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1.
Citrus peels are important sources of various pleasant aroma compounds and valuable bioactive substances. To investigate differences in the composition and content of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) peels from different cultivation lines, the composition of volatile aroma components, flavanones, and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) in four Shiikuwasha cultivation lines was examined. The composition of volatile aroma components in cold-pressed extracts of Shiikuwasha peels was analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. The extracts contained mainly monoterpene hydrocarbons (93.40-97.25%), including limonene (46.52-68.26%) and γ-terpinene (21.48-30.52%). Differences in the composition of volatile aroma compounds in the Shiikuwasha cultivation lines were revealed using principal component analysis. Additionally, the composition of flavanones and PMFs was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Neohesperidin (96.58%) was the predominant flavanone in 'Izumi kugani' peel, while the other peels had high hesperidin contents (89.26-98.66%). Moreover, the PMFs of Shiikuwasha peels were composed of nobiletin (56.74-64.77%) and tangeretin (23.17-34.70%).  相似文献   

2.
The influence of gamma-irradiation on the content of phenolic compounds was evaluated on Moroccan Citrus fruits (Citrus clementina Hort. ex. Tanaka) treated at a mean dose of 0.3 kGy and stored for 49 days at 3 degrees C. The results show that irradiation has enhanced the synthesis of total phenolic compounds and is correlated with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) during storage. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in cells is demonstrated and may be explained by the enhancement of PAL activity. HPLC/UV (diode array detector) analysis demonstrated that hesperidin was the major flavanone and nobiletin and heptamethoxyflavone were the major polymethoxylated flavones. Hesperidin is also the major phenolic compound in clementines. Irradiation stimulates the biosynthesis of hesperidin after 14 days of storage, corresponding to the maximum of PAL activity. p-Coumaric acid was also identified, and its content was particularly high in irradiated fruits after 49 days of storage. Accumulation of flavonoids and p-coumaric acid could be related to a better resistance. The percentage of losses due to peel injury "pitting" during storage was between 1 and 5% after 49 days of storage. The connections between irradiation, enzyme activity, phenolic content, and peel injury are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Bread yield is economically important to commercial bakers. Flour was replaced with 2.5% citrus peel fiber or 0.23% pectin. Pectin increased water absorption by 0.6% in the farinograph, 2% in the mixograph, and 4% in baking. Citrus peel fiber had a greater effect, increasing water absorption by 6.5% in the farinograph, 7% in the mixograph, 6.4% in the mixolab, and 10% in baking. Citrus peel fiber strengthened dough while pectin had a weakening effect. Loaves containing citrus peel fiber had decreased loaf volume but crumb grain characteristics similar to control loaves. Pectin did not affect loaf volume but had a deleterious effect on the crumb grain. Neither citrus peel fiber nor pectin affected bread firming. Citrus peel fiber increased loaf weight by increasing water absorption, indicating that low levels of citrus peel fiber in the bread formula is an effective way to increase bread yield.  相似文献   

4.
Phytophthora citrophthora causes serious losses in Citrus fruits through brown rot lesion. The effect of infection with P. citrophthora on Citrus sinensis (cv. Valencia Late) fruits was studied, with particular reference to the levels of the flavanones hesperidin and isonaringin and the polymethoxyflavones sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and heptamethoxyflavone, because flavonoids are most probably involved as natural defense or resistance mechanisms in this genus. Changes in the levels of these flavonoids were detected after infection. The hesperidin and isonaringin contents fell by 13 and 67%, respectively, whereas the contents of their corresponding aglycons, hesperetin and naringenin, increased, suggesting the hydrolyzing effect of this fungus on the glycosylated flavanones. The heptamethoxyflavone, nobiletin, sinensetin, and tangeretin levels increased by 48, 28, 26, and 24%, respectively. The in vitro study revealed that these compounds acted as antifungal agents, the most active being the aglycons (naringenin and hesperetin), followed by the polymethoxyflavones and flavanone glycosides. The participation of these flavonoids in the defense mechanism of this Citrus species is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Antioxidant activity of apple peels   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  
Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been shown to be effective in the prevention of chronic diseases. These benefits are often attributed to the high antioxidant content of some plant foods. Apples are commonly eaten and are large contributors of phenolic compounds in European and North American diets. The peels of apples, in particular, are high in phenolics. During applesauce and canned apple manufacture, the antioxidant-rich peels of apples are discarded. To determine if a useful source of antioxidants is being wasted, the phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of the peels of four varieties of apples (Rome Beauty, Idared, Cortland, and Golden Delicious) commonly used in applesauce production in New York state were investigated. The values of the peels were compared to those of the flesh and flesh + peel components of the apples. Within each variety, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the peels, followed by the flesh + peel and the flesh. Idared and Rome Beauty apple peels had the highest total phenolic contents (588.9 +/- 83.2 and 500.2 +/- 13.7 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Rome Beauty and Idared peels were also highest in flavonoids (306.1 +/- 6.7 and 303.2 +/- 41.5 mg of catechin equivalents/100 g of peels, respectively). Of the four varieties, Idared apple peels had the most anthocyanins, with 26.8 +/- 6.5 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g of peels. The peels all had significantly higher total antioxidant activities than the flesh + peel and flesh of the apple varieties examined. Idared peels had the greatest antioxidant activity (312.2 +/- 9.8 micromol of vitamin C equivalents/g of peels). Apple peels were also shown to more effectively inhibit the growth of HepG(2) human liver cancer cells than the other apple components. Rome Beauty apple peels showed the most bioactivity, inhibiting cell proliferation by 50% at the low concentration of 12.4 +/- 0.4 mg of peels/mL. The high content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative activity of apple peels indicate that they may impart health benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.  相似文献   

6.
A sensitive HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method was established to screen and identify the polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) in the peels of 'Shatangju' mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco). Eight PMF standards, including four polymethoxylated flavones, two polymethoxylated flavanones, and two polymethoxylated chalcones, were first to be analyzed in positive mode by CID-MS/MS. On the basis of the ESI-MS(n) characteristics of PMFs and the results of EIC-MS/MS experiment, 32 PMFs including 24 flavones and 8 flavanones or chalcones were screened from the complex extract of the peels of 'Shatangju' mandarin. Among them, 10 PMFs were hydroxylated polymethoxyflavonoids (OH-PMFs), and the rest were all permethoxylated PMFs. This was the first systematic report of the presence of PMFs in the peels of 'Shatangju' mandarin, especially for polymethoxylated flavanones and chalcones. Meanwhile, the contents of the three main PMFs and total flavonoids in the peels of 'Shatangju' were determined by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, respectively. The results indicated that the developed analytical method could be employed as an effective technique for the characterization of PMFs.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.  相似文献   

8.
Auraptene quantities in Tanaka's 77 Citrus species (including 14 varieties and cultivars), 5 Fortunella species, one Poncirus species, 27 hybrids between Citrus species, and 51 intergeneric hybrids between Citrus and Poncirus have been evaluated. The genus Citrus has been divided into eight groups. Auraptene is found in all of the species of Cephalocitrus group, a part of the species of Aurantium group, and most of the species of Osmocitrus group. The Citrus species contain a small amount of auraptene in the juice sacs compared with in the peels except for Henka mikan (C. pseudo-aurantium), Ichang lemon (C. wilsonii), and a Hassaku (C. hassaku)-pummelo hybrid (Okitsu No. 39), which contain large quantities of auraptene in their juice sacs (0.23, 0.52, and 0.14 mg/g, respectively). The Hong Kong wild kumquat (F. hindusii) alone contains auraptene in Fortunella species. All of the Citrus-trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) hybrids as well as the trifoliate orange contain a large quantity of auraptene in both the peel (16.57-0.51 mg/g) and the juice sac (10.32-0.15 mg/g). These hybrids are almost inedible. The Iyo (C. iyo)-trifoliate orange hybrid (IyP269) is edible and contains auraptene in the peel (1.49 mg/g) and in the juice sac (1.73 mg/g). Citrus fruit products, for example, brand-named grapefruit juice and marmalade, retain about 0. 1 mg and 0.3 mg/100 g of auraptene, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
Aurapten (7-geranyloxycoumarin) has been reported to be an effective inhibitor of chemical carcinogenesis in some rodent models. In the present study, a method for preparing an aurapten-enriched agricultural product has been established. Out of 17 Rutaceae varieties, the aurapten content in hassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort ex Y. Tanaka) fruit peel was marked, as well as that in natsumikan (C. natsudaidai) and grapefruit (C. paradisi). The aurapten content in hassaku peel was most abundant in April. Hassaku fruit peel oil, which was dissolved by heating precipitates including aurapten which had formed after freezing the peel oil at -20 degrees C, was used. After adsorbing aurapten from peel oil onto synthetic adsorbent SP70, the adsorbent was washed with 40% (v/v) ethanol in water to remove essential oils and pigments remaining on the adsorbent. Aurapten was then eluted with 80% (v/v) ethanol. In a laboratory-scale test, the recovery rates of aurapten and total carotenoids from the eluates were 74.3 and 4.6%, respectively. In a pilot-scale test, the recovery rate of aurapten in the aurapten-enriched preparation from dissolved hassaku oil was 91.0%, and its concentration was 64.1% (w/w). When stored for 180 days under sunlight, aurapten in powder form remained at 88.0-89.0% of the initial level, but only 31.3-43.8% in ethanol. The stability of aurapten in the aurapten-enriched preparation was higher than that of purified aurapten. These results suggest that aurapten is readily recovered from hassaku peel oil using SP70, and thus may be used as a food additive.  相似文献   

10.
宽皮柑橘去皮前常采用蒸烫处理以降低去皮难度,在实际加工中由于缺少相关理论支撑,关于柑橘蒸烫去皮的作用机制尚不明了,常存在因蒸烫不当而导致去皮效果差的问题。为了探究蒸烫处理对宽皮柑橘果皮力学特性、组织结构、去皮性能的影响从而明确有效的蒸烫去皮工艺,该研究利用柑橘果皮分离性能测试平台研究了不同蒸烫时间下柑橘的去皮性能,利用果皮拉伸力学特性测试平台分析了蒸烫柑橘果皮的力学特性,基于Ray-CT断层扫描技术研究了蒸烫处理对柑橘外果皮、白皮层、果肉结构尺寸的影响规律,利用超景深显微镜和电子显微镜观察了果皮显微结构的变化。在此基础上,探讨了蒸烫处理对柑橘去皮性能的影响机理。结果表明：蒸烫时间对柑橘果皮分离时的最大拉力、分离位移、果皮的断裂强度、果皮与果肉间孔隙率影响极显著（P<0.01）,分离位移和断裂强度呈正相关,最大拉力和果皮与果肉间孔隙率呈负相关。随着蒸烫时间增加,果皮表面会起皱粗糙,果皮截面果胶化合物发生溶解,薄壁组织细胞和维管束组织坍塌消失,进而果皮与果肉间孔隙率逐渐增大、果皮断裂强度先增大后减小,导致去皮过程中最小拉力减小,分离位移先增大后减小。在蒸烫时间3 min时,最大拉力达到较小值1.59 N,相对于对照组减少了42.8%,果皮不易被拉断,分离位移达到最大值41.81 mm,相对于对照组增加了19.6%,整体去皮效果最好;蒸烫时间超过3 min后,果皮变得绵软易拉断,不利于果皮剥离。该研究为改善宽皮柑橘去皮困难和丰富蒸烫去皮机理提供了理论参考。  相似文献   

11.
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Red Delicious apple peels was used to determine the chemical identity of bioactive constituents, which showed potent antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Twenty-nine compounds, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids and plant sterols, were isolated using gradient solvent fractionation, Diaion HP-20, silica gel, and ODS columns, and preparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were identified using HR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. Antiproliferative activities of isolated pure compounds against HepG2 human liver cancer cells and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were evaluated. On the basis of the yields of isolated flavonoids (compounds 18- 23), the major flavonoids in apple peels are quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 20, 82.6%), then quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (compound 19, 17.1%), followed by trace amounts of quercetin (compound 18, 0.2%), (-)-catechin (compound 22), (-)-epicatechin (compound 23), and quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (compound 21). Among the compounds isolated, quercetin (18) and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (20) showed potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, with EC 50 values of 40.9 +/- 1.1 and 49.2 +/- 4.9 microM to HepG2 cells and 137.5 +/- 2.6 and 23.9 +/- 3.9 microM to MCF-7 cells, respectively. Six flavonoids (18-23) and three phenolic compounds (10, 11, and 14) showed potent antioxidant activities. Caffeic acid (10), quercetin (18), and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (21) showed higher antioxidant activity, with EC 50 values of <10 microM. Most tested flavonoids and phenolic compounds had high antioxidant activity when compared to ascorbic acid and might be responsible for the antioxidant activities of apples. These results showed apple peel phytochemicals have potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.  相似文献   

12.
基于流变特性的不同品种苹果果皮质地评价   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
为探究苹果果皮表面碎裂损伤的原因和评价不同品种果皮的质地。采用电子万能试验机对丹霞、红富士和新红星苹果果皮进行拉伸松弛和蠕变特性试验,得到了果皮松弛的初始应力、残余应力、应变保持和蠕变的初始应变、应力保持、蠕变量;建立了苹果果皮松弛和蠕变的数学模型,对松弛和蠕变特性参数进行了相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:松弛和蠕变试验结果揭示出不同品种果皮的流变特性和内部组织结构存在差异。不同品种果皮的初始应力较大时,松弛平衡后的残余应力较大;初始应变较大时,蠕变量较小。新红星果皮的弹性因子贡献率较高,而红富士果皮的黏性因子贡献率较高,反映出红富士果皮表面中较新红星和丹霞果皮表面容易碎裂损伤,在采收、运输等过程中红富士的果皮较新红星和丹霞的果皮易受机械损伤。研究结果可为苹果品种的优育及其质地评价体系的建立和完善提供参考。  相似文献   

13.
Phlorin (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside), an orange peel marker, has been searched in 45 species and varieties of Citrus. The phlorin content was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in juices and aqueous peel extracts of these different fruits. The phlorin content in C. reticulata peel extract varies from 0 to 1012 mg L(-)(1) with a mean of 162 mg L(-)(1). On the contrary, phlorin was not found in mandarin and clementine juices except for mandarin "Commune" and "Beauty" (33 and 30 mg L(-)(1), respectively). In the 14 species of oranges and varieties, phlorin was detected in juices and peel extracts with a mean of 22 and 492 mg L(-)(1), respectively, while for grapefruits, means were 108 mg L(-)(1) in juices and 982 mg L(-)(1) for peel extracts. Tangors and tangelos which are hybrids (C. reticulata x C. sinensis and C. reticulata x C. paradisi, respectively) are characterized by the systematic presence of phlorin in peels (mean: 406 and 659 mg L(-)(1), respectively) while in juices its presence could be variable (0-73 mg L(-)(1)). These heterogeneity and values may be explained by the genetic variability of these hybrids and the phlorin content of their parentage group.  相似文献   

14.
为改善目前宽皮柑橘加工业中以手工去皮为主的现状,提高柑橘剥皮效率,该文根据宽皮柑橘果皮包着宽松,易与果肉分离等特点,设计了一种可以实现快速去皮的宽皮柑橘对辊式剥皮机。柑橘进入设备后,在刮板的带动下翻转向前运动,运动过程中不同形式且相向转动的剥皮辊夹持并撕扯翻起的果皮,从而将果皮从柑橘上整体剥离。该样机主要由机架、传动装置、对辊装置、拨动装置和下料装置等部件组成,具有结构紧凑,果皮分离能力强等特点。试验结果表明:样机可以很好地完成剥皮功能,宽皮柑橘果皮去净率高于97.5%,果肉损伤率低于2.68%,生产率达到202.5 kg/h,基本满足生产需求。该研究可为中国柑橘加工业中自动去皮设备研制和发展提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
To specify the genotypic variation of Mediterranean Citrus juices, the contents of carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamin C were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. A selection of orange varieties and Mandarin species from the Mediterranean area (Citrus sinensis, Citrus deliciosa Ten, and Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) was evaluated using carotenoid profiles and flavanones contents. Among the eight varieties of orange (Salustiana, Hamlin, Shamouti, Pera, Valencia, Maltaise, Sanguinelli, and Cara-cara) and two Mandarin species, only three cultivars (Pera, Sanguinelli, and Shamouti) and the two Mandarin species displayed a high content of vitamin A (374, 381, and 272 ER L(-1) for the three orange cultivars and 1156 and 960 retinol equivalent (RE) L(-1) for the Mandarins) due to a high content of beta-cryptoxanthin. These same Citrus were also rich in hesperidin (502, 537, 552, 767, and 754 mg L(-1), respectively). Principal component analysis allowed the Mediterranean orange varieties and Mandarin species to be differentiated on the basis of nutritional criteria. Strong correlations were observed between beta-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin (r = 0.92) and between beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene (r = 0.98). In contrast, vitamin C content was not correlated with carotenoids and flavanone glycosides. The Mandarin and orange group was quite distinct. The orange varieties could be divided in two groups. In addition, a diversity tree allowed a genetic approach to differentiating Citrus cultivars on the basis of Euclidian distances. This representation showed that the hybrid Clementine was nearer to its parent Mandarin than to its parent orange, suggesting that beta-cryptoxanthin was a dominant genetic factor. With regard to vitamin A, Mandarin and its hybrid Clementine appeared to be the best Citrus species.  相似文献   

16.
The relationship between phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity of apple peel and pulp was investigated in fruit produced according to both organic and integrated agricultural methods. Apple tissue extracts were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography separation, which showed that as compared with pulps, peels are richer in almost all of the quantified phenolics. Flavonols, flavanols, procyanidins, dihydrochalcones, and hydroxycinnamates were the identified phenolic classes in peel tissue, and the most abundant compounds were epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and phloridzin. Pulps were poorer in phytochemicals. Their major phenolics were procyanidins and hydroxycinnamates. Flavonols in amounts <20 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (fw) were also found. In both peels and pulps, integrated production samples were richer in polyphenols. Among the 14 compounds identified, only phloridzin had a tendency to appear higher in organic peels. The total antioxidant capacities (TAC) of extracts were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay and were expressed as Trolox equivalents. Integrated peels gave the highest TAC (18.56 mM kg(-1) fw), followed by organic peels (TAC = 14.96), integrated pulps (TAC = 7.12), and organic pulps (TAC = 6.28). In peels, the top contributors to the antioxidant activity were found to be flavonols, flavanols, and procyanidins, which accounted for about 90% of the total calculated activity whereas in pulps, the TAC was primarily derived from flavanols (monomers and polymers) together with hydroxycinnamates. A good correlation between the sum of polyphenols and the radical scavenging activities was found. Among the single classes of compounds, procyanidins (in peels and pulps) and flavonols (in peels) were statistically correlated to the TAC.  相似文献   

17.
Apple peels as a value-added food ingredient   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
There is some evidence that chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, may occur as a result of oxidative stress. Apple peels have high concentrations of phenolic compounds and may assist in the prevention of chronic diseases. Millions of pounds of waste apple peels are generated in the production of applesauce and canned apples in New York State each year. We proposed that a valuable food ingredient could be made using the peels of these apples if they could be dried and ground to a powder without large losses of phytochemicals. Rome Beauty apple peels were treated with citric acid dips, ascorbic acid dips, and blanches before being oven-dried at 60 degrees C. Only blanching treatments greatly preserved the phenolic compounds, and peels blanched for 10 s had the highest total phenolic content. Rome Beauty apple peels were then blanched for 10 s and dried under various conditions (oven-dried at 40, 60, or 80 degrees C, air-dried, or freeze-dried). The air-dried and freeze-dried apple peels had the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. On a fresh weight basis, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these samples were similar to those of the fresh apple peels. Freeze-dried peels had a lower water activity than air-dried peels on a fresh weight basis. The optimal processing conditions for the ingredient were blanching for 10s and freeze-drying. The process was scaled up, and the apple peel powder ingredient was characterized. The total phenolic content was 3342 +/- 12 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dried peels, the flavonoid content was 2299 +/- 52 mg catechin equivalents/100 g dried peels, and the anthocyanin content was 169.7 +/- 1.6 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g dried peels. These phytochemical contents were a significantly higher than those of the fresh apple peels if calculated on a fresh weight basis (p < 0.05). The apple peel powder had a total antioxidant activity of 1251 +/- 56 micromol vitamin C equivalents/g, similar to fresh Rome Beauty peels on a fresh weight basis (p > 0.05). One gram of powder had an antioxidant activity equivalent to 220 mg of vitamin C. The freeze-dried apple peels also had a strong antiproliferative effect on HepG(2) liver cancer cells with a median effective dose (EC(50)) of 1.88 +/- 0.01 mg/mL. This was lower than the EC(50) exhibited by the fresh apple peels (p < 0.05). Apple peel powder may be used in a various food products to add phytochemicals and promote good health.  相似文献   

18.
Citrus plants are rich sources of various bioactive flavonoids. To eliminate masking effects caused by hesperidin, naringin, and neoeriocitrin, the abundant flavonoid glycosides which make up 90% of the conventionally prepared sample, the readily extractable fraction from Citrus juice was prepared by adsorbing on HP-20 resin and eluting with EtOH and acetone from the resin and was subjected to HL-60 differentiation assay and quantitative analysis of major flavonoids. Screening of 34 Citrus juices indicated that King (C. nobilis) had a potent activity for inducing differentiation of HL-60, and the active principles were isolated and identified as four polymethoxylated flavonoids, namely, nobiletin, 3,3',4',5,6,7, 8-heptamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, and tangeretin. HPLC analysis of the readily extractable fraction also indicated that King contained high amounts of these polymethoxylated flavonoids among the Citrus juices examined. Principal component and cluster analyses of the readily extractable flavonoids indicated peculiarities of King and Bergamot.  相似文献   

19.
In traditional Chinese medicine, dried citrus fruit peels are widely used as remedies to alleviate coughs and reduce phlegm in the respiratory tract. Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory cells and increased airway production of nitric oxide (NO) are well recognized as key events in inflammation-related respiratory tract diseases. Despite the fact that the enhancing effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of citrus fruit peels has been well documented, the impact of heat treatment on citrus peel beneficial activities regarding anti-inflammation is unclear. To address this issue, we determined the anti-inflammatory activities of heat-treated citrus peel extracts by measuring their inhibitory effect upon NO production by lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel was significantly elevated after 100 degrees C heat treatment in a time-dependent fashion during a period from 0 to 120 min. Inhibition of iNOS gene expression was the major NO-suppressing mechanism of the citrus peel extract. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel extract highly correlated with the content of nobiletin and tangeretin. Conclusively, proper and reasonable heat treatment helped to release nobiletin and tangeretin, which were responsible for the increased anti-inflammatory activity of heat-treated citrus peels.  相似文献   

20.
Citrus peels are rich in polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and are potential sources of natural preservatives. Six PMFs extracts, isolated and purified from the peels of three mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and three sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), were identified and quantitated. Their inhibitory effects on Aspergillus niger were evaluated using a microbroth dilution assay. The Red tangerine variety exhibited the greatest antifungal activity (MIC = 0.2 mg/mL), while Jincheng showed the lowest activity (MIC = 1.8 mg/mL). An analysis of principal components was applied to the results in order to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of the citrus PMFs. The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that, for good inhibitory effect, the 5-OH, 3-OCH?, and 8-OCH? functionalities were essential, while the presence of 3-OH and 3'-OCH? greatly reduced inhibition. The findings of this study provide important information for the exploitation and utilization of citrus PMFs as natural biopreservatives.  相似文献   

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