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1.
Cd、Cr、Pb复合胁迫下小麦植株重金属的积累与分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了预测重金属复合胁迫对小麦的危害,采用溶液培养、田间土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,分析了小麦幼苗期及成熟期Cd、Cr、Pb在植株不同器官的富集,并对小麦受重金属胁迫的安全限量值进行了研究。结果表明,①Cd、Cr、Pb二元或三元胁迫条件下,小麦幼苗期植株各器官对重金属的富集浓度均极显著高于单一胁迫处理,说明复合胁迫加剧了重金属向小麦体内的迁移累积。成熟期小麦对Cd、Cr、Pb的富集比较依赖于土壤中相应Cd、Cr、Pb的浓度水平,其他两种重金属的协同作用在根系所占比例大约为5.09%～21.66%。②各器官中重金属的富集表现:幼苗期为根系>叶鞘>叶片,成熟期为根系>茎叶>籽粒。但幼苗期复合胁迫促进了重金属向地上部分的转移。③幼苗期植株各器官对重金属富集系数的大小为Cr>>Pb>Cd,表明幼苗期小麦根系对Cr的富集能力最强;植株地上部分的重金属平均富集量Cd为68.68%、Cr为51.63%、Pb为70.83%,说明Cd、Pb运输到地上部的能力较强。成熟期Cd在小麦地下、地上各器官的转移速率最快,Cr次之,而Pb转移到籽粒中去的量很少。 相似文献
2.
《中国糖料》2019,(1)
为了解重金属胁迫下甘蔗地上部和地下部重金属的累积特征,用高、中、低浓度的镉、铅和铬处理土壤进行甘蔗盆栽试验,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定其含量。结果表明甘蔗地下部重金属富集的量比地上富集的量大,此差异随处理浓度增加而增加。在最高浓度时,8月份,镉(Cd)地上部为44.750mg/kg,地下部的为299.250 mg/kg;铅(Pb)地上部为96.250 mg/kg,地下部339.250 mg/kg;铬(Cr)地上部为94.325 mg/kg,地下部为4 148.750 mg/kg;9月份,Cd地上部为94.000 mg/kg,地下部为803.500mg/kg;Pb地上部为199.500 mg/kg,地下部为686.500 mg/kg;Cr地上部为138.625 mg/kg,地下部为10 282.750 mg/kg。由此可看出甘蔗的Cd、Pb、Cr在地下部富集量大,地上部富集量小,它们的转运系数都小于1 (转运系数=地上部重金属含量/地下部重金属含量),故甘蔗可在中轻度污染的土壤中种植,这样能够提高重金属污染土壤的利用率,还能对这些重金属土壤慢慢进行生物修复。另外,这样的土壤种植出的甘蔗可用于绿色能源——乙醇的生产,减少环境污染,节省自然资源。 相似文献
3.
玉米植株对重金属的富集与分布 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
从湛江市赤坎区文章村的玉米园中采集玉米植株及其生长的土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)5种重金属元素的含量,对玉米不同器官积累重金属的特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,①玉米园土壤受重金属Cr的中度污染;②玉米对土壤中5种重金属的平均富集系数大小顺序为Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cu,其中,Ni、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别为2.411、1.892和1.139;③玉米地上部重金属含量大于根部该种重金属含量。各种重金属在器官中的分布规律不一致,玉米茎中的重金属含量偏高,玉米根中的含量较低;④玉米对土壤Cr元素有较强的避性。 相似文献
4.
广藿香重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用国标法测定10个产区广藿香Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.药材及其生境土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的含量,以非参数检验分析6种重金属元素在广藿香药材、生境土壤中的分布规律,并结合富集系数确定广藿香对重金属的富集情况。以单因子污染指数(P_i)、Nemerow污染指数(P综合)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)对土壤样品进行污染等级评价。结果表明,生境土壤全部达标;广藿香药材中重金属含量总体合格,4个产区药材中Hg有不同程度的超标。重金属Pb、Cu、Cd在不同生境土壤中的分布、土壤Pb、Cr、As与药材中的含量、不同产地广藿香对Pb的富集均有显著性差异。P综合和P_i分别显示四会广藿香种植区域土壤、长丰土样Cd、莲塘Pb以及四会Pb、Cd均达警戒限,其他生境土壤都属清洁级别;RI值方面,各产区均属于轻微污染级别。不同产地的广藿香植株都会富集土壤的Cd、Hg。因此,从药材安全性考虑,在种植广藿香时,应该选择重金属含量较低的土壤进行种植,确保药材安全性。 相似文献
5.
几种重金属(Cd、Cr、As)在玉米植株中的分布研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从株洲市某社区玉米园中采集玉米植株及其生长的土壤样品,利用ICP等离子法测定铬(Cr)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)3种重金属元素的含量,对玉米不同器官积累重金属的特性进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)玉米园土壤受重金属As中度污染,重金属Cd重度污染;(2)3种重金属在玉米植株中的分布规律大致为根叶茎;(3)玉米对土壤中3种重金属的平均富集系数大小排列顺序为CdCrAs;(4)玉米对土壤As元素有较强的耐性;(5)玉米茎中Cr元素含量与根中Cr达到了显著负相关,而茎、叶中Cd含量与根部Cd呈正相关。 相似文献
6.
不同花生品种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr富集与转运规律 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以青岛市8个主栽花生品种为试材,通过相同土壤条件下大田种植和室内检测分析,对花生植株不同器官中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr重金属元素的吸收、富集与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,供试的8个花生品种植株根系中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量存在显著性差异,茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量存在显著性差异,籽仁中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均存在显著性差异,果壳中Cu、Zn和Cd含量存在显著性差异;供试的8个花生品种籽仁中Cd含量均超过了农业部无公害花生Cd≤0.05 mg.kg-1的卫生限量标准。花生植株各器官对重金属的平均生物富集量顺序：根系和果壳为Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd,茎叶和籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Cd。花生植株各器官的平均转运量系数顺序：茎叶为Pb〉Zn〉Cd〉Cr〉Cu,籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr,果壳为Cr〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd。A4为花生籽仁低Pb吸收富集型品种,A3为花生籽仁低Cd吸收富集型品种。 相似文献
7.
对217份稻谷样品重金属含量的测定分析表明,谷壳中重金属含量大于精米,精米中Cr、Cd含量相对较高,谷壳中Cr含量相对较高;相关性分析结果表明,土壤中的Cd、Pb与稻谷中的Cd、Pb含量显著相关,谷壳与精米中的Cd、As、Hg含量显著相关而与品种类型无关;对重金属富集系数的分析表明,稻米对重金属的富集能力强弱为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cr＞Pb,不同品系稻米对5种重金属的富集能力差异均达到显著,银占系列稻米的重金属富集能力与其它8个品系差异显著且显著高于其它品系。结论对研究稻米中重金属污染问题具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
8.
《中国马铃薯》2016,(5):277-281
利用火焰原子吸收法测定了种植于磷矿复垦地马铃薯植株不同器官中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)重金属的含量。结果表明,在磷矿复垦地土壤Cd、Pb含量高于土壤无机污染物的二级标准条件下,马铃薯块茎中Cd、Pb含量都超过安全食用标准;马铃薯植株中不同器官Cd、Pb的分布具有明显规律,块茎、根、茎、叶的含量差异显著,呈逐渐增加趋势,叶片是积累2种重金属含量最多的器官,块茎含量最低;随生育期延长,成熟期马铃薯根、茎、叶中的Cd含量较现蕾期略有增加。马铃薯各器官对2种重金属元素的富集系数不同,对Cd的富集作用明显大于对Pb的富集作用,因此即使在低Cd土壤中种植马铃薯也需要谨慎选择。 相似文献
9.
小麦富集重金属的品种差异及其潜在健康风险评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了筛选出适合黄淮冬麦区种植的具有重金属低累积潜力且食用安全的小麦品种,在黄河故道丰县境内选取代表性农田,采用田间小区试验,研究了12个小麦品种籽粒对Pb、As、Cr、Hg、Cd和Ni富集的差异,并用目标危害系数(THQ)法对其食用后的潜在健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,试验区144个采样点表层土壤中As、Cr、Cd和Ni的平均含量较中国土壤元素背景值分别超标0.14倍、0.20倍、1.32倍和0.20倍,Pb和Hg均低于背景值,仅Pb未见超标点位,但所测6种重金属的含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ级标准值和《绿色食品产地环境质量》规定的土壤中污染物含量限值。供试的12个小麦品种籽粒中的6种被测重金属含量均符合国家食品安全标准限制值,但对Pb、Ni、As、Cr的吸收累积差异较Cd、Hg明显,以Pb最为明显。聚类分析可将12个品种划分为较低累积类群(保麦2号、烟农19、百农207、保麦5号、荔高6号和迁麦1号)、中等累积类群(新麦288、淮麦20、百农AK58和豫农035)和高累积类群(徐麦30和徐麦33)。12个小麦品种的籽粒对6种重金属的平均富集系数由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Ni和Cr,富集程度在不同品种间差异程度不同。其THQ值和总危害系数(TTHQ)值均小于1.0,表明居民消费供试品种小麦籽粒无被测重金属引起的潜在健康风险。但徐麦30、豫农035和徐麦33籽粒中重金属的TTHQ值均介于0.9~1.0,对此应引起重视。综合评价,保麦2号、百农207、保麦5号、荔高6号和新麦288可作为黄淮冬麦区种植的重金属低累积小麦品种。 相似文献
10.
为探索适合镉(Cd)污染农田的种植模式,在浏阳市蕉溪镇某中度污染农田(pH为5.73,Cd总含量为0.86 mg/kg)开展大田试验,分析亚麻—水稻水旱轮作模式对Cd的累积能力和对农田土壤Cd污染的修复效率。结果表明,亚麻对Cd具有较强的富集能力,其叶片Cd含量最高,为7.77 mg/kg,富集系数(BCF)达9.83;果壳与籽粒的镉含量均在3.00 mg/kg以上,对应的BCF值分别为4.18和3.86。一季亚麻的总生物量为16 950.50 kg/hm2,可提取Cd 74.28 g/hm2,修复效率为3.84%。与前茬未种亚麻的对照相比,轮作模式下水稻各部位尤其是糙米对Cd的累积呈现明显下降的趋势。后茬水稻收获后,稻草离田,亚麻—水稻轮作模式每年可从土壤中提取Cd达128.26 g/hm2,修复效率可达到6.63%。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
12.
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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16.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
19.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
20.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献