.
Potential of using rendered animal ingredients, poultry by‐product meal (PM), meat and bone meal (MBM), feather meal (FM) and blood meal (BM) to replace fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides (Chu, Lo et Wu) was examined in a net pen experiment. A total of 10 dietary treatments were compared. Nine diets were formulated to contain 363 g kg−1 digestible protein and 14.8 MJ kg−1 digestible energy, and a dietary treatment consisting of raw fish (RF) served as reference. In the formulated diets, the control diet contained 350 g kg−1 herring meal, whereas in the other eight diets, the fishmeal were replaced by MBM (30% fishmeal replacement), PM (50% fishmeal replacement), a blend of PM, MBM, FM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), or a blend of PM, MBM and BM (30%, 50% and 80% fishmeal replacement), respectively. Cuneate drum fingerling (initial body weight 28 g) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), condition factor and contents of moisture, crude protein and crude lipid in carcass were not significantly different between fish fed the formulated diets. Fish fed the formulated control diet exhibited lower SGR and FBW, but higher FCR, NRE, hepatosomatic index and crude lipid content in carcass and liver than those of the fish fed the RF. Results of the present study indicate that combination of rendered animal protein ingredients can replace most of the fishmeal in practical diets for cuneate drum.  相似文献   

19.
Twelve pelleted diets containing a range of protein and energy levels from 30% protein, 400 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet to 40% protein and 520 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet were formulated. A least-cost linear programming package was applied to determine the optimum inclusion levels of some locally available ingredients. The essential amino acid constraints applied to the diets were based on the essential amino acid content of the eggs of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). The study was undertaken using 13 one-tonne capacity fibreglass tanks, each with a water recycling system. Each tank was partitioned into three equal compartments by nylon netting; each compartment was stocked with six female and one male prawn which were fed with the various diets at 2% body weight daily split into three feedings at 0800, 1200 and 1800 h. The results indicated that prawn fed the 40% protein diet with an energy level of 400 kcal per 100 g diet attained the highest fecundity, producing 1355 eggs per gram body weight, followed by those fed P40 with a gross energy level of 440 kcal 100 g-1 (1354 eggs per gram body weight), and prawns fed control diet (30% protein with an energy level of 442 kcal 100 g diet-1) attained the lowest fecundity (1080 eggs per gram body weight). However, statistically, no significant differences in fecundity were observed among prawn fed 35% protein diet with an energy level of 473 kcal 100 g-1, 40 with energy levels of 400 or 440 kcal 100 g diet-1. The essential amino acids index (EAAI) were calculated and were found to be a possible method of evaluating the broodstock diet of M. rosenbergii as a higher index indicates higher egg production. Therefore, a diet containing 40% protein, with an energy level of 400 kcal 100 g diet-1 is recommended as a broodstock feed for M. rosenbergii in view of its superior performance and cost.  相似文献   

20.
Juvenile barramundi (～220–280 g start weight) were fed extruded dry‐pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal in three experiments (E). E1 and E2 were each 66‐day farm studies utilizing 16 floating cages (400 fish per cage) in an aerated freshwater pond. E3 examined the same diets as fed in E2 but under controlled water temperature (28 ± 0.7 °C) and photoperiod (12:12) laboratory conditions in a 42‐day study involving 24 aquaria (eight fish per aquarium). In all studies, the same 430 g kg?1 crude protein (CP), 15 kJ g?1 digestible energy (DE) control (Ctl) diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal) was compared with two high‐inclusion meat meal diets and a proprietary diet. The meat meal diets evaluated in E1 were a high‐ash (260 g kg?1) meat meal that contained 520 g kg?1 CP and a low‐ash (140 g kg?1) meat meal that contained 600 g kg?1 CP when included at either 450 or 400 g kg?1, respectively, in combination with 100 g kg?1 Chilean fish meal in diets that were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with the Ctl diet. Growth rates and feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for all diets. In E2 and E3, the 520 g kg?1 CP meat meal was included at 500 g kg?1 without any marine protein source in diets formulated to provide either 15 or 16.2 kJ g?1 DE and the same CP/DE ratio (29 mg kJ?1) as the Ctl diet. Fish performance ranking of diets was similar in both experiments, with the 16.2 kJ g?1 DE diet supporting better (P < 0.05) growth rates than the Ctl diet and feed conversion ratios equivalent to the Ctl diet but better (P < 0.05) than all other diets.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号