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微生物源农药的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
对生物防治、细菌类微生物农药、真菌类微生物农药、防线菌类微生物农药的研究和开发进展进行了综述;对微生物源农药的特点作了简单论述;对当前微生物源农药存在的问题进行了分析。认为微生物源农药资源丰富,大有发展前途;并提出了我国发展生物农药的方向和侧重点。 相似文献
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Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides poses a substantial threat to the soil and water environment and food security.Organic fertilizer and biopesticides have gradually become essential technology for reducing mineral fertilizer and pesticide inputs. In the process,the technical environment is critical for promoting farmer behavior related to the adoption of organic fertilizer and biopesticides. This paper analyzes the influence of the technical environment on far... 相似文献
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从解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)B3菌株和枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)G4菌株中分别提取脂肽类化合物,配制成脂肽类生物农药乳油.平板拮抗活性检测试验表明,脂肽类生物农药乳油B3和G4能显著抑制油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)生长.油菜离体叶片接种试验中,脂肽类生物农药乳油B3和G4能显著抑制核盘菌在油菜叶片上的侵染和扩展.田间试验表明,脂肽类生物农药乳油B3和G4对油菜菌核病具有很好的防治效果,最高防效分别达55.8%和46.3%,并能够促进油菜生长 相似文献
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RNA生物农药是利用RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）原理,通过抑制生物体重要功能基因的表达,造成有害生物发育停滞或死亡,进而达到病虫害防控的目的。该技术不会改变有害生物的基因组,也不会对生态系统造成不良影响。由于RNA生物农药具有精准、高效、绿色无污染等优势,受到了植物保护专家的重视,将其称为“农药史上的第三次革命”。近年来,随着拜耳公司表达昆虫dsRNA的抗虫玉米MON87411获得多个国家的安全证书,引起各大传统农化公司投入大量人力物力进行布局和产品开发。此外,还吸引了资本市场的关注,涌现了一大批基于RNAi技术进行病虫害防控的新兴公司,极大地加速了RNA生物农药的产业化步伐。随着RNA生物农药的快速发展,必将改变全球农药市场格局,这无疑是一种新的挑战。尽管我国在该领域的研发起步较早,起点也很高,但是,大多数研究主要集中在基础理论,而应用开发相对薄弱,已经远远落后于国际同行。与传统农药相比,RNA生物农药无论是作用机理还是应用开发,均有其独特之处,亟需监管部门建立匹配的研发、应用、生产等技术标准。完善相应的法律法规,对生产进行监督指导,促进我国RNA生物农药的快速发展,降低国际农药巨头在该领域形成技术垄断的风险。基于此,本文系统总结了目前RNA生物农药的国内外研发现状、商业化概况、未来发展趋势及欧美国家针对RNA生物农药相关的法规政策。此外,本文也指出了RNA生物农药在研发以及产业化过程中一些亟需解决的问题,期望为国内RNA生物农药开发与监管提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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蜂业生产中使用化学杀虫剂在有效抵抗病虫害的同时也可能给蜂产品带来一定程度的污染,因此,开发环境友好型生物杀虫剂势在必行。近年来,低毒、低残留的生物杀虫剂在蜂业生产中得到广泛应用。详细介绍了蜂业生产中常见的生物杀虫剂及其分类和作用机理,总结了国内外生物杀虫剂在蜜蜂病虫害防治中的应用,对生物杀虫剂在蜂业生产中应用的可行性进行了评估,旨在为广大养蜂者提供更安全、高效的防治蜂群病虫害的方法,以期实现生物杀虫剂在蜂业生产中的合理应用。 相似文献
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生物农药研究与应用现状及发展前景 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
生物农药具有对人畜和非靶标生物安全,环境兼容性好,不易产生抗性,易于保护生物多样性,来源广泛等优点。本研究对近年生物农药研究与应用现状进行了分析,探讨了生物农药研究与应用过程中存在的主要问题,展望了生物农药的发展前景,并提出促进生物农药健康发展的建议。 相似文献
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[目的]明确生物农药和化学农药复配对桃枝枯病菌的抑制效果。[方法]采用菌丝生长抑制法,测定10种生物药剂对桃枝枯病菌的毒力,将毒力强的生物农药与化学农药咪鲜胺、多菌灵和烯唑醇进行复配,探讨复配剂对桃枝枯病菌的联合毒力效果。[结果]毒力作用最强的生物农药是中生菌素,其次是申嗪霉素和梧宁霉素,其抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为0.041 9、0.231 4和0.655 4μg/m L,与3种化学药剂复配,发现申嗪霉素与3种化学农药复配均达到增效作用,而中生菌素和梧宁霉素与化学农药复配大多配比具有增效作用或相加作用。[结论]生物农药与化学农药复配能增加对桃枝枯病菌的毒力。 相似文献
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基于全程生物农药防控桃树主要病虫害的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究桃树生长季主要病虫害全程生物农药防治方案,2014-2015年对桃树主要病虫害,如蚜虫、红蜘蛛、褐腐病、梨小食心虫和桃小食心虫进行全程生物农药防治。休眠期使用矿物农药石硫合剂和波尔多液,生长季选择生物农药组合,包括苦参碱、藜芦碱、除虫菊素、枯草芽孢杆菌、苏云金杆菌和小檗碱,同时联用性诱剂、植物调节蛋白。结果表明,全程生物农药防控对梨小食心虫、桃小食心虫、褐腐病、蚜虫和红蜘蛛的防效分别为83.9%、78.1%、77.8%、76.7%和72.6%,各种防效等同或高于化学农药。生物农药全程防控的桃树长势强,未出现任何药害。生长季全程使用生物农药联合性诱剂,同时用植物调节蛋白增强桃树抗性,可有效控制桃褐腐病、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、桃小食心虫和梨小食心虫,由此构建了桃树主要病虫害防控集成体系。 相似文献
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Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops 
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下载免费PDF全文 PAN Fan GAO Li-jie ZHU Kai-hui DU Gui-lin ZHU Meng-meng ZHAO Li GAO Yu-lin TU Xiong-bing ZHANG Ze-hua 《农业科学学报》2023,22(1):185-194
The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa (aphids and thrips) were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt. In addition, the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined. Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides. The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame. The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides, and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50% at 14 days after application. The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period. The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei. The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments. Compared with chemical insecticides, the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments. Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides. This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China, and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality. 相似文献
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生物农药防治玉米土传性病害药效的测定 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用美国生产的ＢＧ－２、Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ两种生物农药和国内生产的生物型种衣剂（ＺＳＢ）对玉米茎腐病和纹枯病苗期和成株期的防治试验表明：两种生物农药均可在一定程度上防治茎腐病菌在苗期引起的根腐病,其中ＢＧ－２对镰孢菌的防治效果高达５５．１４％;Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ对腐霉菌的防治效果达５５．５７％。ＢＧ－２对纹枯病的防治效果比ＺＳＢ好。田间试验表明：ＺＳＢ对纹枯病比对茎腐病的防治效果好。１：４０的种子包衣量为最佳。粉锈宁与ＺＳＢ混用比单独粉锈宁拌种防治茎腐病的效果好。 相似文献
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The green miridbug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis,is an important predator of the rice brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens.In this study,the selective toxicity of seven commercial biopesticides for C.lividipennis was examined under laboratory conditions; abamectin was the most selective to C.lividipennis,followed by matrine and azadirachtin.Veratridine,rotenone,Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana showed less selectivity for C.lividipennis.Subsequently,matrine,abamectin and azadirachtin were selected for sublethal assessments with respect to C.lividipennis due to their high toxicities to N.lugens.C.lividipennis treated with sublethal concentrations(LC10 and LC20) of the three biopesticides could distinguish volatiles released from healthy and N.lugens-infested plants indicating that the biopesticides tested did not affect the foraging ability of surviving miridbugs.Azadirachtin decreased the consumption capability of C.lividipennis when the densities of N.lugens were 20,30,40 and 50 insects per vial.Sublethal concentration treatment did not impact the pre-oviposition period or egg hatchability of C.lividipennis.However,the fecundity of C.lividipennis exposed to azadirachtin and abamectin increased by 27–41% compared to the untreated individuals.In summary,abamectin or matrine together with C.lividipennis could be considered an effective,sustainable pest management strategy for rice. 相似文献
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Plant pests and diseases have significant negative impacts on global food security, world trade and rural livelihoods. Climate change exacerbates these impacts in certain parts of the world. Overreliance on pesticides as the primary tool for plant pest management leads to problems such as pesticide resistance and pest resurgence. Environmental and food safety concerns are also associated with overuse of pesticides in crop production. There is clearly a need for a shift in pest management strategies and practices globally. Optimization of structures and functions in crop production agroecosystems through soil conservation practices and cropping diversification can improve pest regulation services provided in the systems. Prioritization of safer alternatives and practices in the IPM pyramid, such as resistant varieties and biopesticides, helps minimize the use of potentially risky agricultural inputs such as synthetic pesticides. Investment is needed to boost the development of innovative green technologies and practices. Production, distribution, use and regulatory capacities need to be strengthened to facilitate large-scale adoption of green technologies and practices. Finally, policy, financial and market instruments should be wielded to provide an enabling environment for the transformation to sustainable plant pest and disease management strategies and practices worldwide. 相似文献
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Allelopathy importance and its application under field conditions are reviewed. Recent achievements in the field of plant protection are mainly considered and presented. Natural chemicals of potential use as pesticides, commercialized natural products of pesticidal properties are included. Reported plants of pest control properties, their targeted agricultural pests, formulations, methods of application and activity under field conditions are presented. Allelopathic plant species and implications on their use in the field, positive and negative impacts on cultivated crop species and agricultural pests are discussed. Some research difficulties and experimental methodology problems are mentioned. Prospects of allelopathy as a future strategy for pest management, development of eco-friendly biopesticides and importance for sustainable agriculture and recent developments in allelopathy research are discussed. 相似文献