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1.
川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：17
穿透雨、茎流和林冠截留在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有极其重要的地位 (VanDijketal .,2 0 0 1) ,因而从生理学、生态学和水文学的观点来看 ,研究一定区域内植被与降雨之间的相关性具有重要的意义 (Aboaletal .,1999)。川西亚高山针叶林处于我国东南半壁湿润地区与西北半壁干旱地区的过渡地带上 ,且多分布于江河上游 ,在涵养水源、保持水土、稳定河川流量、维护生态平衡等方面具有重要的地位 ,被誉为庇护四川及长江流域的“绿色万里长城”(杨玉坡 ,1990 )。马雪华 (1987)对米亚罗地区亚高山冷杉林的林冠截留做了一些初步的观测 … 相似文献
2.
Zebin Liu Yanhui Wang Ao Tian Yu Liu Ashley A. Webb Yarui Wang Haijun Zuo Pengtao Yu Wei Xiong Lihong Xu 《林业研究》2018,29(1):187-198
Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested. 相似文献
3.
梁山慈竹在退耕还林中的水土保持效应研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用小型径流观测场对比观测降雨时间集中的梁山慈竹林和未退耕种植红薯的耕地的17次降雨、10次水土流失过程进行效益对比,分析侵蚀量、径流量与降雨因子的关系。结果表明,退耕还梁山慈竹林的穿透降水率为89.14%,茎流率平均为1.57%,林冠截持降水率为9.29%;凋落物层的最大持水量约为27.54 t.hm-2,相当于水深2.4～3.3 mm,占降水量的14.46%～19.88%;与未退耕地相比,梁山慈竹林的平均径流量比耕地减少24.6%,而耕地侵蚀量约是林地的4.7倍,林地降水的泥沙侵蚀平均减少量达到78.56%。梁山慈竹有较好的水土保持作用,能够明显地减少地表径流和泥沙侵蚀。 相似文献
4.
Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November
1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping
bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients
of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall
and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine
the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable
explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow
were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated
from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception
loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such
as duration and intensity. 相似文献
5.
A virgin Pinus koraiensis forest in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains was selected to study its rainfall redistribution effect via 97 rainfall occurrences
during a growing season. The following results were obtained: 1) The canopy interception of the P. koraiensis virgin forest amounted to 98168 mm during a growing season (May to September), which was 19.6 per cent of the total rainfall
and 1.3 times that of a secondary Betula platyphylla forest. Compared with other forest types in China (11.4%–36.5%), the ratio of the canopy interception in the virgin pine
forest was at a medium level. 2) The throughfall of the virgin pine forest was 395.77 mm, which accounted for 78.7% of total
precipitation, and the stem-flow was 8.78 mm, accounting for 1.74% of total precipitation. Compared with the secondary birch
forest, the virgin pine forest had lower throughfall but higher stem-flow. 3) Cubic regression equations (p < 0.01) which describe the relation between throughfall, stem-flow and canopy interception in the virgin pine forest and
rainfall in an open field were fitted. A linear regression equation (p < 0.01) was found to be a better fit for the relationship between throughfall of the secondary birch forest and rainfall
outside the forest. Factors affecting throughfall and stem-flow were analyzed, with results providing a good reference to
the study of rainfall redistribution in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests.
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Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(6): 61–65 [译自: 中国水土保持科学] 相似文献
6.
Hikaru Komatsu Yuka Onozawa Tomonori Kume Kenji Tsuruta Tomo’omi Kumagai Yoshinori Shinohara Kyoichi Otsuki 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
In western Japan, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests have been expanding by replacing surrounding vegetation such as coniferous plantation forests and natural broadleaved forests. It has been speculated that the replacement of surrounding vegetation by bamboo forests could alter the vegetation water cycle and available water resources. We quantified stand-scale transpiration (E) in a bamboo forest on the basis of sap-flux measurements and compared the E value with values for coniferous forests. The annual E was estimated to be 567 mm. Seasonal trends in E primarily corresponded to seasonal trends in the vapor pressure deficit. Annual E for the bamboo forest was higher than that for the coniferous forests by 12% of annual precipitation (P). This difference in annual E is comparable with the difference in annual interception evaporation (I) relative to P between bamboo and coniferous forests; previous studies reported lower I for bamboo forests by ∼10% of P. Thus, the sum of E and I was comparable for bamboo and coniferous forests. As this study is the first measuring E of bamboo forests, further studies are required to examine the generality of our results. 相似文献
7.
8.
本文用统计分析方法对江西分宜县山下林场杉木、马尾松人工林的林内降雨、林冠截留和树干茎流进行了研究。结果表明:在该林分中林内降雨量和树干茎流量随降雨量的增加而以直线形式增加;林冠截留量随降雨量的增加呈幂函数关系上升。在杉木林内,随郁闭度的增大,林内降雨率和树干茎流率减少,而林冠截留率增大,马尾松林和杉木林相比,林内降雨率和树干茎流率较大,而林冠截留率较小。 相似文献
9.
对长宁竹海楠竹林、黄竹林、苦竹林、杉木林和栎林5种林分林冠降雨分配格局进行了对比。回归结果表明:穿透雨量和干流与林外降雨量呈线性关系,并都达到极显著水平(p-0.01)。在降雨量为1204.7 mm时,5种林分穿透雨的最小响应雨量分别为:斑苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus Kengf)林为3.0 mm,硬头黄竹(Bambusa rigida Keng et Kengf)林为1.0 mm、白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)林为0.9 mm、楠竹(Phyllostachy spubescen)林为0.8 mm、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook)林为0.7 mm。干流量随树干胸径的增加而增大,两者关系可用Q=B0 B1D B2D2 B3D3进行描述。与其它的林种相比,竹林干流量远高于栎林和杉木林。苦竹林干流量达105.3 mm,干流率为8.74%,黄竹和楠竹干流量均为82.4 mm,干流率为6.84%,栎林分别为42.4 mm和3.49%,杉木林最小,仅为8.8 mm和0.73%。截留量和截留率从大至小的排序为:苦竹林为384.3 mm和31.9%,栎林355.5 mm和29.51%,黄竹280.7 mm和23.3%,楠竹274.1 mm和22.75%,杉木林254.8 mm和21.15%。 相似文献
10.
Maurício Bergamini Scheer 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(1):76-81
The ecosystems occurring on dystrophic soils, such as sandy soils, are highly dependent on nutrients from the atmosphere and
those cycled by their own biota. Nutrient inputs from rainfall and throughfall were measured between October 2001 and August
2003 in a secondary Atlantic rainforest in southern Brazil. Canopy interception (rainfall minus throughfall) was 17.3% of
the annual rainfall of 2,235 mm. Monthly interception ranged from 12 to 31% during the rainiest months (precipitation above
200 mm) and from 1 to 45% during the driest months (precipitation below 50 mm) indicating relatively high variability during
this period. The studied site may be susceptible to water stress in this period due to the high permeability of the sandy
soil. Approximately 80% of the Ca and Na and 57% of Mg were mainly from rainfall (bulk deposition) whereas the main input
source for K was net throughfall (about 78%). Mean annual inputs via throughfall (in kg ha−1) were: 90.6 for Na, 29.1 for K, 7.1 for Ca, and 2.9 for Mg. The highest nutrient inputs occurred during the rainy season.
Na fluxes were relatively high, while K, Ca, and Mg inputs were low, compared with other tropical and subtropical forests.
Information on nutrient fluxes for different forest ecosystems are fundamental for building up a database that can give support
to environmental diagnosis, to forest management, and to conservation and restoration techniques. 相似文献
11.
基于修正的Gash模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了验证修正的Gash模型对缙云山毛竹林林冠截留模拟的适用性,基于2009年4—7月的气象和林分特征资料以及实测的穿透雨和树干茎流等资料,分析缙云山毛竹林林外降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流特征,并应用修正的Gash模型对林冠截留量进行模拟,对比分析周降雨累计截留量和单次降雨截留量的模拟值和实测值,采用敏感性分析法分析模型参数对截留量的影响程度。结果表明:研究期间共29次降雨,总降雨量为531.1mm,平均降雨强度为2.11mm·h-1,大部分为低雨强、低雨量级、长历时的降雨;穿透雨量、茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为463.2,6.5和61.4mm,模拟值分别为461.1,6.1和63.9mm,模拟的截留量约高出实测值4.07%,模型计算的周累积截留量和单次降雨截留量与实测值相比的相对标准差分别为5.02%和7.13%,模拟效果较好,模型适用于缙云山毛竹林;以林冠郁闭度(c)对模拟结果影响最大,其次为平均降雨强度()、林冠持水能力(S)和林冠平均蒸发速率(),树干茎流系数(Pt)和树干持水能力(St)这2个参数对林冠截留总量影响很小。 相似文献
12.
在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。 相似文献
13.
紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。 相似文献
14.
Effect of acidic stemflow input on soil biological properties around cedar tree trunk were examined in a 34 year old Japanese
red cedar plantation forest. Average soil pH of soil around cedar trunk (stemflow soil) was 3.88 and that of soil between
trees (throughfall soil) was 4.97, and this suggested soil acidification due to proton load via stemflow. Soil microarthropod
density in soil was higher as close to tree trunk, whereas microbial biomass of surface soil was reduced ca. 30 % around trunk.
Abundance of Collembola and Gamasid mites showed positive correlation to amount of soil organic matter, while Oribatida had
strong negative correlation to soil pH.Tectocepheus velatus (Oribatida) was dominant in soils pH under 4.0. Annual decomposition rate of cedar foliage was reduced ca. 16% in stemflow
soil compared to throughfall soil. More litter accumulation was observed in stemflow soil, but it was not significant, though
low microbial activity and retarded litter decomposition may be responsible to the accumulation of organic matter in stemflow
soil. Soil biological community and soil process have been changed due to stemflow, the affected area corresponded to ca.
9.4 % of the forest. Thus, ecological risk of acidification in the sense of decrease in decomposition rate is 1.4%.
This study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)(1), No.08506001 by The Ministry of Education,
Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan, and by the research project “Establishment of a scientific framework for the management
of toxicity of chemicals based on environmental risk-benefit analysis” supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science
and Technology (CREST). 相似文献
15.
The interception of rainfall by vegetation and the subsequent evaporation of intercepted water from the canopy surface play
an important role in hydrological processes, and the water and energy balance of forest ecosystems. Spatial variability of
interception has different effects on water yield from watersheds located in different climatic and biome regions. In order
to explain the spatial patterns of interception, we adopted grid-sampling method to install rain-gauges to measure throughfall.
Results show that the coefficient of variation (Cv) of throughfall tends to decline as rain intensity increases. After the canopy is saturated, Cv of throughfall remained at a constant value, which is close to the Cv of the canopy leaf area index (LAI) value 0.18. Thus, the Cv of LAI is regarded as the extremum of that of throughfall. Because of the special characteristic of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), and the lower droopy branches, negative values for interception account for only 13% of the total samples. Furthermore,
the max is above 70% of gross rainfall.
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Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 26–30 [译自: 中国水土保持科学] 相似文献
16.
四川省天全县从2001年至2003年在17个乡镇发展毛竹实生苗造林14 466.67 hm2,至2006年郁闭成林,本文研究了毛竹成林到成材的前10 a生长主导因素。结果表明:毛竹造林用苗,宜用整窝实生苗。实生苗造林前5a主要是补植抚育保成活,最主要的措施是砍灌、除草、亮窝正苗。后5 a是成材的关键时期,主要措施是控制立竹度,保持4 500株·hm-2～10 500株·hm-2都可以,超过10 500株影响成材。施肥效应对成材影响不明显,毛竹苗从栽植到第8个年头,几乎都可以不施肥,以后施肥以P、K为主,每hm2在1500 kg以内即可;将四川毛竹造林海拨向上推进了200 m达到1 400 m。 相似文献
17.
The effect of forest type on atmospheric nutrient inputs to the forest ecosystem was measured for individual storm events for 1 year in three East Texas forest types: beechmagnolia, pine-mixed hardwoods and loblolly pine plantation. Total annual bulk precipitation inputs (kg/ha) for Ca, Mg, N, K and Na were, respectively: 5.0, 1.1, 4.1, 3.3 and 9.9. Total througfall inputs were increased by forest type, but the magnitude differed with each nutrient. Over of the total K and the total Mg throughfall input were due to the forest canopy. However of the Ca and most of the Na throughfall input resulted from bulk precipitation. Although stemflow nutrient concentrations (ppm) were higher than throughfall and bulk precipitation, total annual stemflow nutrient inputs were only a minor component of the loblolly pine plantation ecosystem. 相似文献
18.
The purpose of this study was to compare carbon sequestration between moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forests. The study site was located in the lower mountain area of central Taiwan, where both moso bamboo and China fir were rich. In addition, moso bamboo and China fir forests were surveyed on 12 and 19 plantations, respectively. We predicted carbon sequestration based on the allometric model for moso bamboo and China fir forests and compared the relationships between characteristics of bamboo forests and elevation. The results showed that mean diameter at breast height (DBH), culms per hectare and aboveground biomass were not clearly affected by elevation, whereas a negative correlation (R = −0.600, p = 0.039) between mean DBH and stand density was found for moso bamboo forests. Moreover, the aboveground carbon storage was higher for China fir forests than for moso bamboo (99.5 vs. 40.6 Mg ha−1). However, moso bamboo is an uneven-aged stand which is only composed of 1-5-year-old culms, while China fir is an even-aged stand and the age range is from 15 to 54 years, such that, per year, the mean aboveground carbon sequestration is 8.13 ± 2.15 and 3.35 ± 2.02 Mg ha−1 for moso bamboo and China fir, respectively. On the other hand, the mean carbon sequestration of China fir decreases with increasing the age class. Furthermore, the ratio of moso bamboo to China fir is 2.39 and a T-test showed that the aboveground carbon levels were significantly different between these two species; thus, moso bamboo is a species with high potential for carbon sequestration. 相似文献
19.
Forest precipitation chemistry is a major issue in forest hydrology and forest ecology. Chemical contents in precipitation
change significantly when different kinds of external chemical materials are added, removed, translocated and transformed
to or in the forest ecosystem along with precipitation. The chemistry of precipitation was monitored and analyzed in a 31-year-old
Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the West Mountain of Beijing. Movement patterns of nutrient elements in hydrological processes can be discovered
by studying this monitored data. Also, the information is useful for diagnosing the function of ecosystems and evaluating
the impact of the environment on the ecosystem.
Samples of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were collected on the site. In the lab, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analyzed by flame atomic absorption and K+ and Na+ by flame emission. NH4
+-N was analyzed by indophenol blue colorimetry and NO3
−-N was analyzed by phenoldisulfonic acid colorimetry. The results showed that: 1) The concentration gradient of nutrient elements
clearly changed except for Na+. The nutrients in stemflow were significantly higher than those of throughfall and rainfall as the precipitation passed through
the P. tabulaeformis forest. The monthly patterns showed distinct differentiation. There are indications that a large amount of nutrients was
leached from the canopy, which is a critical function of intra-ecosystem nutrient cycling to improve the efficiency of nutrient
use. 2) The concentrations of NO3
−-N and K+ changed more than those of the other nutrient elements. The concentration of NO3
−-N in throughfall and stemflow was 4.4 times and 9.9 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. The concentration
of K+ in throughfall and stemflow was 4.1 times and 8.1 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. 3) The leaching of nutrient
elements from the stand was an important aspect of nutrient return to the P. tabulaeformis forest, which returned a total amount of nutrient of 54.1 kg/hm2, with the contribution of Ca2+ and K+ much greater than that of other elements. Also, K+ was the most active element in leaching intensity. 4) Nutrient input through precipitation was the main source in the West
Mountain of Beijing and the amount of nutrient added was 66.4 kg/hm2, of which Ca2+ and N contributed much more than the other nutrient elements. When precipitation passes through the P. tabulaeformis forest, 121 kg/hm2 of nutrient is added to the forest floor. Ca2+ recorded the greatest nutrient increase, with 61.2 kg/hm2, followed by N (NH4
+-N and NO3
−-N), K+ and Mg2+, with 31.3 and 16.5, and 8.11 kg/hm2, respectively. The least was Na+, 3.34 kg/hm2.
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2,101–2,107 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
20.
武夷山甜槠常绿阔叶林林分降水分量特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2004年对武夷山甜槠林不同水文分量定位观测,探讨甜槠林森林水文与降水的关系 .结果表明:1)2004年共发生降水219次,年降水量1 767.4 mm,穿透水、茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1 304.9、245.0和217.5 mm;穿透率、茎流率和截留率分别为73.8%、 13.9%和12.3%;2)同次降水中,林内不同位置的穿透雨量差异显著,穿透水量与大气降水量之间存在明显的线性关系;3)随着胸径的增加,茎流量减小,形成茎流的时间推迟;4)当降水量<202.1 mm时,林冠截留量随着降水量的增加而增加;当降水量超过202.1 mm后,林冠截留量趋于定值52.5 mm. 相似文献